Method for cultivation of perennial fodder grasses

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, production of fogger in irrigated zones.

SUBSTANCE: method involves periodically mowing biomass; irrigating and applying mineral fertilizer in spring at initial grass growing stage and for feeding after each mowing operation; after harvesting of preceding crop, providing pre-plowing irrigation at norm of 300-400 m³/hectare and ameliorating mellowing to 0.4-0.6 m depth; plowing to 0.25-0.27 m depth with turning of soil layer; mellowing top layer by means of cultivators to 0.08-0.012 m depth; leveling microrelief of irrigated field by means of levelers; providing interlace sowing of leguminous crops, such as lucerne and clover, and meadow grass crops, such as meadow fescue and orchard grass, at seeding norm of 4.8·10⁶, 5.4·10⁶, 5.5·10⁶ and 8.1·10⁶ pieces of seed per hectare, respectively, with grass mixtures being composed of two or four crops; keeping seeding depth in the range of 0.02-0.03 and 0.05-0.06 m; maintaining mineral feeding mode by applying phosphorous-potash fertilizer at norm rated for plowing for stock sufficient for 3-4 year usage of herbage; applying nitrous fertilizer in differentiated doses for mowing; applying 60 kg/hectare of nitrous fertilizer at growing period at maximal dose for first mowing of 40 kg/hectare to provide for guaranteed yield of up to 50 t/hectare of green mass; 80 kg/hectare at maximal dose for first mowing of 60 kg/hectare to provide for herbage yield of up to 70 t/hectare of green mass, and 100 kg/hectare at maximal dose of 70 kg/hectare for first mowing to provide for guaranteed yield of grass mixture of up to 90 t/hectare; keeping irrigation mode within the range of 60-80% norm of moisture. Green mass yield of from 50 to 90 t/hectare is provided with total irrigation norm of 2,550-3,250 m³/hectare to 3,600-4,050 m³/hectare. Interval between green mass harvesting and irrigation procedures at growing period is reduced to 2-3 days. Agronomical care involves harrowing of last years crop fields, after mowing of grass for green feed, and in autumn - slitting field of young crop field of second and third years of life of plants to 0.4-0.6 m depth.

EFFECT: increased effectiveness of utilization of irrigated lands, increased production of ecologically safe high-quality feeds, provision for keeping of soil fertility and improved economy of region.

10 cl, 12 dwg, 52 tbl

The invention relates to forage production in the irrigated areas of agriculture.

There is a method of cultivation of fodder crops, including planting alfalfa and grain crops connecting, in parallel, alternating stripes, in which, with the aim of increasing productivity and saving standing Serikov with the simultaneous onset of the last cleaning and grain crops as cereals use sugar sorghum, and seeding of alfalfa produced in the form of a tape, the edge of which is aligned with rows of sorghum, between which are tilled strip (SU inventor's certificate No. 1572444 A1, IPC⁵A 01 With 7/00. The method of cultivation of fodder crops/Rdalton, Djumaev, Bangiev, Chalikov, Wmmt, Usanoxin (USSR). - Application No. 4432676/30-15; Claimed 06.04.1988; Publ. 23.06.1990, bull. No. 23 // Opening. Of the invention. - 1990. No. 23).

The described method does not provide the productivity of sown crops (sugar sorghum and Lucerne) productivity 70-90 t/ha, although sorghum has Tawney ability.

Also known is a method of cultivation of agricultural crops, including planting, spacing processing, cleaning along the rows, in which, to improve productivity and product quality, sow seeds of annual forage crops, similar in technology of cultivation and different contents of pitt the selected substances, in parallel alternating series in pure form; produce a crop sequentially in each row of the following crops: silage corn, sugar sorghum, silage sunflower, grain corn, oilseeds sunflower, grain sorghum; poles carried out with the spacing 45-70 cm (SU inventor's certificate No. 1604194, IPC⁵A 01 With 7/00. The method of cultivation of agricultural crops/Wmmenu, Lieporiai, Ihemelu, Vinpalace (USSR). - Application No. 4460013/30-15; Claimed 13.07.1988; Publ. 07.11.1990, bull. No. 41 // Opening. Of the invention. - 1990. No. 41).

Although described feed mixture is provided for the milking herd cattle and implemented in production in the region of the Lower Volga, it is small and only one productivity used in a very short period.

The closest analogue to the claimed object is the method of cultivation of perennial fodder grasses, including periodic mowing biomass, irrigation and fertiliser application in spring at the beginning of the regrowth of the grass and fertilizer after each mowing, which, with the aim of increasing productivity, the application of mineral fertilizers in the spring passes through 35-37 days after snow melt in the proportion of 1/2 to the General rule, in feeding contribute the remaining part of the total rate of fertilizers in equal doses after 7-12 days after each cut for 1-2 days on which watering, and carry out watering irrigation depths of 100-120 m³/ha every 3 to 4 days while maintaining soil moisture at the level of 75-80% of the smallest capacity (SU inventor's certificate No. 1753980 A1, IPC⁵A 01 With 21/00. The method of cultivation of perennial fodder grasses /Eddini, Rcharge (USSR). - Application No. 4785886/15; Claimed 23.01.1990; Publ. 15.08.1992, bull. No. 30 // Open. Of the invention. - 1990. No. 30).

The disadvantages of this method, adopted as naiblizhajshee analogue, include the fact that the modes of irrigation and mineral nutrition does not provide a guaranteed yield up to 70...90 t/ha and long life of the plant at maximum efficiency.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the invention is directed, - improving the efficiency of cultivation of perennial grasses on irrigated lands in mixed agrophytocenosis providing the planned harvest from 24...36 to 70...90 t/ha of green mass.

The technical result - productive longevity of herbage, preservation and enhancement of soil fertility.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivation of perennial fodder grasses, including periodic mowing biomass, irrigation and fertiliser application in spring during the period beginning on the rasteniya herbs and dressing after each mowing, according to the invention after harvesting predecessor spend presowing irrigation norms 300...400 m³/ha, and land tilling to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m, plowing with a drug reservoir, loosen the top layer to a depth of 0.08...0.12 m and the alignment of relief, Centralny sowing of legumes and grasses two or four crops, as legumes are sown alfalfa seeding rate of 4.8·10⁶pieces of viable seeds per hectare, as grasses crops use meadow fescue seeding rate of 5.5·10⁶pieces/ha and a hedgehog team a seeding rate of 8.1·10⁶pieces/ha, respectively, at the sowing depth of 0.02...0.03 m pulses and 0,05 0,06...m cereal to get 400...850 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots, 350...730 plants in the spring phase regrowth of the second year of life, 290 610...plants on a square meter in the phase of spring regrowth third year of life, and mode of mineral nutrition support phosphorus-potassium fertilizers calculated doses by plowing in stock in three or four years of use grass, nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses, irrigation regime support within 60...80% HB, multicomponent mixture is harvested in the flowering phase pulses and the emergence of panicle grasses grasses, the last mowing carried out for 25...30 days prior to the transition temperature 0°With a cutting height of 0.08 0.10 m...in the first cut, and in the last - 0,14...0.16 m, and for plants of the second, third and fourth year of life are agrotechnical treatments; mineral food after harvesting precursor and nitrogen-fixing bacteria of legumes in legume herbage grasses provide yields of green mass on the basis of the cut, respectively, 8, 12, and 10 tons up to 30 tons/ha; nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 40 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of 50 t/ha of green mass; nitrogen up to 80 kg/ha contribute during the growing season at the maximum dose application to the first cut of 60 kg A.I/ha to ensure yield mixtures up to 70 t/ha of green mass; nitrogen 100 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 70 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield mixtures of up to 90 t/ha of green mass; yield of 30 t/ha of green mass mixtures reach 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 25...30 days with a total irrigation rate 1700...2550 m³/ha; yields of green mass mixtures up to 50 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60...70% of HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650...850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period 15...18 days with a total irrigation rate 2550 3250...m³/ha; yields of green mass mixtures up to 70 t/ha provided which indicate when the threshold humidity 70...80% HB with two or three irrigations under the cut, the inter-irrigation period 9...12 days total irrigation rate...3600 3250 m³/ha; yields of green mass mixtures up to 90 t/ha provide at a threshold of 80% humidity HB holding under each mowing 2...3 irrigation norm 450 m³/ha, irrigation period 8...10 days total irrigation rate 3600 4050...m³/ha; the time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase regrowth of cut up to 2...3 days; agrotechnical treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years and after cutting green fodder, and in the fall after the last cut - meleanie crops the second and third years of life on the depth of 0,4...0,6 m

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 graphs shows the moisture content of the natural precipitation in the period 1999-2002

Figure 2 presents graphically the heat availability of the vegetation period in years research (amount t≥+5°).

Figure 3 shows the effect of irrigation regimes and fertilizer dose on the density of herbage four component mixture by years of use of the grass.

Figure 4 shows the density of herbage four-component mixture by years of use (Centralny sowing grass seed, a variant of the experience 80% of HB).

Figure 5 - the dynamics of weather data and soil moisture at sowing legumes bluegrass mixtures of the first year of use (1997).

Figure 6 is the same, the data in 1998.

Figure 7 is the same, according to 1999.

On Fig is the same, the dynamics of weather data and soil moisture at sowing legumes bluegrass mixtures of the second year of use (according to 1998).

Figure 9 is the same, according to the 1999

Figure 10 is the same, according to the 2000

Figure 11 presents the accumulation of root mass legumes bluegrass mixtures of the third year of use.

On Fig - effect of irrigation regimes, doses of fertilizers and methods of placing the components on the productivity of legumes, grasses crops the second year of use.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the inventive method are as follows.

The method of cultivation of perennial fodder grasses includes periodic (poconoes) mowing biomass, irrigation and fertiliser application in spring at the beginning of the regrowth of the grass and fertilizer after each mowing. After cleaning predecessor, the most liberating irrigated field from weeds, hold presowing irrigation norms 300...400 m³/ha. This norm is sufficient to increase the threshold of the lower water holding capacity in the root zone horizon 0...0.4 m to 70...80%. Increase humidity in arable and subsurface horizons reach ameliorative tillage to a depth of 0,4...0,6 m This provides a reduction in the density of these horizons from 1,6 to 1,8 t/m³to 1.1...1.2 t/m³. the Tim reception will be excluded surface runoff and soil erosion from arable layer when applying irrigation water irrigation norms 450...650 m ³/ha Tillage irrigated fields with stubble and crop residues of precursor are otvoreno-lemasney plows with the turnover of the reservoir. This will allow the seeds of weeds and pathogens to close up to a depth of 0.25...0,27 m Then hold loosening the top layer perpendicular to the direction of plowing. The first cutting of the wrapped layers are heavy disk harrows BDT-3.7 V unit with a crawler tractor of the class thrust 3 (DT-75, BT-100, T-150). Final loosening the top layer to a depth 0,06 0,12...m are the cultivators of the CRP to 4.0. The layout of the terrain spend scheduler VP-8. Centralny sowing of legumes and grasses two or four crops is carried out in industrial conditions converted seeders width of 3.6 m In search sowing experiments conducted drills SN-16 PM and SN-16 PME design wildebeest unijos. As legumes use alfalfa seeding rate of 4.8·10⁶pieces of viable seeds, and red clover sown norm 5,4·10⁶pieces/ha In the quality of crop grasses used meadow fescue seeding rate of 5.5·10⁶pieces/ha and a hedgehog team a seeding rate of 8.1·10⁶pieces/ha Legume crops are sown at a depth of 0,02 0,03...m Depth grass - 0,05 0,06...m It provides over 400...850 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots. In the second year of the LM is neither plants in the phase of spring regrowth remains in herbage 350 730...plants/m ². To ensure set productivity in the third year must be plants 290 610...pieces/m².

The mode of mineral nutrition support phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. The estimated doses of mineral fertilizers contribute when plowing in stock in three or four years of life use of the grass. Nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses. Mineral nutrition after harvesting precursor and nitrogen-fixing bacteria of legumes in legume herbage grasses provide yields of green mass on the basis of the cut, respectively, 8, 12, 10 tons up to 30 tons/ha of Nitrogen to 60 kg/ha contribute superficially or with irrigation water using known constructions of hydropolitical at maximum dose application to the first cut of 40 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of 50 t/ha of green mass.

With the appropriate technology and sustainable economic base nitrogen up to 80 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 60 kg A.I/ha to ensure yield mixtures up to 70 t/ha of green mass. Nitrogen 100 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 70 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield mixtures of up to 90 t/ha of green mass.

Irrigation regime support within 60...80% HB. The yield of 30 t/ha green is th mass mixtures reach 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m ³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 25...30 days with a total irrigation rate 1700...2550 m³/ha. Irrigation lead by sprinkling DDA-100, “Frigate”, “Kuban-LK and other green mass Yield mixtures of up to 50 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60...70% of HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650...850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period 15...18 days with a total irrigation rate 2550 3250...m³/ha green mass Yield up to 70 t/ha in combination with mineral power offer when the threshold humidity 70...80% HB with two or three irrigations under the cut. The inter-irrigation period should not exceed 9...12 days. Total irrigation norm - 3250...3600 m³/ha.

The yield of green mass mixtures up to 90 t/ha provide at a threshold of 80% humidity HB holding under each mowing 2...3 irrigation norm 450 m³/ha. Irrigation period 8...10 days. Total irrigation norm - 3600 4050...m³/ha yield Losses will be minimized if the time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase regrowth of cut up to 2...3 days.

Multicomponent mixture is harvested in the flowering phase pulses and the emergence of panicle grasses grasses. Cleaning lead forage harvesters. Green mass while mowing crush on cutting. The cutting height is 0.08 to 0.10 m...in the first mowing. The last mowing carried out for 25...30 days prior to the transition is the temperature of the air after 0° C. In the last mowing height of cut set equal to 0.14...0,16 m For plants of the second, third and fourth year of life are agrotechnical treatments. Treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years and after each mowing. In the fall after the last hay cutting spending meleanie crops of the second and third years of the life of plants to a depth of 0,4...0,6 m

Let us consider in more detail separately the elements of the claimed technology. The results of studies on the cultivation of perennial legume grasses mixtures, carried out in the Lower Volga region, found that it is important to study the characteristics of the formation of productive and durable herbage; the determination of the optimal combination of controllable factors for a more complete use of agroclimatic resources of the zone; the improvement of species composition and technology of cultivation of perennial mixtures to obtain the planned yields of high quality forage when mnogoukosnoe using herbage.

In this regard, in field experiments, laid down by us in 1997-2000 on light chestnut soils of the Volga-don interfluve, studied the following key questions:

- defining features of the formation of productive mixed agrophytocenosis of perennial grasses under different combinations of water and nutrient regimes of soil;

- on the basis of irrigation regimes, levels of mineral nutrition, age-related traits for the planned crop legumes bluegrass mixtures;

- determination of total water consumption, efficient use of moisture on the yield formation under different levels of productivity agrophytocenosis;

- assessment of the quality of the feed from legumes bluegrass mixtures on chemical and amino acid composition, protein and energy density;

- environmental, economic and energy study of the effectiveness of rational combinations of irrigation regimes, doses of fertilizers, species and age characteristics of the mixtures, providing different levels of planned productivity and conservation of soil fertility.

Problem solving was carried out in the field chetyrehvektor experiments.

Factor And included three irrigation regimes:

1. Maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture in the layer of 0.6 m not below 60% HB;

2. Maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture in the layer of 0.6 m is not less than 70% HB;

3. Maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture in the layer of 0.6 m is not less than 80% HB.

The factor was studied In 4 types of power plants:

1. Control (without fertilizer application) - getting in first and third years 4, in the second year of use grass - 30 t/ha of green mass;

2. NPK - 1, designed to receive the tion 36 and 50 t/ha;

3. NPK - 2, designed to receive 48 and 70 t/ha;

4. NPK - 3, designed to receive the first and third years, 60 in the second year of use grass - 90 t/ha of green mass.

The factor included two options for the species composition of mixtures:

1. Lucerne + fescue;

2. Lucerne + clover + hedgehog + fescue.

Factor D was studied two ways of placing the herbs in the formula:

1. Normal - sowing the seeds of all components in a single row;

2. Centralny - sowing the seeds of each component in an individual row.

Research confirming the basic essential features of the claimed invention, were carried out on light-chestnut soils of the Volga-don interfluve in experimental production farm GNU VNIIOZ “Irrigated” Gorodishche district of the Volgograd region in the specialized semipolar fodder crop rotation, where the three fields was occupied by perennial grasses.

Morphological examination showed that the soil at the experimental site are profiles characteristic of the soil-forming process in the zone of dry steppes.

Horizon A (0...0,28 m) - arable, light brown, lumpy, silt, compacted, loam, densely penetrated by roots. Humus content varies in the range of 1.42...1,70%, available phosphorus - 2,1...2.6 mg, exchangeable potassium - 20,8...of 29.1 mg per 100 g of soil. The transition to horizon B₁noticeable is.

Horizon B₁(0,28...0.40 m) - light brown, with golosovanie rows, clay, krupnokuskovoy, compacted. Roots penetrated the medium, the transition to the horizon In₂gradual.

The horizon₂(0,40...0,70 m) - brown, evenly colored, heavy loam, with patches of white-eyes. Roots few, in the lower part of the rapidly boils from hydrochloric acid, the transition in the horizon gradually.

The horizon (0,70...2.0 m) - light brown, medium dense, unit roots, pronounced white-eye on the depth...0,90 0,70 m

Description of soil sections can be attributed to experimental plots soil to light-brown loam to differences. A characteristic feature of the morphology of the light-chestnut soils is dramatically increasing the density of the horizon In₂the presence of carbonate compounds in horizons In₂and, weak differentiation of the profile.

Mechanical composition of light-chestnut soil horizons is extremely heterogeneous. This is due to the accumulation of colloidal particles in alkaline illuvial horizon. Predominate particle size of 0.05...at 0.01 mm, the Amount of particles less than 0.01 mm ranges from 34 to 49%, which characterizes them as middle and heavy loam.

One of the key parameters in the evaluation of the addition of soil is the density. Numerical indices of its natural osastot with depth in the profile, reaching the horizon (and 0.7...1.0 m) 1,45...1,64 t/m³. Specific gravity or density of the solid phase of the soil varies 2,50...2,70 t/m³total porosity of the topsoil is 48.0...48.9 per cent, down the profile is reduced to 47.3...38,9%.

Light chestnut soils have relatively low water-holding capacity (LC), which depends on the mechanical and chemical composition, structure and porosity of soil, humus content. At the experimental site, the most moisture profile is reduced from 25.3...to 24.6% in the soil layer 0...0.2 m-16.0...12.6% in the layer of 0.7...1.0 m In the active layer of 0.6 m lowest moisture is 22.2, in the soil layer of 1.0 m 19.6 per cent (table 1).

Ground water at the experimental site lies at the depth of 8...11 m and nourishing effect on the root layer of soil does not have.

The reaction of soil solution changes from neutral in the topsoil to slightly alkaline in the deeper horizons. The content of humus and total nitrogen low and sharply reduced the depth of the soil profile. Gross reserves of phosphorus and potassium are distributed along the profile more evenly, with a gradual decrease from arable to deeper soil horizons. The soils of the experimental site according to qualification Vigilia (1984) mineral nitrogen and rolling low phosphorus, exchangeable potassium increased (table 2).

Implementation capacity is she yields of perennial grasses closely related to meteorological factors, such as solar radiation, thermal conditions, the moisture content of crops.

The area of the Lower Volga region, within the Volgograd and Astrakhan oblasts and the Republic of Kalmykia, has significant radiation (17,24...20,10·10⁹kJ PAA) and thermal resources (the sum of temperatures above 5° - 2700...3600°). Parish total radiation in the area of research is quite stable and on average during the growing season is about 375 kJ/cm²the advent of the HEADLIGHTS during the growing season reaches a sufficiently high value and is not a limiting factor to the productivity of perennial grasses. Radiation resources in the area of research can be seen as important, underutilized increased yields of all crops on irrigated land.

In terms of the Lower Volga annual amplitude of extreme temperatures is 79°C. on some days in summer the temperature can rise up to +30...+40°and in the cold of winter can drop to - 34...-41°C. According to average values of the temperature characteristic of the temperature regime is the following: winters are cold (average temperature is -8,1°C), cool spring (average daily temperature +7,6°C), hot summers (mean daily temperature +23,0°C) and autumn warm environments is istocna temperature +8,2° C). The coldest month is January (-9,6° (C), and the hottest is July (+23,7°).

The frost-free period on average long-term data is 169 days. Length of the day in the summer months is 15...17 hours.

Date sustainable transition of daily average temperature to negative values - November 15, setting of snow - December 14. Snow depth is 0.1 m to More than 50% ZIM continuous snow cover does not happen. The frost depth 0.6 m, the length of the period with snow on average long-term data 96 days.

Precipitation in summer are heavy in nature and have little effect on the increase of soil moisture reserves, i.e. most of them, not having time to adsorb to the surface of the soil, drains into the fields. The lowest rainfall on average long-term data falls in spring - 18.3%in winter - 23,8%, and the highest number of falls in summer - 30,9 and autumn of 27.0%.

The moisture content of a site depends not only on the amount of precipitation, but also on how much they spent on unproductive expenditures runoff and evaporation. The average annual rainfall in the sub-chestnut and light chestnut soils is 280...350 mm with sharp fluctuations over the years. Evaporation exceeds 2...3 times the annual rainfall.

As an indicator of moisture is bezpecnost territory currently used hydrothermal coefficient (SCC), which shows the degree of deficiency or excess moisture relative to the existing thermal resources and represents the ratio of the amount of precipitation for the period with average daily temperature above 10°With the sum of temperatures for the same period, the reduced 10 times.

When the values of the SCC, equal to 0.5 and lower, the climate is dry, with SHR 0,6...1,0 - arid with SHR...1,5 1,1 - wet. For the Lower Volga region of the SCC values are calculated at the level of 0,6...1,0.

Thus, the area of research is fairly well provided with thermal resources for growing legumes bluegrass mixtures for forage. The main limiting their productivity factor is the lack of precipitation, the uneven distribution of them according to the seasons and months, the frequent recurrence of drought and hot winds of varying strength and duration.

Weather conditions in the years of research differ quite markedly, and also differed from the mean annual climatic indices. Below is a brief description of weather conditions in the years of research.

The vegetation period in 1997 for the amount of precipitation 318,1 mm can be attributed to setnewline. The greatest quantity of rain fell in June at 99.1 mm, and April - 81,2, minimum 6.4 mm in August. The highest average temperature is in vegetation observed in June - August 22,0...22,5°C. relative humidity between 1 March and 30 September ranged from 47 to 75%. The sum of temperatures above 5°during the period From April to October was of 3,649°With (table 3).

The vegetation period in 1998 for the growth and development of plants, grasses was unfavorable. The third decade of March was characterized by a cold, cloudy weather. The temperature was changed on average of-2.2 to +3.3V°With a minimum of +0.9 to -4,2°and on the soil surface from +0.2 to -7,0°C. In the first decade of April was cold, the air temperature ranged from +6.6 to -1,0°noted frost on the ground. Under these conditions, the vegetation of perennial grasses began 7...April 10 or 9...12 days later mean time.

The second decade of may went intense heat buildup, average decade air temperature was 15.2...19,5°C, the maximum temperature rose to 23.3...32,0°and on the soil surface, in the absence of precipitation (for may fell to 3.7 mm), the maximum temperature reached 48,7...59,0°C. the Weather conditions in June, July and August was distinguished by extreme degree of aridity. The average air temperature was changed from 22,9 to 25.8 maximum up to 31,5 to 39.0 and on the soil surface from 50.7 to 65,7°C. the relative humidity was 44...47%, the minimum fell to 15...25%.

In June fell everything about 3.8 mm of precipitation, in July - 15,9 mm, which cannot be considered effective, as they fell on different days from 0.3 to 5.0 mm In August fell 47.5 mm of precipitation. They wore heavy character (10.08. - 16,7; 16.08. - 12.7 mm) and were also ineffective for the growth and development of mixtures.

September 1998 differed moderately hot weather with average decade temperatures from 14,3 to 20.5°With maximum up to 24,9 to 30.9 and on the soil surface from 44,0 to 47.5°C. the amount of Precipitation was only 14,0 mm and one number was changed from 0.7 to 5.8 mm

In General, during the growing season from April to October 1998, the sum of positive temperatures reached 3855°With that 352°With above average long-term values, the amount of precipitation for the period from April to October of 120.7 mm or 90 mm less than average, i.e. 56% of normal (table 3).

1999 weather was very unfavourable for perennial grasses. Average monthly temperature in April was 11.7°C, the minimum in the first decade down to a 5.5°C, relative humidity 50%, the amount of precipitation was only 9.6 mm at a rate of 22.0 mm

In the first decade of may was cold, the air temperature ranged from +10,4 up to -0,9°that caused a delay in the passage of the phases of development as legumes and grasses herbs. But since the second decade of may, went to a rapid increase of the temperature is s air and she reached +27,2° C. relative humidity was 5% higher than in April. The rains that fell during the second decade of may, helped to form a more dense herbage. Just for may fell 24,9 mm of rainfall. The summer months (June, July, August) of the vegetation period was characterized thus: the maximum air temperature reached +38,0°C, medium was changed from to 23,2 25,9°C. the relative humidity was 45...50%. During the summer period fell 68,9 mm of rainfall, which amounted to 52% of precipitation for the entire growing season (from April to October 1999).

The weather conditions in September and October was distinguished by extreme aridity. The maximum temperature reached +31,0°and the average was 13.8°C. the relative air humidity was 54...67%, fell to 5.4 mm of rainfall or 18% from the norm. The sum of positive temperatures above 5°was 3700°C, precipitation during the growing season fell to 126.8 mm or 60% of normal signalisations values (figure 1 and 2).

The vegetation period 2000 to moisture, can be attributed to setnewline, as from April to October rainfall amounted to 364 mm or 1.7 times higher than the mean multiyear values. In April the temperature was changed in the decades from 10.6 to 16.9°With, fell 49,5 mm of rainfall, which contributed to the friendly regrowth of perennial grasses and vegetation to the accompany began on 1...April 3.

May was characterized by frequent showanim winds, low rainfall (11.6 mm) and the temperature of the air. During the month the heat twice followed by cooling in the first decade to 4.3...5,4, in the second - to 6,5 8,8...°C.

In the third week of June for 6 days, the temperature did not exceed 14...15°C. the Average temperature of June was 2...5°With lower than in 1997 and 1999 For June fell 52,0 mm of precipitation.

July and August temperature were close to srednekvadraticheskogo indicator, and the sum of active temperatures in these months were respectively 750 and 713°C. At a humidity of July exceeded the average values of 2.7, August - 2.2 times.

September was notable for the cool weather, in the third decade was marked ground frosts. For the month fell 87,2 mm of rainfall or 290% from the norm. In October average decade air temperature was changed from 4.6 to 10.7°in the second decade for 6 days was observed ground frosts from 0.5 to -3,2°C, rainfall for the month fell to 7.4 mm or 28% of normal (table 3, figure 1 and 2).

Agriculture the cultivation of perennial grasses in the experiments were made under the current zonal recommendations to Supplement their study techniques. Experimental plots after harvest of the preceding crop (winter cereals) were processed disk stubble followed talinay plowing to a depth of...0,25 0,22 m holding presowing irrigation norm 350...400 m ³/ha. Under tillage was made of phosphate and potash fertilizers in stock in three years of using the grass.

Preplant tillage included a harrowing, making the estimated doses of nitrogen, cultivating and compacting the soil ringed rollers. Seeding - year, the sowing date by year ranged from 7 to 17 August.

In experiments were used alfalfa singireddy sort of Hope, clover, VIC 7, hedgehog team Torpedo, meadow fescue Penza 1.

Seeding rate pulses are taken from the calculation 60, bluegrass - 55% of the seeding rate in pure form and were calculated in millions of viable seeds per hectare.

The spatial arrangement of the components in the normal seeding was achieved by precision spacing seeders SN-PM, when cartrages sowing experimental drill SN-16 PME.

Before going into winter legumes bluegrass mixture watered 2 to 3 times the rate of 150...300 m³/ha At sowing mixtures of the first, second and third year of use in a phase of spring regrowth and immediately after harvesting the first and second cut was made nitrogen fertilizer estimated doses differentiated them about the planned productivity levels. Preset modes irrigation maintenance pre-irrigation soil moisture is not below 60, 70 and 80% HB was carried out by means of irrigations estimated norms 850, 650 and 450 m³/ha sprinkler machine “Mini-Kuban - FSH.

Field multifactor experiments were laid in accordance with the requirements of the “methodology of field experience under irrigation” (VNIIS, 1983), “guidelines for programming crops on the irrigated lands of the Volga region” (1984), “Methods field experience” (Bagishbekov, 1985), “guidelines for conducting experiments with forage crops” (VIC, 1987, 1996).

The repetition of three experiments, the placement of plots consistent. Square plots for factor A (water regime) - 880 m²(Food mode) - 220, (species composition) - 100, D (component placement) - 2640 m². The total area of experience for one year of use 2,2, three years of use grass - 6,6 ha

Calculation of doses of fertilizers on the planned harvest were conducted according to the “guidance on programming crops on the irrigated lands of the Volga region” (1984) with regard to regulatory take-away batteries with 1 t of products of the coefficients to compensate for their removal with harvest from symbiotic nitrogen fixation of legumes. Removal of batteries 1 t dry mass, according to laboratory perennial grasses VNIIS, accepted: 25 kg nitrogen, is oforu 6 and 25 kg potassium

When calculating doses of nitrogen fertilizers take into account the ability of legumes to fix nitrogen. In legume herbage grasses at the expense of nitrogen fixation were taken repayment 1/3 of nitrogen deficiency due to fertilizer - 2/3 (A.Sus., .Schweighart, 1968; Norkin, 1975) (table 4).

Nitrogen fertilizers were applied fractional doses calculated to repay the deficiency of nitrogen, formed by removal with harvest each mowing depending on the level of the planned harvest.

Research has shown that legumes bluegrass mixture in the first cut to form an average of 45%, in the second, 35% and in the third - 20% of the total harvest. Therefore, the distribution of nitrogen fertilizers in our experiments were conducted depending on the share of each cut in the harvest (table 5).

For a comprehensive assessment results for all variants of the experiments were conducted following observations and research:

1. Phenological for the growth and development of perennial grasses. The legumes were observed phase full shoots, the first true leaf, branch, spring regrowth, sablemane, Botanical, the beginning of flowering; the grasses herbs - tillering, sablemane, troublevania, panicle inflorescence emerge, as well as the beginning and end of the growing season mixtures.

2. Accounting of stand density and thinning of the mixtures was carried out in the phase of full shoots, phase spring regrowth and before going into winter by counting shoots on dynamic range is their sites each repetition of all options.

3. Soil moisture was determined in layers through 0.1 m to a depth of 1.0 m with the obligatory selection of soil samples at the beginning and end of the growing season to a depth of 1.5 m thermostatic-weight method. Repeated sampling three times. Determination of soil moisture was carried out according to the phases of plant growth, Miocene periods and after irrigation at fixed sites with an interval of 7-10 days, the calculations were carried out in the interest of absolutely dry soil and in percentage to the lowest capacity (LC) according to standard techniques.

4. Water-physical properties of soil were determined by the method described in the book “Agrophysical research methods soils” (1966). Bulk density was determined using the ring DI Kolesnikov, density - based method, the lowest moisture - according to the methods Azniigim, duty cycle and wilting humidity is calculated.

5. Actual irrigation norm was calculated from readings of flow meters installed on pivot “Mini-Kuban - FSH and control over the layer of fallen rain, which was recorded arranged on the width of the machine by rain gauges. Estimated irrigation rates for each water regime variant of experiment was determined by the formula:

M=100·H·β·(B₁-B),

where

M - irrigation depth, m³/ha;

H is the estimated depth of the layer, m;

β - density of soil in the current layer, t/m³;

B₁lowest moisture content, % of dry soil mass;

In the humidity of the active layer of the soil at an acceptable threshold reduction, % of dry soil mass.

6. Calculation of the total water use of perennial grasses was performed by the method of water balance by the formula Annastacia (1960):

E=M+10qP+(W-W to),

where

E - total consumption for the billing period, m³/ha;

M - irrigation rate, m³/ha;

q - use efficiency of precipitation, q=0,7;

R - the amount of precipitation during the billing period, mm;

(W_H- W_K- the flow of moisture root zone soil layer, m³/ha, defined by the difference of soil moisture at the beginning (W) and end (W to) billing periods.

The supply of moisture in the unsaturated zone of groundwater, were not accepted as a pilot area they are located outside the zone of capillary effects on the root layer.

7. The ratio of water consumption perennial mixtures was calculated by the formula:

K=E/I,

where

K - coefficient of water consumption, m³/t;

E - the total water consumption, m³/ha;

Y - yield of green mass, so

8. The accumulation of root mass was considered annually at the end of the growing season by the method of selection of the monoliths. Washing the roots were separated from arable and subsoil layers at the you on a sieve with a diameter of 1 mm.

9. A record harvest of perennial grasses was performed by the method of weighing the mass with an area of each plot. The percentage yield of hay was determined by the method of trial sheaf with subsequent conversion to 16%moisture.

10. The nutritional value of legume grasses mixtures was determined by the zootechnical performance evaluation of forages. The output of fodder units, Perevalova protein and metabolizable energy was calculated based on the data of the complete chemical analysis of plants considering the coefficients of digestibility for Mframe (1970) and Gahramanov (1999). The amino acid composition of plants were determined by amino acid analyzer, the nitrate - ion-selective method.

11. Mathematical processing of experimental data was performed by variance analysis on the computer.

12. Energy evaluation of the developed technology of cultivation of perennial mixtures were made according to the methods Annasaule, Everlink (1983), Age, Vnimaniya (1988), economic efficiency was determined according to the methods VNIIS (1983), VIC (1987, 1996).

Our research on the creation of long-term cultural pastures found that the best conditions for obtaining amicable shoots of perennial grasses in the southern regions of Russia under irrigation are summer planting dates. Therefore, the sowing of legumes bluegrass mixtures in our experiments were conducted in the first decades of the August.

In the period from sowing to care in winter on all variants of experience, we have maintained pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture in the layer of 0.3 m at 80% HB, which created preconditions for obtaining amicable shoots, their good rooting and improve overwintering young plants herbs.

When determining the weight of seedling grasses in our experiments it turned out that it varies depending on weather conditions of the period of sowing-germination method of placing components at sowing and fertilizer. Thus, the maximum weight of seedlings as legumes and grasses grasses recorded in 1999, when the temperature average for the first and second ten days of August and did not exceed 24,3°and rainfall amounted to 14.2 mm Weight seedling alfalfa and clover in these conditions varied from 58 to 62, hedgehogs and fescue - from 46 to 57%. Minimum weight of seedlings was characterized by crops of herbs in 1997, (49...53 legumes and 42...49% grasses), when optimally low temperatures 18,8...22,5°they have received only 6.4 mm of rainfall (table 6).

The second pattern in the change of weight of shoots traced by us depending on how the components at sowing. Perennial legumes and grasses grass, sown cartrage in individual rows exceeded normal sowing legumes 1.8...7,3, bluegrass - 1.5...of 10.0%. This follows what I quite noticeable tendency for a slight increase in the completeness of germination with increase in estimated doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in both sowing methods (table 7).

It should be noted that in all my years of research, regardless of the variations of experience, forage legumes differed higher weight of shoots in comparison with grasses: Lucerne - 52,0 57,0..., clover - 50,2...53,0, fescue - 44,0...54,0, hedgehog - 43,5...48,5%.

The density of herbage legumes bluegrass mixtures was determined by the number of shoots per 1 m²because escape is morphologically basic unit structure of the grass. With an age of perennial grasses is difficult to distinguish individual plants, especially in mixed crops. Counting the number of shoots were in the phase of the spring and autumn regrowth tillering grasses in crops of the first, second and third year of use.

It was found that the intensity of pobegoobrazuyuschaya legumes and grasses plants in mixtures is largely determined by mode of irrigation, fertilizer dose, placing components at sowing, as well as the age and seasonal characteristics of the herbage. So, on crops the first year of use, the increase in pre-irrigation soil moisture from 60 to 70 and 80% NR on the background of the natural fertility of the soil contributed to the increase in the number of shoots pulses from 430 to 510 530..., bluegrass from 630 to 670 710...PCs/m². Making the calculated fertilizer dose increased the intensity of pobegoobrazuyuschaya herbs in all irrigation regimes, and the maximum density of the grass was reached in vari is NTE maintaining the humidity of the soil not less than 80% HB, making R_55...70To_75...95in stock and N_130...160fractionally under the cut (figure 3, tables 8 and 9).

On crops the second year of use, the improvement of the conditions of moisture contributed to the increase in the number of shoots, bean 8.8...14,7, bluegrass - 2.2...of 23.4%. The increase in estimated doses of fertilizers in the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture is not below 60% HB increased the intensity of pobegoobrazuyuschaya legumes 22.2...48,5, bluegrass - 16.6...43,8%. At 70 and 80%, these figures are much higher, and the density of such mixtures in comparison with non-fertilized control reaches 440...675 legumes and 1133...1580 shoots at 1 m²bluegrass. On crops mixtures of the third year of using this trend continued and improving water and nutrient regimes of soil was accompanied by an increase in the density of herbage (figure 3, tables 8 and 9).

It should be noted that pobegoobrazuyuschaya legumes and grasses herbs depending on plant age had an opposite character, and if alfalfa and clover maximum number of shoots was formed in the spring of the first year of use, the chaff and the hedgehog in spring and autumn and third years of use (figure 4).

In all years of the study observed excess quantities of shoots in the four-component mixture in comparison with two-and cartrages placing herbs in comparison with usual. the first case it was changed in the range of 1.8...16,0, in the second - 1,2...8,6% (tables 5 and 8).

Receive high-quality feed of mixed perennial grasses and maintaining their productivity is only possible if a sufficiently large and long-term presence in the herbage of the most valuable and abundant species. It is established that for productive longevity and high-quality forage grass mixtures should include the species, belonging to three biological groups: bunchgrass plants, upland grasses, rapid growth rates and average longevity; rhizomatous grasses with slow initial growth, legumes, provide stable yields and forage quality.

Us bunchgrass one of the top bluegrass in the experiments included tall fescue and cocksfoot, from legumes - alfalfa sinegibridnaya and clover.

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) is a perennial bunchgrass plants bluegrass upland, mesopic. Forms a Bush with high stems (1,6 1,2...m), with a large number of strongly foliated vegetative shoots and basal leaves. It belongs to the group of winter perennial grasses close to the ground, capable of forming 2...3 harvests. With intensive use, and fertilizer in the sward is kept for more than 8 years. Hardy and shade tolerant culture, a mandatory component of all complex mowing travo Mesa. Well eaten by all kinds of livestock, generates up to 10...12 t/ha of hay of high quality.

Cocksfoot (Daktulis giomerata L.) is a perennial horse reflecology bluegrass, mesopic. Tall culture (over 1.2 m), produces many stems, leaves range from 50 to 85% yield. The root system is strong, penetrates to a depth of 1 m, but the bulk of the roots are located in the arable soil layer. Drought-resistant, but less hardy than meadow fescue. Responsive to irrigation and fertilizer during the growing season, you can mow up to 5...6 times, generates a yield of green mass on level 50...70 t/ha In mixtures saved six or more years. In hay Jerzy team contains more than 10% protein, making it a valuable feed for all animal species.

Alfalfa sinegibridnaya (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial shrub legume with branched stems, height up to 1,0... 1,5 m and a powerful root system. Hardy, drought-resistant. One of the leading high-protein fodder crops in irrigated agriculture. 4...5 cut generates up to 80...100 t/ha of green mass. In 1 kg of dry mass contains from 100 to 160 g Perevalova protein 0,60...0,65 fodder units, 9,5 10,0...MJ of metabolizable energy. Alfalfa and mixtures her hold in Russia, more than 6 million hectares

Red clover (Trifolium pratensis L.) is a perennial legume hay type height to 0.7...1.2 m, mesopic. The root is the first system is a powerful rod-fibrillose, the culture of hardy, responsive to irrigation, forms yields at the level of alfalfa. One of the best components used for hay and pasture mixtures. Well eaten by all kinds of animals. Good isotonicity in the soil up to 150...200 kg/ha of nitrogen. Thanks to its farming, fodder advantages is widespread in Russia, especially in the non-Chernozem zone. Many years of research VNIIS (1990-1996, has been successful cultivation of red clover on irrigated lands in the Lower Volga region.

In our experiments, the Botanical composition of the studied mixtures were changed quite significantly depending on the mode of irrigation, the background power, age herbage, cutting, placing legumes and grasses components.

The highest participation of legumes in the sward was observed in all variants of the compounds on crops the first year of use from 30.5 to 68.6%. In mixtures of the second year of use, the proportion of legumes decreased to 27.3...55,0%, the third - to 24.3...50,0%. While the Botanical composition of the mixtures, which consisted of two legume component in all the years of use of the mixtures was characterized by a higher proportion of legumes - 1.5...14,0% higher in comparison with mixtures, composed of one legume and one bluegrass component.

Crops of all years of life is clearly visible law is Ernest increase in the proportion of legumes in the accumulation of total biomass with increasing moisture, and plant nutrition (table 10).

So, in the first year of use in the first-scale irrigation regime 60% HB proportion of legumes was 30,5...43,0%. With increasing pre-irrigation moisture to 70% HB content in alfalfa biomass component of the mixture was increased to 32.0...45,0%; 80% HB - 33,0...47,0%. When making maximum dose of fertilizers (N₁₆₀P₇₀To₉₅) the proportion of alfalfa in mixtures according to the irrigation regimes were increased to 43,3...47,0; 45,0...50,0; 47,0...52,0% respectively (table 10).

Similar changes in Botanical composition of the proposed us and legume crops-grasses mixtures and third year of use. On all variants of experiment cartrage accommodation legumes and grasses components contributed to the increase in the share of legumes in the herbage biomass (table 11).

All studied variants of experiment marked the pattern of increase in the proportion of legumes in the crop from the first cut to the third from 30.5 to 68.6%, on crops the first year of use, from 27.3 to 55.0 second and from 24.3 to 50.0% crops of the third year of use under normal sowing. When cartrages the components of the mixtures, the proportion of legumes in the crop was higher at 10...25% (see tables 10 and 11).

The growth and development of plants are normally only when a sufficient saturation of the tissues with water. Due to the lack of, and in some cases excess in plants violated the course of physiological processes, and productive the TB crops is reduced.

Currently, almost all the crops of perennial grasses in the study area in the South-East of the European part of Russia watered by sprinkling. Due to the high intensity of rain, the existing technique of sprinkling does not provide for medium and heavy soils such depth of wetting (0,8...1,0 m). Therefore there was a need to develop energy-saving technologies of cultivation of legumes bluegrass mixtures and water regime of the soil when watering sprinkler, allowing different weather years to obtain consistently high yields with positive impact on soil fertility.

In our experiments, to maintain soil moisture within the specified limits spent watering pot, norms and multiplicity was determined to reduce it in the active layer to pre-irrigation levels. Thus, the appointment of irrigation for irrigation threshold humidity 60% of HB in different years (1997-2000) it took on crops the first year of use 2...3 irrigation norm 850 m³/ha. to prevent the decrease in soil moisture below 70% NV, the number of irrigations increased to 3...5, and irrigation rate is decreased to 650 m³/ha For irrigation 80% HB gave 6...8 irrigation with normal 450 m³/ha. On crops the second year of use with the formation of the highest productivity of mixtures number of irrigations mode is 60% HB increased to 3, 70% NV - up to 5% and 80% HB - up to 8, on the crops of the third year of use, the number of irrigations was changed accordingly from 1 to 3, 3...5 and 6...8 (table 12, figure 5-10).

The amount and timing of irrigation was determined depending on soil conditions and weather conditions (tables 13, 14, 15). The drier the soil and the air, the more often I had to pour the mixture. So, during the growing season grasses in 1999, has dropped only 120 mm of precipitation, the average daytime temperature in July - August was 22...26°the maximum was raised to 35...38°C, relative humidity was down to 17...20%. Under these conditions the crop mixtures in the variant with the mode of irrigation 60% HB had to spend 3 irrigation, 70% - 5% and 80% HB - 8 irrigation (figure 5 and 9). In conditions of 2000, when during the growing season precipitation amounted to 364 mm, with less intense temperatures and higher rates of relative humidity, maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture is not below 60% HB was achieved by conducting 1...2, 70% - 3...4 and 80% HB - 6...7 irrigation (tables 13, 14, 15 and figure 10).

Thus, irrigation regime herbaceous perennial bluegrass mixtures in different years is different. This suggests that the appointment of a certain number of irrigation on crops of grasses in the changing years of rainfall and temperature can only be recommended by the prevailing weather at the conditions and level of pre-irrigation soil moisture. In the same embodiments, the irrigation regime of soil in different years, it is possible to provide a different number of irrigations. At the same time, it should be noted that in embodiments of the water regime with higher irrigation threshold soil moisture number of the irrigation season is incremented by 1...3.

The cultivation of perennial grasses has beneficial effects not only at improving the productivity and quality of aboveground mass, but also on the accumulation of organic substances, after decomposition, which increases soil fertility and improve its properties.

The intensive accumulation of the root mass of perennial legume grasses by agrophytocenoses in half-meter layer of soil. Stock of roots was determined at the end of each growing season. Washing roots were conducted by the method Nesladkoe (1964) in arable and subsurface soil layers.

In our experiments, there is an obvious dependence of the accumulation of roots of herbs from the age of the crop, background power and water regime of the soil. On the number of root residues are also, to some extent, influenced the composition of the mixture and method of sowing.

Analyzing the dynamics of accumulation of organic matter, it should be noted that the number of root residues on crops mixtures increased from the first year of use to third. During the growing season of the first year of using the mixture was left in the soil from 3.50 to 8.02 t/ha dry weight of the roots. The second year the grass has formed the highest yields of aboveground mass and the number of roots was also increased to 6.25...11,05 t/ha The highest dry weight of roots at three-year cultivation of legumes, grasses mixture accumulated in the half-meter layer of the soil by the end of the growing season of the third year of 8.25...13,95 t/ha dry weight (table 16).

Improving irrigation threshold moisture positive influence on the accumulation of organic matter. When conditions improve water plants formed more powerful root system, more efficiently used fertilizer, and as a consequence has been an increase in root mass. Crops the first year of use on the irrigation regime 60% HB on the background of the natural fertility of the soil was left behind 3,50...3,62 t/ha of dry roots, irrigation regime 70% NV - 4,12...of 4.25 t/ha, with an increase in irrigation threshold moisture up to 80% HB - 4,80...5,02 t/ha In the second and third years of use, the trend continued. By the end of the growing season of the third year of using the mixture accumulated depending on the conditions of moisture from the charged 8.52 to 10.48 t/ha of root residues.

Improving food regime soil during application of fertilizer increased the yield of the mixtures, and the mixtures were left after more organic. For example, in versions with pre-irrigation moisture 80% HB, upon application of NPK-1, number of residues to the end of the growing season of the first year, in comparison with the control, was increased by 22...23%.

Optimization of conditions of water and nutrient regimes almost the s increased the efficiency of fertilizer use and increased the growth of the root mass. In the variants with the mode of irrigation 60% of HB and application of NPK-1 to the end of the third year of the mixture collected at 8.60...8,95 t/ha roots, while maintaining pre-irrigation moisture not less than 80% HB - 11,30...11,55 t/ha, i.e. by 29...31% more (table 17, 11).

The obtained results allow to conclude that the four-component mixture of the two pulses and two grasses grass roots accumulated more than two. The advantage of this over years of use grass was changed from 0.12 0.28 to...0,22 0,55...t/ha of dry roots.

We have studied the chemical composition of root residues mixtures grown under different backgrounds mineral nutrition and the maintenance of optimal irrigation regime 80% HB. It was found that the nitrogen content in the accumulated mass with the increase of the calculated fertilizer dose was increased in both of the studied mixtures with 0,81...1,01% in the control (without fertilizers) to 1.02...1,30% for options with estimated doses of fertilizers (table 18).

The amount of phosphorus and potassium in organics beans bluegrass mixtures with improved nutritional regime of the soil also increased. So, the roots of the plants in the variant without fertilization contained 0,47...to 0.50% phosphorus and...0,90 0,80% potassium, while making maximum dose of fertilizer phosphorus content was increased up to 0,49...0,54%, potassium...to 0.97 1,07%.

Fertilized crops were left behind more root residues, and hence the ale is now power underneath accumulated more. So, if a mixture of alfalfa and fescue during the three-year cultivation on the background of the natural fertility of the soil was left behind 83 kg of nitrogen, 48 kg of phosphorus and 82 kg of potassium per 1 ha, while the application of NPK-3 number of cumulative nitrogen was increased in 1,84, phosphorus - 1.42 and potassium - 1.65 times.

In root residues of a mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue content of NPK was slightly higher than in mixtures with alfalfa fescue.

The introduction of a second legume component increased the nitrogen content in the root mass for different versions on 14...24%; 4-component mixture under irrigation 80% of HB and application of NPK-3 left in the soil 181 kg n, 75 kg of phosphorus and 149 kg of potassium, whereas 2 component under the same conditions accumulated 153 kg of nitrogen, 68 kg of phosphorus and 135 kg of potassium.

Summarizing the data we can conclude that the studied mixture at a three-year cultivation in the optimization conditions can leave in the soil 83...181 kg/ha of nitrogen, 48...75 kg/ha of phosphorus and 82...149 kg/ha of potassium. If you compare the accumulated nutrients with standard service, we can say that the organic remains of the mixtures in the soil receives 237...517 kg/ha ammonium nitrate, 96...150 kg/ha double superphosphate, 182...331 kg/ha potassium salt.

The level of productivity of perennial grasses in complex agrophytocenosis depends on many factors and is determined by environmental conditions is Betania, the age of the crop, the correct selection of types, optimization of conditions of water and nutrient regimes of the soil, the care and use of herbage.

One of the important factors affecting the growth and development of plants are emerging thermal conditions for growing crops. In our studies, the duration megalonyx periods were considered from sprouting in spring, when the transition temperature +5° (C) to cut ripeness of mixed herbage, which was determined by the flowering legumes and coincided with Mykolaivna grasses grasses. The number of days from sprouting up head ripeness was changed slightly.

The longest forming grass was different the first cut of from 60 to 75 days. On average over the years of research cleaning in the first mowing was conducted in 64 days after spring regrowth when the sum of positive temperatures 950°C.

Cut ripening in the second mowing occurred after 34...43 days, in the third through 46...51 days when the sum of positive temperatures, respectively 943 and 1000°C. the yield formation in the third mowing crops were spent at 11...12 days more in comparison with the second. It is related to biological characteristics of perennial grasses, and the decline in average daily air temperatures in late summer (table 19).

Unlike alfalfa, clover and other grasses, which form an average of 4 cuts when the cost of heat 750...770±30°C, mixed crops due to depression of grasses in the second half of vegetation and thermal conditions in the area are able to give only three full-scale with greater than legumes, muzukashii periods.

By analyzing the obtained research data, it was possible to trace the following regularities in the formation yields of herbaceous perennial bluegrass mixtures:

- age-related changes that cause the receiving different levels of productivity by years of use herbage;

the dependence of the formation of biomass from moisture levels, and estimated doses of fertilizers;

- increase productivity by introducing into the mixture a second legume component - clover and placement of grass seed in a separate parallel-striped rows.

A mixture of perennial grasses have the highest yield during the summer planting period in the second year of use. In our studies, these data were confirmed. The yield of the crops studied mixtures is done year of use was changed from 27,5...30,5 to 92,0...95,2 t/ha of green mass, depending on the background power and irrigation regime. If this productivity to be unity, then the herbage of the first and third years of use have formed a yield equal to 0,7...0,8 (tables 20, 21, 22 and 23).

We observed a direct correlation between the productivity growth of herbage from improved water and nutrient regimes of soil. Thus, a mixture of alfalfa and fescue on crops the first year of the 3 harvests formed in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture on natural background fertility of 17.1 t/ha of green mass, the introduction of N₁₀₀P₄₀K₅₅made possible the obtaining of 28.7 t/ha, a N₁₆₀P₇₀K₉₅and 49.2 t/ha of green mass.

On the mode of irrigation 70% of the HB in the variant without fertilization the yield of 2-component mixtures averaged across years of research 19,0 t/ha, while making the calculated fertilizer dose increased to 34.0...52,0 t/ha of green mass. With increasing irrigation threshold soil moisture up to 80% HB these changes even higher - from 21.5 to 37.5...62,5 t/ha of green mass.

On crops the second year of use, the increase in soil moisture from 60 to 70...80% of HB variants without fertilizers contributed to increased yields, respectively 6.1 and 10.9% (Fig). Making the calculated fertilizer dose was possible to obtain yields by irrigation regime 60% HB from 40,5 to 74,7 t/ha 70% NV - 48,0...75,0, 80% HB - 51,4...and 82.2 t/ha of green mass. A similar pattern of question is eivets and crop the third year of use (table 20).

Blend in a mixture of two legume components with two grasses provided a steadily increasing yields in comparison with a mixture of one legume and one bluegrass component. The advantage of a mixture of alfalfa, clover, IOI and chaff before the mixture of alfalfa and fescue were changed depending on the Fund nutrition, conditions of moisture, and method of sowing in the range from 1.6 to 2.0 to 10.8...25,0%.

Sowing grass seed in individual rows on all modes of moisture and fertilizer has increased the productivity of both the studied mixtures of 1.0...16,8% (table 20, 21, 22, 23).

Analysis of the distribution of actual yield of mixtures on the basis of the cut indicates that 44...46% of the annual crop comes first, 33...35 for the second and 20...22% in the third mowing.

The established regularities of changes in the productivity of legume grasses mixtures depending on the age of the crops, the sum of active temperatures, the distribution of biomass on the basis of the cut enable more accurate to set the levels of planned harvests, harvesting time and schedules for the receipt of green mass for animal husbandry.

In order to streamline diversity received harvest data, we conducted the analysis with a sample of actual yields, the corresponding scheduled for legume crops-grasses mixtures of different the years of use. It is possible to establish the ability to achieve a given yield levels of the first, second and third years of use with various combinations of moisture regimes, levels of mineral nutrition, species composition, and method of placement of components.

Evaluation of deviations of actual yields from planned were conducted by the method Bagasheva (1985). He considers the variation is minor, if it does not exceed 10%, the average from 10 to 20 and significantly above 30%.

When determining the combination of the main factors we have found that the mixture of the first year of use yields 24 t/ha of green mass form in all irrigation regimes on the background of the natural fertility of the soil, but you can get closest to the program yield for irrigation 60% of the HB is only possible if cartrages sowing four component mixture at 70% HB - under normal sowing the same mixture, and on the mode 80% HB - under normal sowing two-component mixture.

The yield on the level of 36 t/ha of green mass obtained on the irrigation regime 60% HB when making estimated dose of N₁₃₀P₅₅K₇₅and at 70 and 80% HB - when making a smaller dose of N₁₀₀P₄₅K₅₅. To obtain 48 t/ha of the studied legumes bluegrass mixtures of the first year of use while maintaining the 60%threshold moisture it took the introduction of N_{160/sub> P70K95, 70 and 80% NV - N130P55K75. The highest yields at 60 t/ha of green mass on the mode 70% HB formed only 4-component mixture of alfalfa, clover, sea urchins, and fescue, and mode 80% HB - 2 component of alfalfa and fescue when making N160P70K95(tables 24 and 21).}

On crops mixes the second year of using the minimum planned yield of 30 t/ha of green mass is also obtained on the background of natural soil fertility, but 60% of HB it formed only on cartrade sowing 4 componetns mixture, while improving the soil moisture at 70 and 80% HB - normal sowing 2 component mixture of alfalfa and fescue.

Programmable yield of 50 t/ha obtained in all irrigation regimes on crops both of the studied mixtures as normal, and when cartrages the placement of the components, but when you make on 60% NV N₁₈₅P₈₀To₁₁₀and 70 and 80% NV - N₁₃₀P₅₅To₇₅.

Yields of 70 t/ha of green mass was formed as a 2 component and 4-component mixture on all modes of irrigation, but irrigation regime 60% HB it was provided by making the maximum dose of N₂₀₀P₁₀₀To₁₄₀(tables 22 and 25).

Irrigation with moisture in the active layer of soil on ur is beyond 70% and 80% HB increased the efficiency of use of fertilizer plants and to obtain 70 t/ha of green mass had to be N ₁₈₅P₈₀To₁₁₀. It should be noted that the method of inoculation with this combination of controllable factors had no significant effect on yield.

The maximum yield at the level of 90 t/ha with minor deviations obtained in the variants with irrigation during the drying of the active layer of soil up to 70% of the HB in the background making N₂₄₀P₁₀₀To₁₄₀and the sowing of the components of the mixtures through a series. On the irrigation regime 80% HB such performance obtained in a conventional method of sowing.

On the crops of the third year of use received similar regularities of formation yields of legume grasses mixtures, the highest planned harvest level 48 and 60 t/ha of green mass obtained in the variants with maintaining all of the studied irrigation regimes. The smallest deviation from the program noted in variants of planting four component mixture with alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue when placing seeds of each component in separate rows (tables 26 and 23).

The data obtained for the rational combination of water and nutrient regimes of soil, species and age characteristics of perennial legumes and grasses herbs will give the opportunity for different resource software to choose the appropriate level of yields, providing high efficiency of cultivation of legumes-mints is ekovich mixtures in the zone, the area economy.

The importance of moisture in the life of the plant communities is determined by the fact that their biomass at 60...90% of water. Optimization of conditions of water supply plants contributes to the intensification of the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, metabolism, accumulation of aboveground and underground masses. Therefore, to determine the patterns of changes in the water consumption of plants by forming various productivity is one of the main benchmarks in the development of optimal regimes of irrigation of agricultural crops. In our studies, the total consumption of legumes bluegrass mixtures were changed depending on the mode of irrigation, the level of generated harvest, age herbage and weather conditions of the growing season.

The highest water mixtures were formed in all the years of research in the variant with the highest yield, which was ensured by maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture at 80% HB. The total water use in this embodiment crops the first year of use changed within 4897...5017 m³/ha Mixture of the second year of use, while maintaining pre-irrigation moisture 80% HB on the formation of the three harvests spent 5458...5604 m³/ha In the third year of use, due to natural aging of the herbage and reduced the eat productivity, decreased demand mixtures in water and the total water consumption amounted 5151...5258 m³/ha.

In the variant with pre-irrigation moisture 70% NV total water consumption, compared with the mode of irrigation 80% HB, decreased and amounted on crops the first year of use 4581...4687 m³/ha; second year - 5112...5274 and in the third year of use - 4760...4862 m³/ha (tables 27, 28, 29).

Reduction of pre-irrigation moisture up to 60% HB was accompanied by getting the low yields and reduce water consumption by years of use grass to 4121...4224, 4562...4721 and 4188...4283 m³/ha, respectively. In all the years of research traced the pattern of increase in the total water consumption in the variants with fertilizer compared to control. In our experiments, the share of irrigation water in the variant with maintaining irrigation threshold soil moisture 60% NV in average years of research had from 40,3 to 55,0%, 70% - 53,7...61,9, 80% HB - 60,0...66,5% (tables 27, 28, 29).

While the structure of the incoming articles total water consumption has changed quite significantly depending on the conditions of natural moisture. For example, the proportion of precipitation in the consumption of herbs first year of use in damp 1997 amounted to 60% HB 44,0, 70% NV - 43.2 and 80% HB - 42,0, and the share of irrigation levels, respectively, 38,8, 49,0 and 55.0%. In arid 1999, the share of irrigation water in option 60% HB increased to 65.7 per cent, while the share of deposits has decreased to 18.9%in the variant with maintenance of pre-irrigation moisture 70% HB respectively 72,0 and 16.3, and in the variant 80% HB - 76,6 and 15.6%.

On crops the second year of use in 1999 in the total amount of water mixtures at 60% HB irrigation water was 57.2, and precipitation of 16.5%, and in humid 2000 - 36,3 and 39.4%. Similar changes were also observed in the variants with pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture 70 and 80% HB (tables 30-33).

In all my years of research the lowest use of soil moisture was characterized by the option of maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture not less than 80% HB - 3,0...20,8 - first, 10,2...26,1 second and 12.3...16,8 5 in the third year of use. With reduced irrigation threshold moisture to 70% HB using soil moisture was increased to 5.8...24,5%.

In a variant of the mode of irrigation 60% of HB using soil moisture was highest, and on crops the first year it was changed from 15,4 to 25.5, second - 18,0...26,3-and third - 18,7...39,6% (table 33).

The total consumption of mixed perennial grasses is changed on the basis of the cut and is largely determined by the productivity of each of them. In our experiments, this position was confirmed and the highest values of this indicator, regardless of years of use grass and pre-irrigation soil moisture obtained in the first mowing. So,while maintaining a strict regime of irrigation 60% of NR of total water consumption crops legumes bluegrass mixtures in the first hay cutting has been changed from 1550-1720 m ³/ha, the second from 1420 to 1700 and in the third cut of from 1200 to 1675 m³/ha. If you analyze the amount of the total water consumption of the most productive crops the second year of use, it may be noted that with increasing irrigation threshold soil moisture from 60 to 70...80% HB it increased in the first cut from 1720 until 1910...2000 m³/ha or 11.0...16,3%.

The productivity of crops in the second mowing decreased, and the total flow of moisture was reduced to 1550 1850...m³/ha In the third cut is formed only 20...23% of the biomass of the total production and total consumption of crops the second year of use was 1370...1675 m³/ha (table 34).

In the study of water mixed perennial grasses, and any other cultures, of particular interest is the determination of the average daily total water consumption during certain periods of the vegetation period (the cut). Dynamics of average daily water consumption to more fully characterize patterns of variation of crop water requirements and allows us to justify the regulation of irrigation in the management of the water regime of the soil in order to obtain different levels of planned harvests agrophytocenosis.

In table 35 the results of the research indicate that the increase in pre-irrigation moisture in the active layer of the soil resistance is ostaetsya growth average daily water consumption reaches its maximum in the variation 80% HB. Reduction of pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 60% HB contributes to the reduction in average daily water consumption of the plants. The reason is that under the same weather conditions average daily water consumption field change depending on availability in the rooting zone of productive soil moisture. Maximum average daily water consumption in the average years of research for the mixtures of the first year of use has reached 48,5 m³/ha in the second cut, which was held in the third week of July, in the variant with maintaining soil moisture at least 80% HB. Reducing irrigation threshold soil moisture up to 70% HB contributed to the reduction in average daily water consumption to 46.5, and in the variant with the purpose of irrigation when soil moisture 60% HB it amounted to 42.0 m³/ha.

On crops mixes the second year of use, the highest average daily flow of moisture was also observed in the second mowing and was higher than on crops the first year. Numerical values for variants of irrigation regimes were changed as follows: 80% HB- 53,4, 70 - 50,5, 60 - 45,5 m³/ha per day. A similar pattern was observed on the crop the third year of use, only the average costs of the moisture field in comparison with crops the second year of use decreased to 26.5...34.0 m³/ha (table 35).

After analyzing the data, it can be noted that registration of birth, years of use, the formation of the second mowing differed highest average daily water consumption, because of intense hydrothermal conditions on the maximum values of the temperatures and little precipitation natural precipitation.

Forming a third cuts occur in August and September, and the average daily water consumption is reduced in the variation of 80% to HB 31,0...37,0, 70% - 29,0...34,0, 60% HB - up to 25,0...30,8 m³/ha per day. The lowest average daily water consumption in all variants of experiments on years of research noted in the first mowing, the formation of which occurs within the maximum period of time (60...75 days vs. 34...47 days in the second and third harvests) with a gradual increase of heat, relatively low daily temperatures and smaller deficits humidity.

The efficiency of irrigation of agricultural crops is determined not only by the magnitude of the yield, and cost of water for its formation, that is, the ratio of water consumption. This measure is influenced by water availability estimated soil, weather conditions, vegetation period, farming culture, methods and techniques of irrigation. A significant impact on the value of the coefficient of water provides level of the resulting crop.

Various water supply to the active layer of the soil in the variants of our experiments with maintaining different the pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture contributed to obtaining different levels of crop legumes bluegrass mixtures. Accordingly, the formation of 1 ton of green mass during the growing season was consumed different amounts of water. Maintaining the 60%threshold moisture without fertilizer on crops the second year of use has provided 27,5...28,8 t/ha of green mass and the ratio of water consumption in this case was 178 182...m³/t (table 36).

The increase of pre-irrigation moisture to 70% of the HB in the control contributed to the increase in the yield of mixtures to 29.2...30,8 t/ha of green mass and reductions of water consumption up to 166...175 m³/so On irrigation 80% of HB variants without fertilizer ratio of water consumption amounted to 158...166 m³/so

Fertilizer application had a significant effect on water use efficiency of crops. So, while maintaining pre-irrigation threshold moisture 60% HB introduction N₁₃₀P₆₀To₈₀on crops the second year of use in comparison with control reduced the water consumption per unit of production to 96...105 m³/so When making N₂₄₀P₁₀₀K₁₄₀the ratio of water consumption in this mode of irrigation was reduced to 62...70 m³/so

Improving the water by improving irrigation threshold moisture to 70% HB and making the calculated doses of fertilizers contributed to obtaining from 48...50 to 68...85 t/ha of green mass and reduction ratios are now consumption of legumes bluegrass mixtures with 90...95 to 60...73 m ³/so

The most effective moisture on the formation of harvest consumed crops the second year of use while maintaining the 80%threshold moisture and making the N₂₄₀P₁₀₀To₁₄₀. The ratio of water consumption was minimal - 57...61 m³/so

The advantage of planting herbs in individual rows compared to conventional sowing was on variants of experiment 2...6% (table 36).

It should be noted that more efficient water use on construction yields differed centradenia crops four component mixture of alfalfa, clover, sea urchins, and fescue. For example, on crops the second year of use it for the formation of 1 ton of green mass consumed depending on the combination of irrigation regimes and calculated fertilizer dose at 1.5 to 6.8 percent less water than a two-component mixture of alfalfa and fescue.

One of the main advantages of growing legumes and grasses herbs mixed in agrophytocenosis is receiving feed with a balanced basic nutrients. To assess the nutrient intake of the studied mixtures, we have carried out analyses of the chemical composition of plants on the basis of the cut on crops the second year of use.

It is established that the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) in the biomass of legume grasses mixtures is largely determined by the conditions of moisture, and Pete is ment plants. Improving irrigation threshold moisture from 60 to 80% HB led to a considerable increase in nitrogen content with 1,60 1,65...to 1.71...1,82%. The amount of phosphorus in the biomass mixture also increased from 0.50 to...0,53...to 0.51 to 0.55, and potassium - 2,60...to 2.65 to 2.75...2,90%.

The application of nitrogen fertilizer at top dressing (130, 185 and 240 kg/ha) at the optimum phosphorus-potassium background helped increase the nitrogen content of 0.05...0,24%, phosphorus 0.05 to 0.22 and potassium - 0.05...to 0.50% (tables 37, 38, 39).

The amount of protein in biomass mixtures was significantly increased with increasing plant life. Natural background soil fertility it in the variant with maintaining 60%of pre-irrigation soil moisture was 10,00...10.30 a.m., from 70% - is 10.68...10,94, and 80% HB - 11,12...11,37%. Making the calculated fertilizer dose was increased content of protein 0.44...of 1.50%.

The fiber content in plants had an inverse relationship with increasing amounts of protein were decreased. The highest this figure was available with maintaining a strict regime of irrigation (60% HB) without fertilizer - 26,80...27,22%.

It should be noted that all indicators of the chemical composition and content of essential nutrients biomass 4-component mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue was superior to the 2-component mixture of alfalfa and fescue (tables 38, 39).

Systems which I dynamics of essential nutrients, determining the nutritive value of mixtures, it should be noted that the content varies not only depending on the mode of irrigation and fertilizer dose, but also on the basis of the cut. Thus, the amount of crude protein in the biomass of four component mixture in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture in the first cut was 8.75, in the second mowing it grew to 10.48, in the third to 11.70%.

With improved water plants at 70 and 80% of the HB content of crude protein was increased in the first cut to 9.40...9,82%, in the second - to 11,02...11,55 and in the third - to 12,40...12,74%.

Making estimated doses of fertilizers contributed to increasing the protein content of 2.0...of 17.0%. The fat content to improve the conditions of cultivation also increased and the maximum was in the third cut in the variant with making the calculated fertilizer dose - 3,14...3,19%.

The fiber content from the first cut to the third fell with 25,70...29,05 to 21,82...25,05%. The minimum amount of fiber (21,82...26,00%) was observed in the biomass of four component mixture by mode 80% HB when making the calculated fertilizer dose (table 40).

Relationship of mineral elements calcium and phosphorus, calcium and magnesium are important indicators of balanced rations. The optimal ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 1,5...3 to 1 (Amikacin, 1990), the optimal ratio of calcium to magnesium, the data is Mframe and other (1970), is 3...5 to 1. In our experiments, the relationship of calcium to phosphorus and magnesium to the biomass of the studied mixtures answered zootechnical requirements for all options experience and changed in the 2.5-to 2.8 : 1 and 4.0...of 4.6 : 1 (tables 38, 39).

The basis of rational and efficient use of protein in the nutrition of farm animals is the balancing rations for amino acids. The provision of rations essential amino acids allows you to set specific metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of certain amino acids and to identify genetically determined productivity of organisms. Assenova (1986), Gourmantche, Ahistoric (1999), Gdhour.com (2001) and other researchers believe that to improve the biological value of the protein of forage plants can fertilizer and micronutrients. During our research this position was confirmed and, if the total amount of amino acids in the biomass of 4-component mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue second year of use in the variant without fertilization was 63,51 g, when making increasing estimated doses of NPK 66,39...70,26 g/kg (table 41).

Essential amino acids are of great importance in the processes of growth, development and increase productivity of all kinds of livestock and poultry. They are not synthesized in animals and are the only feed. In our experiments, the number of essential amino acids (lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine) was increased in fertilized variants in comparison with control 4.5...of 9.6%and a maximum content while maintaining optimal irrigation threshold moisture 80% HB observed in the biomass of four component mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue when making N₂₄₀P₁₀₀K₁₄₀- 28,82 g/kg

The number of accumulated mixtures of essential amino acids were increased from the first cut to the third. In biomass alfalfa fescue amount of essential amino acids in the variant without fertilization was changed from the first cut to the third with 23,90 to 26,36 g/kg In four-component mixture, the content of essential amino acids were increased respectively with 24,85 to 28,40 g/kg of dry biomass. Fertilizer application has provided an increase of 2-component mixture of 1.55...1,69, four - 1,80...2.17 g/kg. Content of critical amino acids lysine in fertilized variants was 0.30...to 0.62 g/kg higher than in the control (table 42).

An important indicator of ecological safety of food is the nitrate content. It is widely believed that the only reason to keep a large quantity of nitrates in plants is the application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. But the accumulation of unused bi is the synthesis of nitrate to levels dangerous, depends on many other factors - biological features of plants, soil properties, timing of sowing and harvesting, weather conditions, illumination and other

Due to the lack of heat, rainy and overcast periods of vegetation in plants increases the concentration of nitrates. In young plants of nitrates more, so early mowing and feeding these forages can cause timpani animals. Permissible dose nitrates in terms of nitrate nitrogen is considered 0,07% of the ration dry matter. The overall level of the permissible quantity of nitrate nitrogen in the feed varies widely - from 0.04 to 4.5%. This is because nitrates do not have a poisonous effect, toxic nitrates formed in the recovery process in animals. Depending on the balance of the diet in easy-hydrolyzed carbohydrates, macro - and microelements, vitamins, this process may leak or fully without the formation of nitrates, or only partially, and then even with a small content of nitrates in the body produces toxic doses of nitrites.

In our experiments, the introduction of balanced settlement doses of nitrogen fertilization on phosphorus-potassium background the accumulation of nitrates in biomass mixtures were changed on the basis of the cut and depended on weather condition the conditions, irrigation regimes, doses of fertilizer.

The maximum amount of nitrates mixture accumulated in the third cut, the content was changed from 335 to 928 mg/kg, the accumulation of nitrates in the first mowing ranged in average years of research from 313 to 690 mg/kg, the content of nitrates in all harvests and variants of experience in 1997 was 1.5...2.5 times higher than in 1998 (table 43).

This is due to the conditions of moisture and heat in the period of formation of biomass. May 1997 was characterized by cool, cloudy weather with falling 47 mm of rainfall. In this regard, the nitrate content in the first cut, held in early June, was 590-708 mg/kg In June, July and August 1997, fell 143 mm of rainfall, with average monthly temperatures of 20...22°and the accumulation of nitrates in the third mowing increased to 694...928 mg/kg

The vegetation period 1998 to agroclimatic indices were significantly different from the previous one. In may 1998, fell only 3.7 mm of precipitation, air temperature reached 26...28°C. the Accumulation of nitrates in the first cut does not exceed 258...400 mg, in June, July and August, the rainfall amounted to 47.5 mm, the temperature exceeded 25...30°C. In these conditions, the nitrate content in biomass mixtures in the third cut was $ 358...475 mg/kg, i.e. 1.94...1,95 times less than in 1997 (table 43).

It should be noted that improving the availability of crops in all years of the study contributed to a better absorption of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers and resulted in reduced accumulation of nitrates. So, if 60% of the HB in the first cut of the amount of nitrates in biomass mixtures for the control (without fertilizers) was changed from 258 to 626 mg/kg, mode 80% HB it was $ 299...575 mg/kg of Making the highest estimated dose of nitrogen to phosphorus-potassium background increased the nitrate content in the first cut at 60% HB 15.1...46,2%, at 70% and 80% HB, respectively...20,0 12,0% and 10.8...18,2%.

A similar pattern of change of accumulation of nitrates observed in the third mowing. Noticeable difference in nitrate content in the studied mixtures were observed, but the trend is for a slight increase in their number in the four-component mixture traced all the variants of experiment.

Evaluation of the nutritive value of the fodder from perennial legume grasses mixtures were given to us by the content of fodder units, Perevalova protein and metabolizable energy. The content of fodder units was calculated by the digestibility of main nutrients: protein, fat, fiber and BEV. In our calculations we used the coefficients of digestibility: protein - 72%, fat - 50%, fibre and NFE, respectively 52 and 68%.

After analyzing the data, it should be noted that the content of the fodder units in dry biomass mixtures was affected by changes in the food mode and humidity conditions of crops. So, when making the calculated fertilizer dose (N_{130 P60To80) the content of fodder units per 1 kg of biomass mixtures of the second year of use was increased in comparison with control 1.85%. The introduction of higher doses of fertilizers has led to the increase of the ceiling of 5.60...7,40%.}

A similar trend can be seen in the improvement in the availability of crops. Improving irrigation threshold moisture from 60% to 70...80% HB contributed to the increase in the content of fodder units per 1 kg of dry biomass on 3,80...5,76% (table 44).

Content Perevalova protein mixtures also increased with improving the nutritional regime and improve irrigation threshold soil moisture. For example, on the background of the natural fertility of the soil by mode 80% of HB per kilogram of dry mass mixture with alfalfa fescue contained 80 g of protein, and the fertilized variants were increased to 83...90 g, i.e. by 3.7...to 12.5%. The increase in pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture from 60 % to 70% and 80% HB led to an increase in the protein content of 5.6...11,1%.

It should be noted that a mixture consisting of two pulses and two grasses herbs for all options experience had a slight advantage over the two-component mixture.

The metabolizable energy in the diet is an important indicator of its nutritional value, as it is customary to judge the maximum amount of digestible energy, which can be floor is told from the feed without taking into account the productivity of the animals.

Considering the obtained data, it should be noted that energy nutritious mixtures was increased to include the second bean component - clover meadow, and improving water and nutrient regimes of soil it was on the mixture of Lucerne + clover + hedgehog + fescue 9,02...9,42, and a mixture of alfalfa + fescue - 9,01...9,34 MJ/kg (table 44).

The availability of fodder units perevalki protein with an average productivity of dairy herds in zootechnichesky reasonable standards is 100-110 g, young cattle for fattening - 115-120, sheep - 110-130, birds 135-145, With increased productivity content Perevalova protein in feed unit should increase (ATV, 1984).

In our research on 1 fodder unit biomass of the studied mixtures had different versions from 138 to 160 g Perevalova protein that complies with feeding high producing cows of Holstein-Friesian breed with producing 5...6 thousand liters of milk (table 45).

The optimal ratio of energy and protein in the diets of cattle should reach 8.5...10 g Perevalova of protein per 1 MJ of metabolizable energy (ATV, 1984). The ratio of protein and metabolizable energy close to the optimum obtained in the variants with maintaining 70 and 80%threshold moisture and making the calculated fertilizer dose - 8,77...9,87 g/MJ.

Thus, schemie mixture provides a high content in the feed feed units, Perevalova protein, metabolizable energy and serves as a valuable energy animal feed.

The yield of nutrients per 1 ha of crops for different versions was changed from 3.5...3.6 to...13,3 13,5 thousand fodder units, from 0.49 0.52 to...2,07...2,17 t Perevalova protein and 60...62 to 215...221 GJ exchange energy. The highest productivity was observed in agrophytocenosis of the two pulses and two grasses components while maintaining the 80%threshold moisture and making increasing estimated doses of nitrogen (from 130 to 240 kg/ha) phosphorus-potassium background. In these embodiments, the mixture of alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue has provided an output of 7.5...13.5 thousand fodder units, 1,15...2,17 t Perevalova protein and 126...221 GJ exchange energy per hectare of crops the second year of use (table 46).

The basis for the development of cultivation technology of scheduled crops mixes perennial legumes and grasses grasses are data from our field multifactor experiments and synthesis of the results of studies conducted in the Lower Volga region.

The difference we have developed the technology described in the materials of this application, and is known from earlier recommended is as follows:

calculation of doses of fertilizers on planned levels of crop legumes bluegrass mixtures, providing high precision of the estimated data and the actual is the results;

the application of nitrogen fertilizers, calculated on the removal with harvest each mowing - 45, 34, and 21% of the annual dose;

as a second legume component of the proposed new region of the Lower Volga culture - clover;

the use of modern, high-yielding, adapted to the conditions of irrigation grasses intensive type (alfalfa sinegibridnaya Hope, clover, VIC 7, cocksfoot Torpedo, meadow fescue Penza 1);

a mixture of managed progeearth factors that contribute to obtaining a 24...60 in the first and third, 30...90 t/ha of green mass in the second year of use with the rational use of irrigation water and fertilizers that do not have a negative impact on the quality of the products. For each of these levels of productivity in the technology proved appropriate combination of managed progeearth factors contributing to the receipt of planned productivity with maximum economic effect.

Schematically technology of cultivation of legumes bluegrass mixtures to achieve a given yield levels are presented in table 47.

We have developed the technology of cultivation of perennial legume grasses mixtures is a production test in pilot production farms SSI-Russian research Institute of irrigated land is of men. In OPH “Irrigated” on the area of 80 ha in August 1998, planted a mixture of alfalfa, clover, brome, hedgehogs and fescue. Watering is carried out wide-sprinkler machine “Kuban” - LS. In 1999, the yield of mixtures of 3 harvests amounted to 13.5 t/ha of hay of high quality. In 2000 and 2001, these crops are used in combination, alternating grazing dairy herds 210 heads with cutting. On a separate paddock yield of green mass was during vegetation 42,5...55,0 t, sung - 10,5 12,0...t/ha Should be emphasized that all summer herd of Holstein-Friesian cows were grazing in the field. Milk yield per cow in 1999 was 5742, 2000 - 5552, 2001 - 5800 kg of milk.

In OPH “Russia” GNU VNIIOZ Mykolaiv region Volgograd region under sprinkling machines “Frigate” in 1998 - 1999 sown mixture with alfalfa fescue square 772 ha hay Yield in 1999-2001 on these fields was changed from 7.5 to 12.5, green mass from 40 to 60 t/ha In 2001 from 4,000 tonnes harvested on the farm of hay about 2000 tons harvested from those areas.

Environmental conditions for agriculture in the Lower Volga region is largely determined by the location of the region in astrosatellite zone of the European part of Russia. It is proved that sustainable agricultural production in the natural climate with rainfall less than 400 mm is impossible without irrigation. However, Neum the military application of irrigation, inconsistent with the need of agrocenoses in water to obtain a certain level of harvest leads to increased water supply to the fields, drainage, soil salinization and waterlogging, loss of fertility of irrigated land.

Growing mixtures of perennial legumes and grasses herbs on irrigated lands best meets not only the requirements of production, balanced in basic nutrients, but also the protection of the environment. When the three-year cultivation mixtures at different levels of moisture and fertilizer in half-meter layer of the soil remains 8,25...13,95 t/ha of dry roots, which in the soil receives 63...181 kg of nitrogen, 48...75 kg phosphorus, 82...149 kg/ha of potassium.

With the consistent increase in the accumulation of root mass mixtures increased the number of water-stable aggregates in arable and in the subsurface soil layers. The increase in the number of agronomically valuable particles after a three year stay mixtures on the field was changed from 20,6...24.2% in the variant without fertilization to 21.7...to 25.3% for fertilized crops (table 48).

In addition to the mentioned advantages of joint crops of legumes and grasses herbs, it should be emphasized that grasses into force of the anatomical structure is able to supply the roots with oxygen by free diffusion through the air cavities of the stems, resulting blended the diversified crops not so much suffer from soil compaction. Single-species crops like grasses and legumes roots accumulate less than mixtures thereof.

One of the main indicators of ecological safety of feed is the content of nitrates. The nitrate content in plants varies in time differently than the content of other agro-chemical toxicants. The amount of pesticides under the action of detoxification irreversibly reduced, whereas the dynamics of the nitrate complex and their number in plants can vary even within one day. At low light intensity (morning and evening) are usually easy coming in plants nitrogen is poorly absorbed or remains in them in the form of intermediates, amino acids and nitrates.

In our experiments, the accumulation of nitrates in the biomass of legumes bluegrass mixtures depended on the weather conditions of the growing season, mowing and fertilizer dose. In the first cut their number in 1998 did not exceed the MAC, and in 1997 exceeded its 8...23%, in the third mowing respectively on 31...57%. Significant difference in the accumulation of nitrates in the biomass of the studied mixtures were noticed.

In recent years, particular importance when assessing the quality of feed given to the content of heavy metals. Determination of the accumulation of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in our experiments showed that their content in biomass mixtures tended to slightly decrease with the improvement of the conditions of the one and nutrient regimes of soil. In General, the content of zinc was in the range of 13.8...15,0 mg MPC 30 mg, copper - 9,5...11,2 or 31...37% of the MPC, the content of cadmium and lead were below in the order established for them in MPC (table 49).

In the midst of a protracted economic crisis, the most appropriate method of analysis of forage production is agroeconomic evaluation of forage production that uses universal energy ratio accumulated in products to spent energy. This makes it possible in any economic situation most accurately account for and uniformly to Express not only the direct energy costs of the technology, but also the energy embodied in capital goods and manufactured products.

Conducted on the basis of this analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of technologies of cultivation of fodder crops from the point of view of consumption, the most important resources of energy and to identify ways of saving it.

Costs the total energy on growing herbaceous perennial bluegrass mixtures and our experiments was determined on the basis of process maps, standard production rates, costs of fuel, energy equivalents of the use of agricultural machinery, fertilizers, labor resources.

Evaluation of energy efficient led by the equation:

Ke=EP/E

g is e

The EP is the energy stored in the crop, MJ/ha;

E - the total energy consumed in the production of crops, MJ/ha

Perennial legumes and grasses grasses in mixed crops differed consistently high efficiency. Even while maintaining a strict regime of irrigation without fertilizer energy efficiency ratio amounted to 2.74...was 2.76. Improving the soil water content increased it to 2.85...2,95, and fertilizer application up to 3,10...4,10.

The most advantageous ratio of accumulated energy expended noted in the cultivation of the four mixture and making the calculated fertilizer dose - 3,43...4,10 (table 50).

The energy efficiency ratios cultivation mixtures when placing seeds of legumes and grasses components in separate rows were 3.5...7.5 per cent higher than in normal sowing.

Assessing the overall costs of the total energy for the cultivation of perennial legume grasses mixtures and their structure, it should be noted that 69...79% of its need for working capital, 19...27% on main and 2...4% on labor resources.

Energy assets 97-98% on cleaning and transportation of crop irrigation. The major share of energy costs in current assets comprise the cost of fuel and fertilizer (84-92%) (table 51).

For calculations IVF is ohmic efficiency of the planned cultivation of legume crops-grasses mixtures were determined production costs per hectare of sowing. All costs, including the cost of fertilizer and the work associated with their introduction, were calculated for each option on the technological map. While the cost of options differed only in the number of irrigations, the doses of fertilizers and transport crops. The value of gross output was estimated by us at the cost of 1 t of feed units or cost of 1 ton of grain oats - 1500 rubles production quotas, tariff rates were taken from reference data, all calculations are carried out in constant prices 1998

The results of the comparison of the effectiveness of conditions of moisture, crop mixtures showed that the increase in cost with increasing pre-irrigation soil moisture pays off received by the crop. So, on crops of 4-component mixture of the second year of use, the cost of 1 ton of green mass in the variant with a threshold moisture 60% HB was 119.6 rubles, 70% - 117,2 and 80% NV - to 114.4 RUB Making doses of fertilizers designed to obtain 90 t/ha of green mass in option 60% HB reduced profitability to 63.5 vs. 64.1% of the control modes 70% and 80% NV cost of production with the introduction of the dose was decreased, and the profitability of its receipt increased from 71.4...75.5 to 77,9...of 87.0% (table 52).

Thus, cultivation of perennial legumes and grasses grasses in mixed crops with the use of elaborated the basic elements of the technology, helps improve the s input of the physical properties and production of ecologically safe animal feed.

Bioenergy and economic assessment confirm the high efficiency of cultivation on irrigated land mixed agrophytocenosis, providing two - to fourfold excess of energy accumulation in the crop above the cost of its receipt. In this regard, we recommend that the technology can reasonably be considered to be environmentally friendly, energy-saving low-cost and cost-effective, acceptable to the broad development of irrigated lands in the Lower Volga region.

Describes the essential distinctive features in the declared object and provides information about the implementation of the proposed method allows to draw the following conclusions.

1. In agro-climatic conditions of the Volga-don interfluve mixed agrophytocenoses of perennial legumes and grasses herbs on irrigated lands capable of forming during the growing season three full-scale with a yield of 17...53 to 68...95 t/ha of green mass. On the formation of the first cut on average spent 64 days at temperatures of 950°S, second and third cut from 34 to 43 days at temperatures of 970±30°C.

2. The best conditions for creating a productive and durable herbage consisted of four crops a mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue when placing grass seed in individual radc is. Increasing the availability of plants and improvement of the food regime of the soil contributed to the increase in the intensity of pobegoobrazuyuschaya grasses grasses 7.4...23.4 per cent, pulses by 13.6...26,1%. The highest number of shoots of alfalfa and clover formed in the spring of the first year of use - from 408 to 843 pieces/m². By the end of the growing season of the first year their number was reduced to 350...730, the second - 290...610, the third - up to 210...490 pieces/m². The intensity of pobegoobrazuyuschaya bluegrass with age was increased from 616...1530 shoots in the spring of the first year to 860....in the autumn of 1516 second and 905...1710 pieces/m²the third year of use.

3. The highest participation of legumes in mixed agrophytocenosis noted on crops the first year of use from 30.5 to 61.0%. In mixtures of the second year of use, the proportion of legumes in the crop decreased to 27.3...55,0, the third - to 24.3...50,0%. When optimizing the conditions of water and nutrient regimes of soil the proportion of legumes was increased and the maximum value reached in the grass mix alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue option 80% HB and when you make the calculated fertilizer dose when cartrages sowing: in the first year - 49,5...61,0; the second 44,0 55,0...; third year - 37,8...50,0%.

4. The total consumption of legumes bluegrass mixtures varied depending on the level of productivity, irrigation regime, age of sward and weather conditions of the growing season. amym high consumption of moisture differed the most productive crops in the second year of use by mode 80% HB. To obtain 75...95 t/ha of green mass of the mixture of spent 5,4 5,6...thousand m³/ha of water. With decreasing irrigation threshold soil moisture up to 70% HB productivity mixtures was reduced to 65...80 t/ha, and the total water use of up to 5.1...5,3 thousand m³/ha In the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture 60% HB total flow of moisture on the formation of 40...60 t/ha of green mass was 4.5...4.7 m³/ha, the Share of irrigation norms in the total amount of water was changed from 49,0 to 65.9%of the stocks of soil moisture with a decrease in pre-irrigation moisture increased from 10.1...14,5 to 22.8...30,2%.

5. The average daily water consumption by crops mixtures of different years of use on average for the season was changed depending on the water regime of the soil within 29,6...33,6 m³/ha (option 60% LC) to 36.2...40,2 m³/ha per day (option 80% of HB). Maximum average daily water consumption observed on crops the second year of use in the second cut, which was formed during the most intense hydrothermal conditions - 45,5...53,4 m³/ha. average Daily water use of crop mixtures in the first and third harvests were made for different versions of 28.2...37,0 m³/ha.

6. The most productive use of moisture on building harvest was characterized by crops of four component mixture of the second year of use. The coefficient adoptible the I option to maintain the 60%threshold moisture without fertilizers amounted to 176...178, when fertilizing - 62...105 m³/t, 70% and 80% HB - 172 and 158...57...90 m³per tonne of green weight.

7. The greatest amount of root mass in the half-meter layer of soil accumulating crops studied mixtures to the end of the growing season of the third year of use compared to 8.26...13,95 t/ha Increase irrigation threshold moisture was increased accumulation of roots 0,82...2,04, and making the calculated fertilizer dose - 1.00...3,47 t/ha mixtures Studied after three years of cultivation was in half-meter soil layer 83...181 kg of nitrogen, 48...75 phosphorus and 82...149 kg/ha of potassium.

8. The maximum biomass of legume mixture of grasses differed on crops the second year - 28,5...95,2 t, the yield of herbage first and third years of use was 70...80% of it. The four crops a mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue exceeded the yield of two-component mixture of alfalfa and fescue 2.0...25.0%of the seeding of each component in separate rows provided the yield increase from 1.0 to 16.8 compared to conventional sowing.

9. Minimum planned yield of 24 tons in the first and third, 30 t/ha in the second year of use (78 t/ha) is ensured by maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture is not below 60% of the HB in the background of the natural fertility of the soil on the four crops a mixture of alfalfa, clover, hedgehogs and fescue p and cartrages placing herbs. The same yield forms a two-component mixture of alfalfa and fescue, but with the increase of pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 70 and 80% HB.

Total for 3 years using the yield 122...166 t/ha of green mass(36...50...36; 48...70...48) can be obtained in all irrigation regimes, but in the version with the 60%threshold moisture must be paid in the stock of P_{140 190...}To_190...230with Pokornyi by fertilizing with nitrogen from 45 to 80...40...20 kg/ha of Least deviation from the programmable yields provide centradenia crops four component mixture in embodiments 70 and 80% HB.

The maximum total fee of green mass in three years of use 210 t/ha (60...90...60) obtained in the variants with irrigation when soil moisture 70% of the HB in the background making R₂₄₀To₃₂₀, pomocnych the fertilizing with nitrogen from 100 to 25 kg/ha and planting herbs in individual rows. On the irrigation regime 80% HB this yields obtained for both mixtures in a conventional method of sowing.

10. Optimization of the conditions of cultivation of legumes bluegrass mixtures positive influence on improving the quality of food. Protein content in dry biomass increased from 10.00% in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold soil moisture is 10.68 to...11,12 - 70 and 80% HB. Introduction increasing the calculated fertilizer dose was consistently raised this figure up to 11.56...12.62%stake. Protein content increased the ü from the first cut to the third from 8.75...11,50 to 11.70...13,93%, and cellulose decreased with 25,70...29,05 to 24,10...21,82%. The fat content was increased to the end of the growing season and the maximum was in the third cut in the variants with fertilizer - 3,13...3,19%.

11. The content of essential amino acids in biomass mixtures with alfalfa fescue in the variants without fertilizer was increased from 23,90 in the first to 26,36 g in the third mowing and biomass alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue - 24,85 to $ 28.49 g/kg of fertilizer application contributed to the increase in the content of essential amino acids 6.4...7,6%, including critical amino acids lysine - 6.5...15,5%.

Maximum accumulation of nitrate mixtures studied differed in the past, the third cut in the variant with application of high doses of nitrogen - 240 kg/ha during the growing season under three mowings. In this mode, 70 and 80% HB nitrates in biomass mixtures contained 1.2...1.3 times less than 60% HB.

12. Per kilogram of dry biomass binary mixture the content of fodder units with improved moisture and nutrient regime has increased from 0.52 to...0,58 0,55, Perevalova protein from 72 to 76...90 g, exchange energy with 8,80 8,90 to...9,34 MJ. On four of the mixture, these figures are higher by 1.3...of 3.3%.

The availability of fodder units perevalki protein was changed from 138...142 g in the variant without fertilization while maintaining the 60%threshold moisture to 148...160 g option 80% of the HB and the introduction RA is even doses of fertilizers. Close to the optimal ratio of protein and energy in the diet 9,78...8,78 g/MJ noted in biomass mixtures with alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue on the variant 80% HB and amendments on phosphorus-potassium background 185 to 240 kg/ha of nitrogen under three mowings.

13. Energy assessment cultivation of legumes bluegrass mixtures indicates its high efficiency on irrigated lands. In the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture on the background of the natural fertility of the soil EC amounted to 2.74, 70% - 2,85, 80% HB - 2,95. Making the calculated fertilizer dose increased energy efficiency up to 3,10...3,37 to 60%, 3,20...3,55 - 70% and 3.33...4,10 on mode 80% HB. The most advantageous ratio accumulated in the yield of energy expended on its cultivation is marked by a four-part mixture in the variant with the placement of grass seed in separate rows.

14. The definition of economic efficiency of cultivation of the mixtures showed that the increase in cost with increasing pre-irrigation soil moisture pays off harvest. Profitability in the variant with a threshold moisture 60% HB was 64.1%, 70% and 71.4% and 80% HB - 75,5%. Making the most of high doses of fertilizers designed to obtain 90 t/ha of green mass, 60% HB inefficient at 70 and 80% HB making all estimated doses of fertilizers profitable margin was 77,9...87,0%.

In the current economic conditions is x management for large and small producers can be formulated the following proposals:

1. To create a productive herbage legumes bluegrass mixtures intensive hay production on irrigated lands are recommended crops two - and four-component mixtures of alfalfa singireddy, red clover, meadow fescue, Jerzy team. Grass should be sown in the summer time (the first decade of August) bespotrebno at a ratio of 60% legumes and 55% from bluegrass seeding rate in single crop.

2. To obtain the amount in three years of use 78 t/ha of green mass (24 in the first and third, 30 t second) rational cultivation of the mixture with alfalfa, clover, IOI and fescue natural soil fertility and maintaining pre-irrigation moisture threshold 60% HB with 2...3 irrigations during the growing season, irrigation norm 1700...2550 m³/ha.

Obtaining the total yield within 122...266 t/ha of green mass (36...48 in the first and third, 50...70 in the second) is possible with the cultivation of both four-and two-component mixture with maintaining 70 and 80%of pre-irrigation soil moisture and making the stock in 3 years of use herbage P_{140 190...}To_190...230and pokonaj nitrogen feeding from 80 to 20...40 kg/ha Number of irrigations during the growing period varies from 2...3 to 5...7, irrigation norm 2550...3150 m³/ha.

Development developed technology of cultivation of legumes bluegrass mixtures ru is t to increase the efficiency of use of irrigated land, to increase the production of environmentally friendly, high-quality feed to maintain soil fertility, to strengthen the economy of the farms in the region.

Table 13
Actual irrigation mode legumes bluegrass mixtures in the variant with 60%threshold wetting
Nom is R irrigation	The first year of use	The second year of use	The third year of use
	1997	1998	1999	1998	1999	2000	1999	2000
1
2								-
3	-					-

Table 14
Actual irrigation mode legumes bluegrass mixtures in the variant with 70%threshold wetting
The number of irrigation	The first year of use	The second year of use	The third year of use
	1997	1998	1999	1998	1999	2000	1999	2000
1
2
3
4	-							-
5	-					-

Table 15
Actual irrigation mode legumes bluegrass mixtures in the variant with 80%threshold wetting
Room	The first year of use	The second year of use	The third year of use
irrigation	1997	1998	1999	1998	1999	2000	1999	2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7	-		/td>					-
8	-					-		-

1. The method of cultivation of perennial fodder grasses, including periodic mowing biomass, irrigation and fertiliser application in spring at the beginning of the regrowth of the grass and fertilizer after each mowing, characterized in that after cleaning predecessor spend presowing irrigation norms 300...400 m³/ha, and land tilling to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m, plowing with a drug reservoir, loosen the top layer to a depth of 0.06...0.12 m and the alignment of relief, Centralny sowing of legumes and grasses two or four crops, as legumes are sown alfalfa seeding rate of 4.8·10⁶pieces of viable seeds and red clover seeding rate of 5.4·10⁶pieces of viable seeds per hectare, as grasses crops use fescue seeding rate of 5.5·10⁶pieces/ha and a hedgehog team a seeding rate of 8.1·10⁶ø the MC/ha, accordingly, the sowing depth of 0.02...0.03 m pulses and 0,05 0,06...m cereal to get 400...850 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots, 350...730 plants in the spring phase regrowth of the second year of life, 290 610...plants on a square meter in the phase of spring regrowth third year of life, and mode of mineral nutrition support phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the calculated doses by plowing in stock in three or four years of use grass, nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses, irrigation regime support within 60...80% HB, multicomponent mixture is harvested in the flowering phase pulses and the emergence of panicle grasses grasses, the last mowing carried out for 25...30 days prior to the transition temperature 0°s cutting height 0,08 0,10...m in the first cut and the last to 0.14 0.16 m..., and for plants of the second, third, fourth years of life are agrotechnical treatments.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen to 60 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 40 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of 50 t/ha of green mass.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen up to 80 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 60 kg A.I/ha to ensure yield mixtures up to 70 t/ha of green mass.

4. SPO is about according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen 100 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 70 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield mixtures of up to 90 t/ha of green mass.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of 30 t/ha of green mass mixtures reach 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 25...30 days with a total irrigation rate 1700...2550 m³/ha.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of green mass mixtures up to 50 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60...70% of HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650...850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period 15...18 days with a total irrigation rate 2550 3250...m³/ha.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of green mass mixtures up to 70 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 70...80% HB with two or three irrigations under the mowing, irrigation period 9...12 days total irrigation rate...3600 3250 m³/ha.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of green mass mixtures up to 90 t/ha provide at a threshold of 80% humidity HB holding under each mowing 2...3 irrigation norm 450 m³/ha, irrigation period 8...10 days total irrigation rate 3600 4050...m³/ha.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase from which Estonia reduced to 2 to 3 days.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the agrotechnical treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years and after cutting green fodder, and in the fall after the last cut-meleanie crops of the second and third years of the life of plants to a depth of 0,4...0,6 m