Method for cultivation of red clover in clearly defined continental climate

FIELD: growing of high-protein crops, in particular, red clover under clearly defined continental or similar conditions or in arid climatic zones.

SUBSTANCE: method involves sowing red clover (trifolium pratense L.) and cover crop at optimal time in spring; after harvesting of preceding crop, providing stubble breaking to 0.06-0.08 m depth and ameliorating mellowing to 0.6-0.8 m depth; applying phosphorous-potash fertilizer to provide for 3-4 year life of plants; plowing soil while turning layers by means of bottom-moldboard plows to 0.25-0.27 m depth while fully embedding stubble remains; after deep ameliorating tillage combined with turning of root layer, providing irrigation at the end of September - beginning of October at irrigation rate of 700-900 m³/hectare for keeping pre-irrigation soil moisture threshold; closing moisture feeding in early spring by means of heavy harrows in two tracks transverse to center ridges during moldboard plowing and simultaneously leveling field relief; providing cultivation to 0.05-0.08 m depth for killing cold-resistant weeds by means of A-hoes; providing presowing and postsowing compaction for increasing soil density in seeding layer at 0-10 cm depth; performing interlace sowing in early spring (0.30 m) of cover crop (oats, less commonly barley) at seeding rate of (3.0-3.5)·10⁶ pieces of seeds per 1 hectare (continuous sowing at seeding rate of (8.5-9.5)·10⁶ pieces per hectare to 0.03-0.04 m depth on light soil and 0.02-0.03 m depth on heavy soil for producing of 450-500 plants per 1 m² at full germination phase, 250-300 plants at spring growing phase of second year of life, 200-220 plants per 1 m² at spring growing phase of third year of life; providing mineral feeding by applying rated norms of phosphorous-potash fertilizer for stock plowing for three years of utilization of herbage, and applying differentiated doses of nitrous fertilizer for further mowing. Application of up to 100 kg/hectare of nitrogen during growing period at maximal dose of 35 kg/hectare for first mowing provides yield of up to 60 t/hectare of green mass, and application of 130 kg of nitrogen per hectare during growing period at maximal dose of 45 kg/hectare for first mowing provides yield of up to 80 t/hectare of green mass. Yield of 40 t/hectare of green mass is provided at irrigation norm of 850 m³/hectare with minimal period between irrigation procedures of 14-16 days, with total irrigation norm making 3,200-3,400 m³/hectare. Clover is mown at flowering phase. Time between green mass harvesting and irrigation procedures is reduced to 1-3 days. Last mowing procedure is performed 25-30 days before air temperature reaches 0⁰C.

EFFECT: improved quality of feed and predetermined productivity.

12 cl, 2 dwg

The invention relates to issues of General botany (plant), as well as to methods of cultivation of non-traditional high-protein crops in the harsh continental climate and can be used in similar soil and climatic conditions for agriculture, including irrigated agriculture.

There is a method of cultivation of perennial grasses, including simultaneous sowing of cover crops and perennial grasses, in which, to increase the standing podporovny herbs and productivity of both crops in the year of sowing, seed cover crops treated with 10%solution of chloraminated at a dose of 30 liters per 1 ton of seeds and maintain them at 43-45° C for 3 h (SU, copyright certificate №664614. M CL²A 01 G 7/00, a 01 N 21/02. The method of growing perennial grasses / Ipheader (USSR). - Application No. 2591142/30-15; Claimed 15.03.1978; Publ. 30.05. 1979, bull. No. 20 // Open. Of the invention. - 1979. No. 20).

The disadvantages of this method include the fact that pre-sowing treatment of seeds of red clover and cover crops 10%solution of chloraminated at a dose of 30 liters per 1 ton of seeds for cultivation in the conditions of the Lower Volga region did not produce positive results.

Also known is a method of cultivation of perennial grasses, including their wide-row planting, which, with the purpose of getting from one square at a time, the seeds and the quality of the public feed, sowing grass seed is implemented with a row spacing of 60 to 90 cm, and in the second year of life in the aisle created grass podshuveyt grass seed in terms of providing seedlings in the early phases of spring regrowth of grass seeding last year (see the SU inventor's certificate No. 755231. M CL³And 01 In 79/02. The method of cultivation of perennial grasses / Ipheader (USSR). - Application No. 2733107/30-15; Claimed 11.03.1979; Publ. 15.08.1980, bull. No. 30 // Open. Of the invention. - 1980. No. 30).

This method is applied to solve our problem of cultivation of red clover Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate in the South-East of the Lower Volga region and the European part of the Northern Caspian sea does not give positive results because of the large number of weeds in between rows (60-90 cm).

In addition to the described known method of cultivation of perennial grasses for seeds, including planting under cover of cereal, making chemical means of weed control, fertilizers, in which, in order to reduce the negative effects of top grain crop on the seed yield of perennial grasses, nitrogen fertilizer in the year of sowing bring in the milk stage cover crops (SU inventor's certificate No. 1454284. A1. M CL⁴And 01 In 79/02. The method of cultivation of perennial grasses on the MENA / Bpimagelist, Wearable, Genasauria (USSR): - Application No. 4106131/30-15; Claimed 21.08.1986; Publ. 30.01.1989, bull. No. 4 // Open. Of the invention. - 1989. No. 4).

The cover crop in the cultivation of red clover in conditions of sharply continental climate has a significant impact on procrastina plants. Together with this, only the chemical properties of weed control and nitrogen fertilizers do not provide the specified productivity clover.

The closest analogue to the claimed object is the method of cultivation of alfalfa under cover crops, including spring seeding of alfalfa solid member sowing and cover crops - optimal for her time rows arranged perpendicular to the rows of alfalfa, which, with the aim of increasing the yield of alfalfa in all her years of cultivation by reducing the contamination of crops by weeds, cover the culture is plated double row strips located at a distance of 45-50 cm from one another by the distance between rows in the ribbon 12-15 cm (SU inventor's certificate No. 1470234. A1. M CL⁴A 01 G 7/00. The way vozdelyvania alfalfa under cover crops / Vdihiske and WE Tkachenko (USSR). - Application No. 3786101/30-63; Claimed 28.09.1984; Publ. 07.04.1989, bull. No. 13 // Opening. Of the invention. - 1989. No. 13).

The disadvantages of this technology are that firstly, the required separation is initial seeding legumes (alfalfa) and top (barley), that has a negative effect on the growth of seedling legumes, and secondly, this method does not provide a given productivity clover in the cultivation in conditions of sharply continental climate.

The invention consists in the following.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is the creation of a sustainable food supply with the use of released varieties of red clover in conditions of sharply continental climate and the South-East of the Lower Volga and the Northern Caspian.

The technical result - increasing the yield of green mass of red clover varieties Pelican and Heir - up to 40 t/ha, varieties VIC 7, Pelican and Heir to 60 t/ha, varieties VIC 7, prisurskiy, VIC 84 - up to 80 t/ha varieties prisurskiy and VIC 84 to 100 t/ha of green mass.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivation Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate, including spring sowing clover and cover crops in the optimal period, according to the invention, after cleaning predecessor spend shallow plowing to a depth of 0.06 to 0.08 m and deep drainage loosening with a turnover of formation of the upper layer to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m, early closure of the moisture, combined with the alignment of the topography, subsequent cultivation to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m for the destruction of the nuclear biological chemical (NBC vegetation, up - and poslepoletnoi rolling to increase the density of the soil in the seed layer to 0.9-1.1 MPa, early spring Centralny seeding cover crop seeding rate (3.0 to 3.5)· 10⁶pieces of viable seeds per hectare, solid seeding red clover seeding rate (8,5-9,5)· 10⁶pieces of viable seeds per hectare to a depth of 0.03-0.04 m on light soils and 0.02-0.03 m on heavy soils to get 450-500 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots, 250-300 plants in the phase of spring regrowth of the second year of life, 200-220 plants on a square meter in the phase of spring regrowth third year of life, and mode of mineral nutrition support phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the calculated doses by plowing in stock in three years of using mixtures, nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses, when deep drainage treatment with the drug reservoir spend recharge watering in late September - early October the norm 700-800 m³/ha to maintain pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture, and irrigation regime maintained within the range of 60-80% HB, covering the culture is removed in the phase of emergence of the panicle or earing green fodder, clover is harvested in the beginning of flowering, the last cut of conduct for 25-30 days before transition temperature of 0° With the height of the IC is shivani in the first mowing is set to 0.06 to 0.08 m, and in the last cut is equal to 0.14-0.16 m, and for plants of the second and third years of life are agrotechnical treatments; the mineral nutrition of the soil after harvesting predecessor together with provide irrigation yield of green mass of red clover to 40 t/ha; nitrogen 100 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 35 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of up to 60 t/ha of green mass; the nitrogen to 130 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 45 kg A.I/ha for ensure the yield of red clover up to 80 t/ha of green mass; the nitrogen to 160 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 60 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of red clover to 100 t/ha of green mass; yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover reach 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 14-16 days with a total irrigation rate 3200-3400 m³/ha; yield of green mass of red clover to 60 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60-70% HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650-850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period of 12-14 days with a total irrigation rate 3400-4225 m³/ha; yield of green mass of red clover up to 80 t/ha guarantees pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture is 70-80% HB if two or three irrigations under a cut with a minimum duration of the irrigation period of 9-12 days with a total irrigation rate 4225-4500 m ³/ha; yield of green mass of red clover to 100 t/ha were obtained when pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB holding two or three irrigations under the cut norm of 450 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 7-9 days irrigation rate 4500-5000 m³/ha with gaps between harvesting and irrigation in phase regrowth of one to three days; the time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase regrowth reduce one to three days; agrotechnical treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years and in the fall after the last cut - meleanie crops to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m; the yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover provide the seed of released varieties Pelican and Heir, 60 t/ha varieties VIC 7, Pelican and Heir, 80 t/ha varieties VIC 7, prisurskiy, VIC 84, 100 t/ha - grade prisurskiy and VIC-84.

Describes the essential distinguishing features in the cultivation of red clover in conditions of sharply continental climate provides high guaranteed yields on irrigated lands using high-yielding varieties VIC 84, prisurskiy, Heir and others, providing access 2.0 to 3.5 t Perevalova protein and 175-250 GJ exchange energy per hectare.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows the dynamics of weather data and soil moisture at sowing clover on Dan who passed in 1998.

Figure 2 - the same, according to 1999.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The method of cultivation of red clover Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate is implemented as follows. It includes the spring sowing clover and cover crops in the optimal period. After cleaning predecessor spend shallow plowing to a depth of 0,06-0,08 m This operation is mechanized by performing unit, including tractor-class traction 3-4 (T-150, W-100, DT-75M, T-4A, and others) and lumiline hydraulic disc LDG-10. When shallow plowing crushed residue predecessor and provoked the growth of the seeds of weeds. Then hold deep drainage loosening without turning the reservoir at a depth of 0.6-0.8 m This energy-intensive operation is performed tractors of class traction 4-5 (T-4A, K-701, T-130 and others) together with the mounted Ripper models PH-60 PH-80B. Deep drainage loosening in the future will eliminate surface runoff of irrigation water during the irrigation norms over 500 m³/ha. This technique maintains the threshold moisture in the root zone of the horizon up to 80% HB. Plowing with a complete revolution of the reservoir provides a sealing surface made of potassium and phosphorus fertilizers on three years of life plants clover Lugo the CSOs and stubble and root residues predecessor. For this purpose apply arable units with otvoreno-lemasney plows PLP-5-35, PLP-6-35, STUMPS-8-35 equipped with either skimmers or platnimum. Irrigated lands after deep drainage treatment with the drug reservoir spend winter irrigation in late September - early October the norm 700-800 m³/ha to maintain pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture. Early spring seal moisture spend heavy harrows BSTS-1 coupler C-16P or C-11 Had to be aggregated with tractors of class traction 3. Smoothing harrows BSTS-1 in the coupling place train (2 track). This is achieved by loosening the top layer to a depth of 0.03-0.05 m and the complete destruction of seedling cold-resistant weeds. Binding acceptance in the cultivation of red clover should recognize the alignment of the relief planners models VP-8 or from scrap vehicles, such as rail profiles P 18. Subsequent cultivation to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m are twofold task: preparing the seed bed for laying the seeds of cover crops (oats, barley) and mechanical destruction of heat-loving weeds. Is mandatory on crops of red clover seal of the seed layer before and after seeding. This technique is tightened soil moisture to the seeds of clover and creates a contact with the soil aggregates. When the density of the soil 0.9 to 1.1 MPa in the layer 0-0,1 m seeds clevelandia in contact with the soil aggregates, the voids between them are reduced to a minimum size, and the seedlings have high uniformity. This surgery is performed using ring-heel rollers SCCS-6A filled with ballast boxes. Planting cover crops perform in early spring with a seeding rate (3.0 to 3.5)· 10⁶units per hectare of viable seeds. Planting depth is 6±1 cm inter-row spacing - 0.30 m (Centralny, clarified culture). Seeding red clover perform a seeding rate (8,5-9,5)· 10⁶units per hectare of viable seeds. Inter-row spacing is 0.15 m Depth of sowing 0,03-0,04 m on light soils and 0.02-0.03 m on heavy soils to get 450-500 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots, 250-300 plants in the phase of spring regrowth of the second year of life. Top culture is removed in the phase of emergence of the panicle (oats) or earing (barley) for green fodder. The clover is cut in the phase of flowering. On the aft field in the phase of spring regrowth third year of life should be 200-220 plants per square meter.

For any given (programmable) productivity mode of mineral nutrition support estimated doses of phosphorus and potassium by plowing in stock in three years of using the grass. Nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses. Mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied with irrigation water from the COI is the whether hydropolitical to sprinkler units DDA-100 V or wide multisupport sprinkling machines circular actions "Kuban-LK", "Dnepr", "Frigate".

The mineral nutrition of the soil after harvesting predecessor together with provide irrigation yield of green mass of red clover to 40 t/ha Guaranteed yield up to 60 t/ha of green mass provides nitrogen to 100 kg/ha during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 35 kg A.I/ha To ensure the yield of clover up to 80 t/ha of green mass contribute nitrogen to 130 kg/ha during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 45 kg A.I/ha of Applied nitrogen to 160 kg/ha during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut 60 A.I/ha guarantees a yield of green mass clover up to 100 t/ha

Irrigation regime maintained within the range of 60-80% HB. The yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover reaches 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 14-16 days with a total irrigation rate 3200-3400 m³/ha green mass Yield of red clover to 60 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60-70% HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650-850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period of 12-14 days with a total irrigation rate 3400-4225 m³/ha green mass Yield of red clover up to 80 t/ha ensures that the threshold soil moisture 70-80% HB if two or three irrigations under a cut with a minimum duration of miolin the th period of 9-12 days with a total irrigation rate 4225-4500 m ³/ha green mass Yield of red clover to 100 t/ha were obtained when pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB holding two or three irrigations under the cut norm of 450 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 7-9 days irrigation rate 4500-5000 m³/ha with gaps between harvesting and irrigation in phase regrowth of one to three days. The time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase regrowth reduce one to three days. The last mowing implement for 25-30 days before transition temperature of 0° C. Cleaning lead forage harvesters E-301, Molestie etc. the cutting Height in the first cut set equal to 0.06 to 0.08 m In the last mowing height of cut increases to 0.14 to 0.16 m For the plants of the second and third years of life are agrotechnical treatments. Agrotechnical treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years.

Autumn in each year of the life of plants of red clover after the last hay cutting spending meleanie crops to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m spacing between slits 1.1 to 1.4 m To do this, use either commercially available without bringing raw soil MN-2-140, or experimental working bodies for crafts narrow slit width 16-20 mm

The yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover provide seeding raionirovannykh varieties Pelican and Heir, 60 t/ha varieties VIC 7, Pelican and Heir, 80 t/ha varieties VIC 7, prisurskiy,VIC 84, 100 t/ha - grade prisurskiy and VIC 84.

Here is the methodology and the results of field research in the period 1998-2000, confirming the effectiveness of the claimed method of cultivation Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate.

To solve the problem in field studies, the following main issues:

change in productivity clover depending on the degree of moisture, and the level of mineral nutrition when determining the limits of fluctuations of the basic parameters of controllable factors that provide the planned harvest;

the need of plants in the water dynamics of the total water consumption on the basis of the cut at different levels of productivity in the clover crops in different years of life;

determination of the basic parameters of photosynthetic activity of plants, symbiotic activity, the accumulation of root mass;

the chemical composition of the biomass of clover under the influence of agronomic impacts, a qualitative assessment of the harvest amino acid composition, protein and energy density;

energy and economic efficiency of cultivation of scheduled crops of clover in conditions of sharply continental climate on the irrigated lands.

The task was solved in 3-x factor polivy the experiments, founded in 1997-1999 on the experimental field of the Institute in OPH "Irrigated" GNU VNIIOZ. Factor And the scheme of the experiments was provided within the allowable decrease moisture in the active layer of the soil. The lower threshold moisture was changed in various ways from 80 to 60% HB. In accordance with this, in the scheme of the experiments included the following water regime of soil options.

Option 1. Maintaining moisture in the active layer of the soil (0.6 m) during the growing season irrigation is not below 60% HB.

Option 2. Maintaining moisture in the active layer is not less than 70% HB.

Option 3. Maintaining moisture during the growing season at least 80% HB.

For each variant of the water regime of soil superimposed variants with different doses of mineral fertilizers (factor)for different levels of productivity throughout the life time.

Option 1. The cultivation of clover without fertilizer (the level of the planned yield in the first year - 20, second 40, third year of life - 30 t/ha of green mass).

Option 2. Making doses of fertilizers designed to receive in the first year 30, the second 60, and the third is 50 t/ha of green mass.

Option 3. Making doses of fertilizers designed to receive in the first year 40, the second 80, the third - 70 t/ha of green mass.

Option 4. Making doses of fertilizers designed to receive in the first year - 50, the second 100, third year of life - 90 TGA green mass.

The factor studied five varieties of red clover: VIC 7, VIC 84, Pelican, prisurskiy Heir.

Maintaining the pre-set modes soil moisture variants experiments were carried out sprinkling machine Mini"Kuban"-CF. Calculation of doses of fertilizer on planned levels of productivity were conducted according to the guidelines on programming yields, phosphate and potash fertilizers estimated doses were made to the stock in three years of using mixtures, nitrogen - fractionally under the haunches of graded doses (see tables 1 and 2).

Technology of cultivation of red clover worked on zone light-chestnut soils of the Volga-don interfluve. Soil at the experimental site is characterized by low humus content of 1.52-1.70 percent. The number of available phosphorus varies in the range of 2.1 to 2.6, exchange potassium - 22-32 mg per 100 g soil, pH of water extract - 7,0-7,5. Mechanical composition of the soil medium and heavy loam, slabotochnyi. The density in the layer of 0.6 m 1,32 m/m³the lowest moisture - 22,5, porosity - 49,4%.

Weather conditions in the years of research differed among themselves and in comparison with the long-term average data on rainfall, temperature and relative humidity (see data in table 3).

Spring 1997 was characterized by cold weather, tol is to in the third decade of April, the temperature exceeded +10° C. Seeding clover held on 7 may. The period of seed germination was favorable - there was also a gradual increase of temperature from 8.2 to 21.6° With, fell precipitation of 20 mm Is promoted friendly germination phase full shoots observed in 10-12 days.

Summer months, vegetation clover did not differ very high temperatures. The average temperature was within the normal range on the average. Maximum air temperature in may, June, July, August, reached 29... 33° C, relative humidity was down to 18...27%. The sum of positive temperatures during the growing season clover was 3430° C, precipitation fell during this period 268,8 mm

The first decade of April in 1998 was cold, the air temperature ranged from +6.6 to -1,0° noted frost on the ground. Under these conditions, the vegetation clover previous years began 7-10 April, later multiyear terms. In the second and third decades of April air temperature ranged from -1,3 up to +17,2° C.

The second decade of may passed the intense heat buildup, average decade air temperature was 15.2-19,5° C, the maximum temperature rose to 23.5-32,0° and the maximum temperature on the surface of the soil in the complete absence of precipitation reached 49,7-59,0° C.

Weather June, July, August, who was distinguished by extreme degree of aridity. The average air temperature was changed from 22,4 to 29.3 With maximum up to 31,5 to 39.0° C. the relative humidity was 35-55, minimum down to 15-25%.

In General, during the growing season from April to September, the sum of positive temperatures reached 3550° C, rainfall - 110,6 mm

In 1999, the beginning of the renewal of vegetation clover marked on April 13. The first decade of April was cool, on some days the air temperature drops to -3... -5° C. In the second and third decades were observed warm, dry weather. Rainfall during this period has dropped only 4 mm, which is 57% of normal. Average monthly temperature in may was below normal 1.5-4.0° in the second decade moderately cool weather was accompanied by frequent rainfall. Their number amounted to 218% of normal. From June to August, the air temperature was above average by 1.0... 3,9° C. Precipitation for this period fell in June - 84%, July 4, August - 62% to normal. The sum of positive temperatures during the growing season clover the first year of life was 3420° , previous years - 3700° C, rainfall, respectively 122,8 and 126.8 mm

Assessing the conditions of availability of rainfall, vegetation period 1997 can be described as medium-dry, 1998 and 1999 is as dry. The sum of the temperature of the 1998 and 1999 is close and this number is exceeded, over srednego time zone values amounted 175-197° (Table 3).

Agriculture the cultivation of clover in the experiments was based on the previously developed technology of cultivation of alfalfa.

Prepare field for sowing clover started with peeling stubble disc stubble to a depth of 0.06 to 0.08 m... following the cleaning predecessor. The estimated dose of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers under the planned harvest in stock in 3 years of using the grass was made under autumn plowing, which was conducted at a depth of 0.25... 0,27 m

Spring preplant tillage started with early spring harrowing 2 track. The first pre-sowing cultivation was performed at a depth of 0.08 to 0.10 m... and the second on the depth 0,05 0,06... m with a gap between them 5... 7 days. Before and after sowing clover field primitively using ring-heel rollers.

Sowing clover was carried out seeds first class seed standard under the cover of oats. The rate of sowing clover 9,0, oats - 3.5 million viable seeds per 1 hectare. Method of sowing solid member. In the experiments used a drill precision planting SN-PM.

Set the moisture levels of the active soil layer supported vegetation irrigation sprinkler Assembly Mini-Kuban-photoshop".

Nitrogen fertilizers were applied under the cut before watering.

Cleaning top oats were carried out in the phase of emergence of the panicle green fodder, clover - beginning of flowering is also on C the green strip feed.

Field multifactor experiments were laid and carried out in accordance with the requirements of the methods field experience Bagasheva, guidelines VNII feed them. Brilliance, guidelines on programming crops on the irrigated lands of the Volga region, methods of field experience under irrigation.

For a comprehensive assessment of the research results on all variants of the experiment was carried out phenological observations of the growth and development of plants clover in different years of life, accounting for stand density and thinning grass depending on anthropogenic pressure and age were determined dynamics of soil water content, total water consumption, expected receipt of articles on water balance and water consumption coefficients, defined key indicators and symbiotic photosynthetic activity of plants, the accumulation of root mass and nutrients in the soil, analyzed the chemical and amino acid composition of the biomass of clover, determined the nutritional value of food. Led polaneczky accounting harvest, expected energy and economic efficiency of the technology programmed cultivation of clover on irrigated lands. The mathematical processing of the harvest data was performed by the method of variance analysis on the computer.

Studies found that Optim is through the norm of seeding of red clover irrigated light-chestnut soils of the Volga-don interfluve is 9.0 million viable seeds per hectare. Sowing clover this provision provides for the formation of highly productive and durable herbage under intensive mnogoukosnoe use within three to four years.

In this regard, all the studied varieties in experiments 1997-1999 were inoculated us norm 9.0 million viable seeds per hectare.

Studies found that red clover in our environment has a low weight of shoots from 45 to 60 to 65%. This position was confirmed in the experiments 1997-1999 found that the completeness of the seedlings during the spring planting period is practically not dependent on the dose of fertilizers, stand density cover crops, and is largely determined by varietal characteristics and weather conditions during the sowing seedlings.

In all the years several more fullness shoots were characterized by varieties VIC 84 (breeding, national research Institute of feed) and prisurskiy (breeding research Institute of agriculture of the Penza) - 52-68%. Weight seedling cultivars Pelican (breeding Penza research Institute of agriculture) and Successor (breeding Stavropol research Institute of agriculture) changed within 44-61% (table 4).

The greatest weight of seedlings differed crops of all the studied varieties in 1997, the Period of sowing-germination was 10-12 days, with gradual increase heat to 20-21° With, fell 20 mm of rainfall, which resulted in plant emergence and their high weight - 54-67%.

April and beginning of may 1999 was characterized by cool weather, no precipitations, which is also not contributed to the comprehensiveness of seedlings of red clover (see tables 3 and 4).

In the phase of full shoots the stand density clover on grades varied in different years from 400 to 600 plants per 1 m². In the early growing season of the second year of life phase regrowth of the number of clover plants was 290-350, on the soil of the third year, respectively 200-250 plants/m².

Thinning of clover by years of living in our conditions, the nature close to Lucerne. The maximum profit of plants typical of the period from sowing to harvesting cover crops - 25-35%crops of previous years thinning ranged from 5 to 13.5%. For three years thinning of clover on grades varied from 42-43% to 50-56% (table 5).

Examining the dynamics of thinning of red clover herbage of the second and third years of life, it is possible to trace a clear trend of decrease with increasing water and nutrient regimes of soil. Thus, the safety of the plant by the end of the third year of life in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture on f is not natural fertility of the soil amounted to 44.8%, and on the mode of 70% 51,2, 80% HB - 56,5%. Introduction the calculation of balanced doses of fertilizers in all irrigation regimes contributed to enhancing the security of herbage (table 5).

In the process of photosynthesis is created 80-95% of dry matter yield, which allows to recognize the photosynthetic activity of plant roots plant productivity. Potential photosynthesis in yield formation is realized more fully when optimizing nutrition and water supply plants. In this regard, our task was to identify the main indicators of photosynthetic activity of plants clover, depending on cultivar characteristics, mode of irrigation and mineral nutrition.

The size of the assimilatory surface largely determines the amount of absorption of solar energy and is therefore one of the main factors affecting photosynthesis of plants.

Observation of the development of assimilative surface in our experiments have shown that the slew rate of the leaf area varies depending on the supported pre-irrigation soil moisture and mineral nutrition. Square leaf clover in the first year of life without fertilizers increased with increasing pre-irrigation soil moisture from 60% to 80% with HB 35,5 41,0 to thousand m²/ha variety Pelican and to 38,0 43,0 - grade VIC 84. To make the s of mineral fertilizers increased the leaf area of 5.4 to 10.2 thousand m ²/ha.

The most productive work the clover crops the second year of life as in the variants without fertilizers, and in versions with fertilizers. The maximum area of the leaves on crops the second year of life in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture on the background of the natural fertility of the soil was 44,8 at 46.6, a variant 70% NV - 47,8-52,2, 80% HB - 51,4-of 57.5 thousand m²/ha. Making the calculated fertilizer dose increased assimilation surface at 60% to HB 50,5-61,9, 70% - 57,0-66,4, 80% - 57,5-74,5 thousand m²/ha (table 6).

The General pattern of growth of the leaf area and work them in time for sowing clover third year survived, but the absolute values of these indices are slightly lower than on crops the second year of life.

Important role in shaping the harvest belongs not only to the amount of leaf surface, but also the duration of its operation during the growing season - photosynthetic potential. Maximum values of this ratio in our experiments was achieved in variants with the mode of irrigation 80% HB on grades VIC 84 and prisurskiy and was in the first year of 1.23-1,87, the second - 3,13-or 4.31, the third - 2,88-was 4.02 million m²·days/ha

From the first to subsequent harvests crops of clover previous years the leaf surface and photosynthetic capacity in all variants of experiment decreased, reaching a minimum in the last fourth is the first mowing. For example, on the clover crops the second year of life in 1999 in the first mowing in the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB without fertilizers leaf surface on crops varieties Pelican was 51,4, VIC 84 - 57,5, when making the calculated fertilizer dose - 57,5-65,8 and 63.7 to 74.5 thousand m²/ha In the last four harvests, these figures were respectively in variants without fertilizers 27,5-29,3, fertilizers 31,2 of 33.4 thousand m²/ha.

The results of observation of the dynamics of the photosynthetic activity of the plants showed that the highest performance it was characterized on the clover crops studied varieties when creating optimal conditions of moisture, in combination with mineral fertilizers. Maximum daily gains of dry biomass crops the second year of life while maintaining the 80%threshold moisture was in 338-415 kg/ha productivity of photosynthesis - 4,70-5,58 on variants without fertilizers 4,43-5,08 g/m²·day.

The potential productivity of crops of clover, like any other culture, is determined by the number of HEADLIGHTS coming during the growing season, the actual utilization rate of light on photosynthesis and the construction of the harvest. According to the calculations of the efficiency of the HEADLIGHTS showed that experienced the clover crops the first year of life using only 0,62-1,78% coming HEADLIGHTS, second - 1,24-3,34, third - 0,91 totaling 3.04% While improving the availability and power plants has increased the efficiency of the incoming solar radiation crops studied cultivars (table 7).

The highest use of incoming photosynthetically active radiation on the building of the harvest marked on the clover crops the second year of life, where in the variants with the introduction of the calculated fertilizer dose efficiency HEADLIGHT was on grades VIC 7, VIC 84, prisurskiy - 2,22-3,39, less intensive varieties Pelican and heir - 2,14-3.27 per cent against 1,35-2,80 and 1,27-2,48% to 60% HB (utilization HEADLIGHTS on crops of clover third year of life average grades varied from 0.91 to 3,09% (table 8).

Analysis of the results obtained in our experiments allowed to determine certain regularities of formation of the root system of the red clover. The highest dry weight of roots at three of its cultivation have been accumulated crop the third year of life and reached 7,08-11,02 t/ha, the Lowest number of roots formed on crops the first year of life and was 3,31-and 5.30 t/ha Clover the second year of life accumulated in the half-meter layer of soil from 5,75 to 11,02 t/ha of dry roots (table 8).

On the development of the root system clover irrigation regime has a significant positive impact.

On crops the first year of life in the variant with maintaining the 60%threshold moisture without fertilizer clover varieties VIC 84 accumulates in the soil layer of 0.50 m of 3.43 t/ha of dry roots, 70% HB - 3,92, 80% HB - 4,30 t/ha, a Similar trend was observed for sowing the x clover the second and third year of life (table 9).

Making estimated doses of fertilizers contributes to weight gain generated by the roots with the plant age on all irrigation regimes. The accumulation of root mass clover the second year of life when 60% of HB from fertiliser application 0,26-of 0.94 t/ha, 70% of the HB is between 0.30 to 1.25 t/ha, 80% HB - 0,44-1,22 t/ha of dry roots (table 9).

The tendency for a slight decrease in root mass in the upper soil layer (up to 0.25 m) with a decrease in pre-irrigation moisture is observed consistently. So on crops the second year of life options maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture at 80% HB accumulation of root mass in this layer is 61,0-63,0, and 70% NV - 59,6-60,2, and at 60% NV - 57,5-58,0% of the total weight of the roots (table 9).

Chemical analysis of the root remains clover shows that the nitrogen content in them is increased depending on the doses of fertilizer with of 1.60 to 1.70%, phosphorus - from 0.55 to 0.60 and potassium with 0.84 to 1.00%.

The clover leaves after three years of cultivation from 148 to 187 kg of nitrogen, 50-66 kg of phosphorus and 78-110 kg of potassium per hectare (table 10).

Symbiotic activity of clover plants was estimated by the total number of nodules on plants and the presence of pink nodules. On crops the first year of life surveys conducted every 10 days after germination. This gives the opportunity to establish that the nodules of clover start obrazovawe the change on the roots of the second order. This corresponds to the phase of branching and the beginning of the activation process of photosynthesis. Received and the data show that the magnitude of symbiotic system clover is determined by the age of the grass. The maximum number of nodules observed on crops the second year of life and the average cut it varied in the range of 20.1-41,5, active - from 8.9 to 24.5 pieces/plant (table 11).

The maximum development of symbiotic system on crops of all years of life is the period of the most intensive growth of plants - budding stage - the beginning of flowering in the first mowing. On crops the second year of life phase of booting in the first scale experiments in the variant without fertilization at 60% NV the number of active nodules was 7.9; 70% - 9,2; 80% HB - 11.3, and at the flowering stage, respectively 13,8; 19,2 and 25.0 units/plants. A similar pattern is observed in all variants of the experience.

The numerical values of symbiotic system has changed during the growing season with the decrease from the first cut to the next. The total number of nodules on the modalities of experience ranged from 32.5 to 61,5 flowering in the first cut on the roots of clover plants the second year of life varieties VIC 84. In the second mowing their number increased from 23,8 to 47.3, and in the fourth, the last cut - from 9.2 to 30.4 units (table 12).

Improving the availability of str is obstet the formation of a larger number of nodules: 11,0-41,0 to 60% HB to 20.4-61.5 units/plants in mode 80% HB.

Application of fertilizers under different moisture promotes symbiotic activity, but to a certain extent. In the year of sowing options maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture at 60% HB only the introduction of differentiated nitrogen, 50 kg/ha (compared to alternate making phosphorus and potassium) education increases the total number of nodules 28.5, and active - 63,2% compared with non-fertilized variant. Increasing doses of nitrogen up to 75-100 kg/ha in the irrigation regime exerts an inhibitory effect on symbiotic apparatus and reduces the number of active nodules from 9.3 to 8.6 and 6.0 units/plants.

Improving the availability of plants at 70% nitrogen 50 and 75 kg/ha does not inhibit symbiotic activity and mode 80% HB even making 100 kg/ha of nitrogen reduces the formation of nodules, however, the number of active decreased by 7.7% (table 11).

A similar situation was observed on the crop of the second and third years of life. Increased moisture in the rooting zone of the soil promotes better absorption of fertilizers and only making the highest (160 kg in the second and 130 kg/ha in the third year) inhibited the development of symbiotic apparatus clover (table 12).

In the analysis of quantitative characteristics of symbiotic system of different varieties of clover we fitted the but when all the definitions for the fields of all three years of life come to the fore varieties VIC 84 and prisurskiy. The total number of nodules and including active on these varieties was higher than on VIC 7, Pelican and Heir. On crops the second year of life in the variant with maintaining the 80%threshold moisture when making during the growing season of 130 kg/ha of nitrogen per 1 plant has average grades VIC 84 and prisurskiy 41,5-43,8 nodules of them 23,2-25,0 active, and for other varieties - 40,2-41,0 and 20.5 22.8 pieces/plant (table 13).

In different weather years in the same water regime of soil variation experiment was conducted unequal number of irrigations and it was on different terms. Clover the second and third years of life in the variant with pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture 60% HB and the level of the planned yield of 30-40 t/ha of green mass in 1997 with the loss of 268 mm of rainfall during the growing season were irrigated three, and in 1998 and 1999 - 117-126 mm - four or five times. In the variant with maintaining the 70%threshold soil moisture to obtain 50 to 80 t/ha of green mass number of irrigations were, respectively, 5-7, and in the variant 80% HB designed to obtain 90-100 t/ha of green mass - 8-9 and 10 times. Irrigation rate with increasing levels of planned harvest crops the first year was increased from 2300 to 2550-2850, second from 3400 to 4225-4725 and third year of life - from 3,200 to 3900-4275 m /ha (tables 14, 15 and 16).

The need for the first growing season irrigation on crops the second and third years of life in versions with pre-irrigation thresholds of soil moisture 60% HB occurred in 3-6 days later than on the mode 70, and at 6-12 days later than in mode 80% HB. This pattern variants irrigation regime can be observed in all harvests.

In the variant with pre-irrigation moisture threshold 80% HB volume of water used by plants to irrigation, is the lowest in comparison with other options. So here before the other soil was issuesas to pre-irrigation threshold and advancing the timing of irrigations for all years of life clover. This is determined by the fact that the lower pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture, the greater are used by plants water storage with drying it to the lower moisture threshold, the less in this variant of the experiment requires irrigation (see figure 1 and 2).

On the clover crops the first year of life before harvest top of oats in all variants was supported by 80%of pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture, therefore, under the first cut podporovny the clover crops in 1997 watered 3 times, for a total rate of 550 m³/ha, and in 1998 and 1999 to 5 times the norm 1150 m³/ha Under the second and third cut at 60% NV held by 1 irrigation norm 850, mode 70% - 1-2 norm 650 and mode 80% HB - 3-4 norm 450 m /ha For clover crops of previous years with the option to maintain the humidity of the soil not less than 60% NV under each of the four harvests were made on 1 irrigation, 70%, 1-2, 60% HB - 2-3 irrigation set irrigation depths.

The inter-irrigation period on the clover crops in different years of life in option 60% NV was $ 25-26, 70% - 10-27 and 80% HB - 7-15 days.

The total water use clover fluctuated from year to year is determined by mode of irrigation, the volume of the received crop and weather conditions of the year. The highest total consumption clover was in all my years of research in the variant with the highest yield, which was formed amid the purpose of irrigation with pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB. On crops the first year of life it has changed within 4452-4482 m³/ha Clover the second year of life to receive 4 cutting consumed from 6379 up 6519 m³/ha In the third year of life the total water use in this variant was 5832-6002 m³/ha (tables 14-16).

In the variant with pre-irrigation moisture 70% NV total water consumption was decreased in comparison with option 80% and averaged on crops the first year 4176-4221, second - 6073-6233, the third year of life - 5612-5757 m³/ha.

Reduction of pre-irrigation moisture up to 60% HB was accompanied by loss of crops and reducing overall water consumption. On crops the first year of life total RA is the water course was 3873-3921, second 5393-5460 and third year of life - 5039-5142 m³/ha.

In all the years of research traced the pattern of increase in the total water consumption in the variants with fertilizer compared to control.

In the structure of total consumption primary income article of the water balance of irrigated fields of clover is the irrigation rate. In the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture at 80% of the HB in the form of irrigation water on crops in the first year of life did 60,3-60,9, second - 70,5-71,9 and third year of 69.0-71.0% of the total amount consumed by the crop moisture.

Reduction of pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 70 and 60% HB was accompanied by a decrease in the share of irrigation water in total water consumption. On crops the first year this difference was 2.2-6,7, second - 2,3-9,6, the third year of life - 1,6-8,8%.

The more intense the irrigation regime, the more in our experiments were conducted watering, and less total consumption depended on the quantity and distribution of precipitation during the vegetation period. In the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB participation of precipitation in the water on crops in the first year averaged 30,8, second and third years of life and 12.4-15.5%and option 60% HB, respectively 34,0 and 14.3-14.8 per cent.

Share of reserves of soil moisture in General vodopad is allenii clover is depending on the irrigation regime and the prevailing weather conditions during vegetation period. The low utilization of the reserves of moisture was observed in the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB for all years of life - 7,0-15.6 per cent. In a variant of 70% HB use of soil moisture reached 8,2-17,8, 60% NV - 9,6-23.5cm (tables 14-17).

The total water use of crops clover highest values were characterized in the first and second cut was made in the year of sowing - 3,1-4,0, second and third year of life 27-32% of the total flow of moisture clover field. In the third and fourth harvests with a decrease in plant productivity, lower temperature water consumption crops decreased by 4-12% (table 17).

The efficiency of the irrigation regime of any culture is determined not only by the magnitude of the yield, but also the cost of water on the formation of a unit of production, i.e. the ratio of water consumption.

Clover the second year of life consumes moisture significantly more productive than in the year of sowing. Maintaining soil moisture at 60% of HB without fertilizer provides reception 32,0 of 36.5 t/ha of green mass, and fertilizer application allows you to get 32,0 of 36.5 t/ha of green mass made when the estimated doses of fertilizers 44,3-73,0 t/ha At the expense of increasing the yield coefficients of water use clover on fertilized variants were lower and ranged 85-132 against 167-184 m³/t on the control.

Increasing PR is dolinoy soil moisture up to 70 and 80% of HB and making the calculated doses of fertilizer increases yields and reduces the value of the ratios of consumption to 63-130 m ³/so the Most economical expenditure of moisture in all variants of moisture and fertilizer distinguish crops varieties prisurskiy, VIC 84 and VIC 7 (table 18).

In the third year of life factors water clover was lower compared to the second year. It is noticed that the regularities of the dynamics of their modes of irrigation, fertilization preserved varieties prisurskiy, VIC 84 and VIC 7 to use productivity moisture distinguish from varieties Pelican and Heir. The difference in the values of coefficients of water consumption varies within 10-50 m³/t (see table 19).

Analysis of the experimental data obtained in our experiments allow us to draw the conclusion that the optimal pre-irrigation moisture threshold on the clover crops is determined by weather conditions, biological characteristics of culture and depending on the intended yield may vary in the range 70-85% HB. When changing soil moisture in the range of the upper limit of moisture to lower tolerance threshold decreases the mobility, and hence soil moisture availability. To obtain the highest yield of green mass of clover you need to coordinate the mobility of soil moisture with the opportunity to satisfy the crop water requirements for the formation of the planned harvest.

As desiccation of the soil and reducing the pre-irrigation moisture threshold yield of clover reduced. Reduction podpolnoy moisture in the active layer of the soil to 60% HB causes a drop in yields in the second year to 32.0-36,5, in the third year of life - to 24.8-27.5 t/ha of green mass. The increase in pre-irrigation moisture in the active layer of soil up to 70% HB increases the yield of clover in the first year up to 16,0-20,0, the second - to 33,0-38,0, third - 26.5-31.8 t/ha of green mass.

Irrigation sprinkler provides the ability to control moisture in the active layer of the soil within the limits of the scheme experience within. Improve the natural fertility of the soil by fertilizer designed for planned yields, in combination with optimal water regime, enhance the collection of green mass per hectare sowing clover first year to 26.0-47,8, the second - to 55,7-101,8, the third - to 50.5-93,8 t/ha (table 20, 21-28).

The highest productivity of different crops of clover in the second year of life, which, depending on the combination of controllable factors plant life for 4 harvests were formed from 32,0-36,5 to 73,8-101,8 t/ha of green mass. The yield of the first year clover is 16,0-47,8 and third year - 24,0-93,8 t/ha of green mass.

Statistical processing of a large array of experimental data on the yield of uneven-aged clover call the Leela us to determine the ratio of productivity of crops by years of life. Assuming 100% yield of clover in the first year of life, in the second year depending on different combinations of water and nutrient regimes of soil, productivity increased 1.9 to 2.2, in the third year 1.5-1.8 times. Productivity clover the second year of life compared to the third higher on average 1.1-1.4 times.

High photosynthetic activity of the plant clover in the first mowing provides on crops of previous years obtaining maximum yields for all the studied varieties. When the General crop of clover VIC 84 of the second year of life in the variant 80% HB and increased background nutrition (NPK 3) 101,8 t/ha of green mass in the first mowing received of 36.5 tons or 36%, in the second - 30,0 tons or 28%, in the third - 22.8 tons or 22% and in the fourth - 12.5 t/ha or 14% of the total collection of green mass (see table 21-28).

The average grades on the crops of the past years the share of the first cut in the total yield was 36, second 28, third - 21 and the fourth 15% (see table 29).

To move plants perennial grasses from one phase to the next requires an approximately constant for this period, the sum of mean daily air temperatures. This value remains stable over the years and does not depend on the fluctuations of their average values during the interphase period. Need clover warm to switch from sprouting to the budding and early flowering serial by summing the average daily those who of peratur air above 5° C - constant. The duration of the period in days for different average daily temperatures are different.

In the first year plant life cleaning podpolbnogo clover is carried out in the phase of emergence of the panicle top of the oats and the period from seeding to harvesting in average years of research accounted for 62 days. On the formation of the second (full) mowing clover took 33 days, and the third is 35 days. On crops of previous years period from spring regrowth before flowering was 57 days, on the formation of the second, third, fourth, cutting the clover crops was required from 33 to 37 days (table 30).

Despite significant differences in weather conditions in the years of research, each cut of the sum of temperatures from sprouting to harvest was similar and amounted on crops the first year of life in the second and third harvests 740±10° C. For crops of previous years, the sum of temperatures from the beginning of regrowth (transition to daily temperature ±5° (C) to harvesting first cut averaged 732, second, third and fourth cutting 785±20° (table 31).

The established regularities of changes in the productivity clover depending on the age of the crops and the sum of active temperatures during the growing season allow us to more accurately determine the levels of planning ur the yields in years of life in intensive mnogoukosnoe using grass.

In the year of sowing clover studied varieties after leaving under cover capable of producing a yield of 18.5-22,0 t/ha of green mass while maintaining 70%and 80% threshold moisture without fertilizers, 60% HB achieve a given yield is only possible with the introduction of N₅₀P₃₀K₄₀. The yield of close to 30 t/ha in the irrigation mode, obtained by making N₇₀P₄₅K₅₀and at 70 and 80% HB - when making N₅₀P₃₀K₄₀(tables 31-33).

Yields at 40 t/ha was obtained in the variant with 70%threshold moisture intensive varieties VIC 84 and prisurskiy when making N₇₀P₄₅K₅₀and varieties VIC 7, Pelican and Heir - increasing doses of fertilizers to N₁₀₀P₆₀To₆₀.Maintaining a high pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB when making a smaller dose of fertilizers obtaining 37,2-44,0 t/ha of green mass. The yield of 50 t/ha with a deviation of 4.4 to 8.0% based on grades VIC 84 and prisurskiy on mode 80% of the HB and the introduction of N₁₀₀P₆₀To₆₀(table 31).

On crops the second year of life the minimum planned yield of 40 t/ha of green mass is obtained while maintaining the 60%threshold moisture without fertilizer only on intensive variety prisurskiy, increasing pre-irrigation moisture to 70% HB contributed to the output is at the planned yield crop varieties VIC 7, Prisurskiy and VIC 84, and up to 80% NV - the Pelican and the Heir (table 32).

Programmable yield of 60 t/ha of green mass was obtained by grades prisurskiy and VIC 84 on option 60% of the HB and the introduction of N₁₃₀P₉₀K₁₀₀on mode 70% HB making a smaller dose of N₁₀₀P₇₀K₇₅ensured 56,5-58,8 t/ha of green mass on intensive varieties prisurskiy and VIC 84, and 80% of HB when the same dose of fertilizers - all of the studied varieties.

Yields at 80 t/ha was obtained when all the thresholds moisture, and 60% HB it was provided when making N₁₆₀P₁₁₀K₁₂₅and 60 and 80% NV - N₁₃₀P₉₀K₁₁₀. The yield of 100 t/ha was obtained only in the variant with 80% - threshold moisture when making N₁₆₀P₁₁₀K₁₂₅on grades VIC 7, prisurskiy and VIC 84 (table 32).

Crops of the third year of life grade prisurskiy ensured the delivery of planned yield of 30 t/ha, 60% of HB without fertilizers, and increasing soil moisture up to 70% contributed to this yield varieties VIC 7, prisurskiy and VIC 84, 80% HB Pelican and Heir.

The yield of 50 t/ha was achieved by these varieties of on the mode 60% HB when making N₁₂₀P₈₀K₉₀and on the mode 70 and 80% N₉₀P₆₀To₆₅. The yield of close to 70 t/ha of green mass, obtained only by maintaining pre-irrigation moisture on the level 70 and 80% HB, when this mode 70% NV the achievement of the planned yield of varieties Pelican and Heir was provided when making N₁₅₀P₁₀₀K₉₀and on the mode 80 HB - N₁₂₀P₈₀K₉₀.

The maximum yield at the level of 90 t/ha with deviations from 4.2 to 8.5% received grades VIC 7, prisurskiy and VIC 84 when making N₁₅₀P₁₀₀K₁₁₅and maintenance of 80%pre-irrigation threshold moisture (table 32).

Research has shown a positive effect of fertilizer application in the optimization of the water regime of the soil to improve the forage quality of perennial grasses. This position was confirmed in our experiments with clover in the period 1997-2001.

When determining the chemical composition of the plant clover in different years of life was found that the content of major elements, a lot depends on plant age, but varies depending on growing conditions. So, on crops the second year of life improvement in the moisture by improving pre-irrigation soil moisture from 60 to 80% leads to an increase of nitrogen content in dry biomass of plants from 2.65 to 2.74, phosphorus - with 0.62 to 0.66, potassium from 2.14 to 2.85%. Fertilization increases these figures respectively to 3.00 3.21-in, of 0.65-0.66 and to 2.55-2.85 percent (table 34).

Examining the dynamics of the content of basic nutrients in the biomass of clover, should mark the th their number varies depending on mowing and fertilizing. The content of crude protein, the main indicator of forage quality increases from the first cut to the next, reaching a maximum in the last, fourth cut - 16,03 to 19,05%. Introduction increasing the estimated doses of fertilizers increases the protein content while maintaining the 80%threshold moisture with 17,50-18,74 to 21,44-22,12%.

The fiber content in biomass of clover has an inverse correlative relationship with the amount of protein and decreases from the first to subsequent harvests, as in the variant without fertilization, and in the variants with the application of fertilizers: 22,23 to 19,42 and 22,00-20,22 to 17,60-19,25%. The fat content in the oil tended to increase towards the end of the growing season, fertilizer application contributed to its increase with 2,68-3,03 to 2.75-3,11%. The amount of nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) on the basis of the cut decreases slightly with 39,84-40,02 to 35,84-36,92% (see table 35).

In all my years of observations of plant varieties prisurskiy and VIC 84 all studied variants had a significant advantage in the content of major elements. Under irrigation 80% of HB in the variant without fertilization nitrogen content in biomass of these varieties was 2,74-2,80, phosphorus 0,63-0,64, potassium 2,30-2,42%, while grade VIC 7 - 2,60; 0,60; 2,12, Pelican 2,58; 0,60 and 2.20 per cent. Fertilizer application increased the nitrogen content in plants CL is faith VIC 84 and prisurskiy to 3,10-3,29, phosphorus is 0.65 - 0.67 and potassium - 2,70-3,05. In other varieties the increase in the content of the respective elements changed within 2,69-3,09; 0,62-0,65; 2,33-2,90 (see table 36).

The amino acid composition of clover plants was determined by us in phase of hay maturity (beginning of flowering). The amino acid composition was determined by the analyzer with the definition of the 16 major acids, including 7 essential. It is established that the introduction of the calculation of balanced doses of fertilizers has a positive effect on the increase as the total amount of amino acids, as well as independent (table 37).

On crops the second year of life in the variant with maintaining the 80%threshold moisture without fertilizers in dry biomass of clover VIC 84 total amino acids was 121,30 g/kg, while the introduction of N₁₀₀P₇₀To₇₅- 123,07 g/kg of Increasing doses of fertilizers to N_130-160P_90-110K_100-125promotes amino acids to 127,67-128,29 g per kg dry weight. The amount of essential acids with increasing doses of fertilizers increased by 2.1-7.5% in comparison with the non-fertilized control (table 38).

Of particular importance among the essential amino acids is lysine. From its content in plants largely depends on the digestibility of the protein, and therefore, palatability and increase animal productivity (weight gain, milk production).

The lysine content of the studied varieties of clover can be placed on sleduyushemu range: prisurskiy, VIC 84, VIC 7, heir, Pelican(6,38-8,12; 6,02-8,08; 5,98-7,02; 6,00-7,10 and 5,70-6,65 g/kg).

The amino acid composition of the biomass of the studied varieties has not remained constant during the growing season and pretty much varies on the basis of the cut. While the trend is clearly to improve the content independent of the amino acids from spring to autumn. When making N₁₃₀P₉₀K₁₀₀in the variant with high pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% of HB in biomass varieties VIC 84 in the first cut of the $ 7 essential acids was 45,53, the second 47,08, in the third - 49,53, in the fourth cut - 58,86 g/kg is Similar to the pattern reported for other varieties (table 39).

Research has shown, and the present data confirmed that the amount of nitrates in the clover biomass increases significantly from the first cut to the next, reaching a maximum in the last mowing. Therefore, the determination of nitrate, we have carried out in the last, fourth mowing. It should be noted that the accumulation of nitrates in all the studied variants and sorts only in some cases was slightly higher than the MPL, and were located mainly at the level of permissible concentrations.

Improving the moisture from 60 to 70 to 80% HB helps reduce the accumulation of nitrates in all varieties with 342-402 to 307-352 mg/kg Making increasing doses of fertilizers increases the accumulation of nitrate is in all varieties. On mode 80% HB nitrate content in the biomass of the studied varieties without fertilizer ranged from 307 to 352 mg, when giving doses of N₁₀₀P₇₀K₇₅designed to obtain 60 t/ha of green mass - 324-378, the introduction of N₁₃₀P₉₀K₁₀₀to get 80-100 t/ha of green mass, respectively, 394-518 mg/kg While for all options on this experience, several large accumulation of nitrates are characterized by a variety Pelican and Heir (table 40).

When evaluating forage quality is of great importance optimum ratio between such elements as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. For the normal nutrition of the animals, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus in plants should be 2-3 kJ, and calcium to magnesium 4-5 kJ (kJ - index Mframe). The ratio of calcium and phosphorus with increasing irrigation threshold moisture and making fertilizer dose increases up to 2,20 2,19 at 2.45, and calcium to magnesium - 3,89 to 4.35-4,90 (table 41).

Improved growing conditions to optimise the ratio of mineral elements in the diet of clover. Closest to the norm, these ratios can be observed for varieties Penza breeding Pelican and prisurskiy.

Chemical analyses of the composition of the biomass of clover allow to determine the total nutrient value of the feed using the coefficients of digestibility of the protein 75, fat - 44, cellulose - 4, BEV - 70%. The improvement in the conditions of water and nutrient regimes of the soil increases the nutritional value of forage clover. On crops the second year of life the content of fodder units per kilogram of dry weight of clover in the variant without fertilization at 60% HB was 0,54, and on the mode of 70-80% HB, respectively 0,57 and 0,60. Fertilizer application increases this figure to 0.61 to 0.63. Content Perevalova protein has a tendency to grow and change from 119-135 g version without fertilizers to 136-144 g/kg on crops made with mineral nutrition (table 42).

Content Perevalova protein for all options doses of fertilizer while optimizing the moisture conditions varieties prisurskiy and VIC 84 quite noticeably different from other varieties and the difference in protein content between them reached 4-10 g/kg of dry biomass (table 43).

Overall nutritional value in oat fodder units is replaced by energy nutritional value, expressed in megajoules (MJ) of the exchange energy (OE). The exchange energy is Central to energy metabolism and characterizes the part thereof which is used animals for their livelihoods and education products.

The determination of the exchange energy in biomass was performed according to the recommended formula MA=13.1· (1 - fiber 1.05). The advantage of this method of calculating the exchange energy which is through the change in the crude fiber content takes into account the change in digestibility of nutrients, which is very important to stimulate forage quality during harvest.

The metabolizable energy was characterized by biomass varieties VIC 84 and prisurskiy in versions with pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB and making the calculated fertilizer dose to 10.2 MJ/kg (table 43). Reduction of pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 60-70% of the HB in the control version provides the decrease of this indicator to 9.60-which 9.22 MJ/kg

Assessing the productivity of clover crops in General, we can conclude that the most favorable conditions for the formation of high levels of planned productivity are added while maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture level 70 and 80% HB, making calculated at these dose levels of fertilizer and the use of intensive tetraploid varieties prisurskiy and VIC 84. Some of the most productive crops the second year of life receive the planned yield level 80 and 100 t/ha of green mass is accompanied by increased release of nutrients to 10.7-15,9 tons of fodder units 2,42 is 3.57 t Perevalova protein and 175-252 GJ metabolizable energy (table 44).

The clover until recently was considered non-traditional for the Lower Volga culture. He astrosatellite area with extreme continental climate is as productive and winter hardiness inferior to alfalfa. Clover Landrace varieties in the Northern regions of Russia were grown on non-irrigated lands, or if there is insufficient moisture in the lands so call water recharge irrigation.

Clover, with greater assimilation surface, forming a ton dry matter takes 400-600 m³water, therefore, the cultivation without irrigation in the Lower Volga, and in particular in the Volgograd region, has a high degree of risk.

In recent years the leading breeders of the all-Russian Institute of feed research Institute of agriculture of the Penza, Stavropol research Institute of agriculture and other established high-yielding, winter hardy varieties of clover, meet the requirements of intensive fodder production. Our studies revealed that modern varieties of red clover (VIC 7, VIC 84, Mars, dawn, prisurskiy, Tetraploid VIC and others) on the irrigated lands in the region of the Lower Volga can serve as a good addition to alfalfa, mass defeat of its crops "tillering dwarf" and a close substitute for it.

As in the Lower Volga technology of cultivation of clover was not developed earlier, and clover and Lucerne belong to one family, their biological characteristics and requirements of the growing conditions are very close, we have taken as a basis, developed and tested by us techno is Agia programmed alfalfa, which changes and additions on the basic parameters of cultivation of red clover. Technology of cultivation of red clover on irrigated lands in the Lower Volga region is improving as they gain knowledge, experimental data, create and obtain new varieties, promising agrotechnological methods of caring for the crops, irrigation techniques, irrigation machines, harvesting machines, etc.

Features of the present technology are as follows:

need to calculate the doses of fertilizers on planned levels of yields of clover, performed by method ensuring a high precision of the estimated data and the actual results;

the application of nitrogen fertilizers designed for removal with harvest each mowing - 36, 28, 21 and 15% of the annual dose;

the use of modern high-yielding, adapted to the conditions of irrigation and the harsh continental climate of intensive varieties (VIC 7, VIC 84, prisurskiy and others);

application podporovny spring crops, reducing the rate of cover crops to mitigate the negative effects on clover;

the combination of managed progeearth factors contributing to the receipt of planned productivity at the level of 20-50 tons in the first, 40-100 second, 30 to 90 t/ha of green mass in the third year of plant life with the rational use of the implement of irrigation water and fertilizers, not have a negative impact on soil fertility and quality products.

As a result of our many years of multifactor studies have established that in the irrigated light-chestnut soils in the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts it is possible to obtain yields of clover in the second year of life at 40, 60, 80 and 100 t/ha of green mass. For each of these levels of productivity and technology necessary to provide the appropriate mix of managed progeearth factors contributing to the receipt of planned productivity for efficient use of irrigation water and fertilizers, positive impact on soil fertility and quality products with maximum economic effect.

Schematically technology of cultivation of clover to achieve a given yield levels are presented in table 45.

The technology of cultivation of red clover production was tested in OPH "Irrigated", LLP "Ray", JSC farm "Kotluban ' " Gorodishche district, OPH "Russia" Mykolaiv region on a total area of 1000 ha Yield of clover in 1997-1999 in these farms varied from 50,0 to 72.2 t/ha of green mass and from 8.2 to 12.2 t/ha first-class hay. In 2000, the clover crops took about 2000 ha of irrigated land of the Volgograd region that will really help re is W ith the problem of providing livestock feed.

Environmental conditions for agriculture in the Lower Volga region is largely determined by the location of the region in astrosatellite zone of the European part of Russia. It is proved that sustainable agricultural production in regions with rainfall less than 400 mm is impossible without irrigation. However, excessive application of irrigation, is not consistent with the need of agrocenoses in water to obtain a certain level of harvest, leads to an excess supply of water to the fields, the loss of fertility of irrigated lands.

Under strictly standardized irrigation, combined with application of fertilizers, fully implemented the genetic potential of plant productivity, provided the expanded reproduction of soil fertility, remains normal reclamation condition of irrigated lands.

The cultivation of perennial grasses under irrigation meets the requirements of environmental protection and ecological safety of the products obtained. They most fully utilized coming for the warm season HEADLIGHTS, form high yields, maintain and increase soil fertility, increasing the productivity of subsequent crops.

In our proposed method achieved different levels of yield of clover under certain combinations of water and nutrient regimes of soil. Found that 40 t see the Yong mass per hectare can be obtained when irrigation for irrigation threshold soil moisture 60% HB without fertilizer application. Productivity clover 60 t/ha can increase pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 70% HB and the introduction of N₁₀P₇₀K₇₅. To get a stable harvest level 80 t/ha is possible while maintaining the same mode of soil moisture, increasing the dose of fertilizer to N₁₃₀P₉₀K₁₀₀. The yield of 100 t/ha prepared by introducing N₁₆₀P₁₁₀K₁₂₅and improving pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 80% HB. The efficiency of the LIGHTS varies from 1.27-1.62 to 2,47-2,34%.

Perennial grasses, including clover, leave behind a large amount of organic matter. It contributes to the accumulation of nutrients and improve water-physical properties of the soil. The increase in the mass of roots by improving the conditions of cultivation of clover, the content of agronomically valuable soil particles (0.25 to 10.0 mm) increased by variants of the experiments without fertilizer with 37,0-38,6 to 50.0-67,5%, and when you make a calculated dose of N₁₆₀P₁₁₀To₁₂₅with 36,9-37,3 to 57.5-77,0% (see the data in table 46).

The clover after three years of cultivation leaves in half-meter layer of soil from 8 to 11 t/ha of dry roots. The increase of pre-irrigation moisture from 60 to 80% of the HB and the introduction of the planned doses of fertilizers ensures the formation of 8.28-11,02 t/ha of dry roots with content 132-187 kg/ha of nitrogen, 47-66 kg/ha of phosphorus and 70-110 kg/ha of potassium (table 47).

The accumulated nutrients in pocos root remnants of red clover replace the additional application of 0.42-0,53 tonnes of ammonium nitrate, 0,10-0,13 tons double superphosphate and 0,17-0,24 t/ha potassium salt. Nitrogen organic residues of leguminous plants absorbed faster.

Indicator of favorable environmental condition of the soil is the active work of nodule bacteria in the rhizosphere of legumes. In our experiments, the increase of pre-irrigation soil moisture followed by significant improvement of symbiotic system, the total number of nodules was increased from 15.8 to 60% HB to 18.5-20.5 units/plants in the 70 and 80% HB. Fertilizer application has a stimulating effect on the formation of nodules, but to a certain limit. Thus, in embodiments, maintaining a 60%threshold moisturized nitrogen fertilization doses of 130 and 160 kg/ha at optimum phosphorus-potassium background had an inhibitory effect on symbiotic apparatus clover, 70% NV - 160 kg/ha, while maintaining 80%of pre-irrigation threshold all applied doses of nitrogen contribute to the consistent increase in the total number of nodules with 32,0 in the variant without fertilization to 45.8 units/plants when making N₁₆₀(tables 11-13).

An important indicator of environmental safety of plant products is the content of nitrates. Nitrates as natural components present in the system soil-plant even when the human factor is completely eliminated. The content of NITR the comrade in plants has complex dynamics, their number varies depending on more factors: mineral and organic nutrition, soil and climatic conditions, biological characteristics of plants.

In our experiments, the nitrate content in the biomass of clover increased with increasing estimated doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Maximum values exceeding MPC marked on crops varieties VIC 7 and Pelican in the fourth cut on the background make 130-160 kg/ha of nitrogen at 60% HB. On average during the growing season on the 60% HB making maximum dose of nitrogen (160 kg/ha for crops of all varieties increased the nitrate content to 475-518 against 342-402 mg/kg padobranom control mode 70 and 80% HB respectively 440-518 against 305-330 mg/kg (table 40).

Analysis of heavy metals in the biomass of clover indicates a trend to a reduction in their number in the improvement of growing conditions. The accumulation of zinc in plant clover in the second year of life, brought up in the hard mode of irrigation 60% of HB without fertilizers, 13.3, a variant 70% of the HB is 13.0 mg/kg Increased pre-irrigation soil moisture up to 80% HB and making the calculated fertilizer dose provides the decrease of this indicator to 12.0 to 12.2 mg/kg This pattern is traced on the content of copper, cadmium and lead. The content of heavy metals in the biomass of clover options does not exceed 3-33% PD is (table 48).

Energy assessment is an acceptable method of evaluating the effectiveness of the claimed method of cultivation of clover in terms ostrozatochennogo, harsh continental climate. To do this, use the universal energy ratio accumulated in products to spent energy. This enables any economic situations objectively consider and uniformly to Express not only the direct energy costs of the technology, but also the energy embodied in the means of production and in the production of products. This analysis allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the stated technologies of cultivation of the culture of clover from the point of view of consumption, the most important resources of energy and to identify ways of saving it.

Direct and indirect cost of cultivation of red clover determined on the basis of process maps, standard production rates, costs of fuel, energy equivalents of use of agricultural and reclamation equipment, fertilizers, labor resources.

Costs the total energy in the cultivation of clover was changed depending on the level of the planned harvest, irrigation, fertilizer dose, cultivar characteristics (table 49).

Obtaining the actual yield of 50 t/ha of green mass while maintaining the irrigation threshold at which Laisenia 60% NV on natural background soil fertility was accompanied by the consumption variety VIC 84 to 72.6 thousand MJ/ha

Increase the level of planned and actual harvest with the progressive increase in the number of irrigations and the amount of fertilizer resulted in increased energy costs in the irrigation mode 70% with HB 73,2 to 113,8 on mode 80% NV - with 112,7 to 133,2 thousand MJ/ha

The accumulation of energy in a crop of clover increased with improved growing conditions and maximum knowledge (419,1-519,5 thousand MJ/ha) reaches on variants of experiments with maintaining pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB and making the calculated fertilizer dose.

The developed technology of programmed cultivation of red clover in the claimed method has high energy efficiency, even in the face of intense soil fertility by maintaining strict threshold moisture 60% NV energy efficiency ratio on grades varies 2,48-2,62. The improvement of the conditions of food mode, making the calculation of doses of fertilizers on 60% of HB is accompanied by an increase of the energy efficiency ratio of EC to 3,07-3,20, 70% NV - to 3.16-3,47, 80% NV - $ 3.42-3,90 (table 47).

Indicators ratio of energy accumulated in the harvest, to the cost of its cultivation is an important criterion for the evaluation of energy efficiency is energy intensity, or energy "cost" of a physical unit of crop production. the TA value is calculated as the ratio of the total cost of energy to obtain products in the form of dry matter of feed units and protein.

Improving the availability and increase the estimated doses of fertilizers help to reduce energy intensity of production of a kilogram of dry matter from 8.3 to 8.5 to 5.5 to 6.1, fodder units - from 15.1-15,5 to 8.8 and 9.1, Perevalova protein with 67.2 per-68,5 to 37.5 of 40.8 MJ (table 50).

Assessing the overall costs of the total energy on the cultivation of clover and their structure, it should be noted that about 80% of its need for working capital, the bulk of which is the consumption of fuel oil and fertilizer (65-75%). Energy for 90-95% of the cost of harvesting and transportation of crop and irrigation.

Economic assessment of the technology of cultivation of red clover was carried out based on comparable prices, testifies to its high efficiency. The cost of green mass with improved water and nutrient regimes of the soil decreases with 131,35 to 118,00-123,98 rubles, and profitability increases with 57,1-61,0 to 60% HB to 67.5-87,0% mode 70 and 80% HB. Making the calculated fertilizer dose increasing doses while maintaining 70%and 80% threshold moisture economically justified, and 60% NV - leads to higher production and profitability.

The cultivation of red clover on our technology contributes to the improvement of water-physical properties of the soil, raising her plodorodie is, strengthening bean-ritorialjnogo symbiosis, production of ecologically safe products.

Bioenergetic assessment confirms the high efficiency of cultivation of red clover on irrigated lands. Technology programmable gain yields different levels provides the excess accumulated in the yield of energy in 2,62-3,90 times over the cost of energy for these crops.

Thus, in terms of environmental safety resource saving and energy yields of different levels, positive impact on water-physical properties and fertility of the soil, developed for the first time in the Lower Volga region technology of cultivation of red clover reasonably can be considered environmentally friendly, energy -, cost-and cost-effective. A rational combination of water and nutrient regimes of soil with respect to biological and varietal plants enable the farms of the region, with different resources, and to choose an acceptable level of productivity, providing high efficiency of cultivation of clover in specific soil-climatic zone and sector. The economic efficiency of the claimed method of cultivation of red clover in the second year of life for varieties VIC 84 with different HB levels are shown in table 1. This allows us to say:

1. In agro-climatic conditions of the zone of dry steppes of the Lower Volga region with its high heat and low moisture, abundant solar radiation, frequent recurrence of drought and droughts, sustainable cultivation of red clover at a relatively high potential productivity is possible only with irrigation. Optimization of conditions of water and nutrient regimes of soil provides recycling his crops 1.5 to 3.5% of the HEADLIGHTS, the receipt in the year of sowing 30-40, in recent years - from 40-60 80-100 t/ha of green mass.

2. Weight of shoots of clover in the natural area varies in the range 44-68% and mainly depends on the varietal and the weather conditions during the sowing seedlings. A slightly higher weight of shoots in all years of the study are characterized by varieties of clover VIC 84 and prisurskiy - 52-68%. In the period of shooting - stand density clover varies from 450 to 550-600 plants per 1 m². In phase spring regrowth of the second year the number of plants is 290-350, third year - 200-25 plants.

Thinning of clover by the years of life in nature close to Lucerne. Maximum destruction of plants typical of the period from sowing to harvesting cover crops - 25-35%crops of previous years thinning ranged from 6.5 to 13.5 per cent. By the end of the tre is LEGO year of life, the safety of the plant clover on 60% NV amounted to 44.8-48,3, 70% NV - 51,2-52,3 and 80% HB - 56,5-59,0%.

3. The total water use clover varies depending on the level of the forming crops, water regime of soil, age of the crop and weather conditions of the growing season. The highest consumption of moisture was characterized by the most productive crops in the second year of life in the variant with the purpose of irrigation when soil moisture 80% HB. To receive 90-100 t/ha of green mass clover spends 6,3-6,5 tysyach³/ha of water. On the version with pre-irrigation moisture 70% of the total consumption of the moisture is reduced to 6.0 to 6.2 thousand m³/ha while reducing the yield to 60-80 t/ha Reduction of pre-irrigation moisture up to 60% of HB is accompanied by a further fall in yields up to 55-70 t/ha when the total videotribute 5,3-5,5 thousand m³/ha, the Share of irrigation water in total water consumption ranged from 62.3 to 74.1 per cent, the use of soil moisture with reduced irrigation threshold increased from 13.4% to 23.1 per cent. The total water use the first cut on the crops of previous years amounted to 29-31%, the second mowing - 26-28, third 23-25, fourth cut - 18-20% of the total flow of moisture.

4. The most productive use of moisture on crop crops are characterized by the second year of life varieties VIC 7, VIC 84, prisurskiy, the ratio of water consumption amounted to 60% NV - 85-90, 70% - 7,7-8,2, 80% HB - 62-75 m³/t, which is 12-17% m is nice, than varieties Pelican and Heir.

5. Optimization of cultivation conditions has a positive effect on the growth of the root system. The greatest root mass of 8.2 to 10.5 t/ha - accumulating crops of clover third year of life in a variant of the support 70 and 80%threshold moisture and fertilizer in stock P_215-270K_240-300in combination with various dressings of nitrogen 130-160 kg/ha during the growing season. With root residues in the soil receives 148-190 kg of nitrogen, 40-65 kg of phosphorus and 75-110 kg/ha of potassium.

6. Inoculation of clover seed active race nodule bacteria (Rhzobium) and improving agoamerican in the rhizosphere of plants increases symbiotic system from 15.8-20,1 to 60% HB to 18.5-32.0 units/plants - by mode 70 and 80% HB. The maximum number of nodules observed on those options and the introduction of differentiated doses of nitrogen on grades prisurskiy, VIC 84, Heir to the crops the second year of life in the first cut - 43,8-59.4 units/plants, including 30,0-35.8 pieces active. Increasing doses of nitrogen to 100 in the first, up to 160 in the second and 150 kg/ha during the growing season in the third year of life exerts an inhibitory influence on the development of symbiotic system and leads to lower total and active symbiotic potential.

7. The clover crops the second year of life has the highest photosynthetica is some activity and productivity. The area of the assimilatory surface with increasing pre-irrigation soil moisture from 60 to 80% increase from 46.6 57.6 thousand m²the introduction of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the estimated phosphorus-potassium background increases these figures to 61.9-74.5 thousand m²/ha. Photosynthetic capacity increases accordingly from 2.62 to 5.58 million m². day/ha All this enhances the efficiency of the HEADLIGHTS on the mode of irrigation with irrigation threshold soil moisture 80% HB and making the calculated fertilizer dose to 2,32-3,34%.

8. Clover studied varieties after leaving under cover gives two cuts, and the crops of previous years - four full-scale. Megalonyx period in the second and third harvests crops the first year is 31-33 days on crops of previous years - 33-37 days. The sum of the temperatures from the resumption of the growing season before the first harvest ranged from 968 to 1016° on the formation of the subsequent cut clover takes an average of 785±20° C.

9. The share of cut in the annual crop of clover does not depend on the mode of irrigation and amount of fertilizers and crops of previous years in the first mowing generates an average of 36, second 28, third - 21 and in the fourth 15% of the total harvest.

10. Getting the total for the 3 years of life yields of clover 90 t/ha of green mass (20 - in the first, 40 - second and 30 t/ha in the third year) is provided by maintaining 60%of the acceptance threshold moisture on the background of the natural fertility of the soil on crops intensive varieties prisurskiy.

The area of leaves on crops the second year of life will be at least 45-47 thousand m²/ha, the photosynthetic capacity of 2.34-2,62 million m². days/ha Irrigation rate depending on the conditions of aridity year varies 2300-3400 m²/ha. Planned yield varieties VIC 7 and VIC 84 is formed with increasing irrigation threshold moisture to 70% HB, and the Pelican, and the Heir - 80% HB. Irrigation rate is, respectively, 2550-4225 and 2850-4725 m³/ha.

11. Programmable yield 140 t/ha of green mass clover (30 in the first 60 - second, 50 t/ha in the third year of life) was obtained in 60% NV on grades prisurskiy and VIC 84 when making the stock in three years R₂₁₅K₂₄₀and pomocnych the fertilizing with nitrogen in the year of sowing 70, second 130, and third year is 120 kg/ha Obtaining the same yield possible on all studied varieties at lower doses of fertilizer - P₁₆₀K₁₈₀and adding 50, 100, and 90 kg/ha of nitrogen per years of life, but with increasing soil moisture up to 70-80% HB. Irrigation rate on crops the second year of life increased from 3400 to 4725 m³/ha, the maximum area of leaves from 53.1 to 61-64 thousand m²/ha, photosynthetic capacity from 3.23 to 3,36-3,70 million m². days/ha

12. High yields of clover at the level of 40 tons in the first, 80 in the second, 70 t/ha in the third year of life (190 t/ha) with minimum deviations from the prog is Amma on grades prisurskiy and VIC 84 obtained while maintaining the 60%threshold moisture, introduction on the background of the P₂₇₀K₃₀₀nitrogen doses 100-160 kg/ha Varieties VIC 7, VIC 84, Pelican, Heir, prisurskiy to achieve this yield mode 70-80% HB consumed introduction of nitrogen lower doses 70-130 kg/ha during the growing season on the background of the P₂₁₅K₂₄₀.

Maximum productivity for three years 240 t/ha (50 - the first 100 - second and 90 t/ha in the third year of life) form only varieties VIC 7, VIC 84 and prisurskiy in the variant with 80%threshold moisture and making R₂₇₀To₃₀₀with Pokornyi by fertilizing with nitrogen from 100 to 160 kg/ha during the growing season. In this embodiment, the photosynthesis rates are maximum values: assimilatory surface 72-74 thousand m²/ha, photosynthetic potential 4,20-4.0 million m²days/ha productivity of photosynthesis - 5,20-to 5.58 g/m²Sutki.

13. Optimization of conditions of water and nutrient regimes of soil has a positive effect on improving the nutritional value of the feed. Protein content in the biomass of the studied varieties in irrigation regime options 60%, 70% and 80% HB respectively, 16,56, 16,93 and 17,12%. Fertilization increasing doses increases this rate by 1.75-2,94%. The protein content increases sequentially from the first cut to the next, reaching maximum values in the plant biomass of clover varieties VIC 84, prisurskiy and Heir - 16,03-18,74 to 19,05-22,12%.

Bol is e high metabolizable energy (characterized by these varieties in the variant with maintaining the 80%threshold moisture when making estimated doses of nitrogen 100-160 kg/ha for phosphorus-potassium background 10,04-10,23 MJ/kg

14. The greatest amount of essential amino acids are characterized by plant clover in the second year of life in the variant with 80%threshold moisture when making during the growing season of 130 kg/ha of nitrogen - 46,85 g/kg increase in the dose of nitrogen to 160 kg/ha is accompanied by a slight increase in the amount of essential acids. The maximum content of critical amino acids lysine noted in biomass fourth cut on grades prisurskiy, Heir and VIC 84 - 7,10-8,12 g/kg

15. Fractional nitrogen feeding differentiated doses for optimal phosphorus-potassium background in optimizing the conditions of the water regime of the soil does not cause accumulation of nitrates in plants clover exceeding MPC. The maximum amount of nitrates in the biomass of the studied varieties observed in the variant with maintaining 80%pre-irrigation threshold moisture and make 4 cuts 100-130 kg/ha of nitrogen - 324-420 mg/kg. nitrogen dose of 160 kg/ha for sowing clover varieties VIC 7 and Pelican leads to the accumulation 515-518 mg and varieties VIC 84, prisurskiy and Heir - 477-483 mg/kg

16. The content of heavy metals in the biomass of the studied varieties for all options is much less MAC and improvement of conditions of cultivation tends to slightly decline: the zinc from 13.8 to 12.0 of copper from 10.0 to 9.3, lead - from 0.45 to 0.35 mg, and the content of cadmium was in the range of 0.01-0.03 mg, or at Haradok below the exposure limits.

17. Energy evaluation of growing red clover indicates its high efficiency on irrigated lands in the region. On hard mode, irrigation 60% of HB on the background of natural soil fertility value of the coefficient of energy efficiency was 2,50-2,62. The improvement of the conditions of food mode, making the calculation of doses of fertilizers on 60% of HB is accompanied by increased EC to 3,07-3,20 and 70% to 3.16-3,47, 80% NV - $ 3.42-3,90.

The proposed method of cultivation Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate in the production environment will be possible to obtain the current realities of economy:

1. Clover on the irrigated lands in the Lower Volga region should sow under cover spring crops, harvested green fodder, hay, silage. Seeding of cover crops is reduced by 40% of normal (3.5 million). Sowing clover norm 9.0 million viable seeds per hectare provides obtaining durable and productive grasslands with stand density in the phase of full shoots 450-500, in the early growing season of the second year, 280-350, the third year of life - 200-250 plants per 1 m².

2. To obtain a high guaranteed yields of clover on irrigated land use new high-yielding varieties VIC 84, prisurskiy, Heir and others, providing access 2.0 to 3.5 t Perevalova protein and 175-250 GJ exchange energy per hectare.

To obtain 140-190 t/ha of green mass for the three years pre-irrigation threshold of soil moisture on crop varieties prisurskiy, VIC 84 and VIC 7 must be raised to 70% NV with holding 1-2 irrigations under the cut norm 650 m³/ha. In addition to this, you should stock 215-270 kg phosphorus, 240-300 kg of potassium with differentiated fertilizing with nitrogen 100-130 kg/ha during the growing season.

Obtaining the same yield with less fertilizer (N_100-130P_160-180K_180-240) all studied varieties is provided by increasing irrigation threshold moisture up to 80% HB.

Obtaining the maximum yield of 240 t/ha of green mass (50 tons in the first 100 - second, 90 t/ha in the third year of life) reach on crops intensive varieties prisurskiy, VIC 84, VIC 7 against the background of pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB. This will require 2-3 irrigations under each mowing the norm 450 m³/ha and improvement made to supply doses of fertilizers: phosphorus up to 270 K to 300, nitrogen up to 160 kg/ha during the growing season.

The development of the claimed technology of growing clover in relation to soil and climatic conditions of the Lower P the Volga region will allow all types of farms to stabilize the production of high-protein feed, to improve water-physical properties and fertility of the irrigated soils, more economical use of energy resources, to strengthen the economy and provide for livestock of the region's valuable, environmentally friendly food.

Table 13
Symbiotic unit of red clover in the second year of life among studied varieties
Pre-irrigation soil moisture, % HB	Dose of fertilizer kg A.I/ha	The number of nodules, number/plant
VIC	Pelican	Prisurskiy	Heir	VIC 84
60	Without fertilizers
70	Without fertilizers
80	Without fertilizers
60	N100P70To75
70	N130P90To100
80	N160P110K125
*Numerator - total number in the denominator of active nodules

Table 40
The accumulation of nitrates in the biomass of clover in the second year of life, mg/kg
Pre-irrigation moisture, % HB	Dose of fertilizers	VIC 7	Pelican	Prisurskiy	Heir	VIC 84
60	Without fertilizers	398	402	342	368
N160P110To125	578	540	575	527	510
70	Without fertilizers	353	383	305	350	342
N160P110K125	483	480	440	475	454
80	Without fertilizers	330	352	307	330	330
N100P70K75	378	370	360	346	324
80	N130P90K100	420	428	394	404	415
80	N160P110K125	518	515	477	483	471
Table 41
The ratio of mineral elements in the biomass of clover in the second year of life
Pre-irrigation moisture, % HB	Background power	Pelican	Prisurskiy	VIC 84
60	Without fertilizers	2,31	as 4.02	2,20	3,90	2,19	3,39
70	Without fertilizers	2,35	4,12	2,22	3,98	2,20	4,20
80	Without fertilizers	2,38	4,35	2,28	or 4.31	2,22	4,28
60	NPK 1	2,40	4,75	2,30	4,55	2,25	4,76
70	NPK 2	2,42	4,80	2,33	4,90	2,27	4,33
80	NPK 3	2,45	4,80	2,35	4,88	2,28	4,77
Table 42
The nutritional value of clover in the second year of life (Sort VIC 84)
Pre-irrigation soil moisture, % HB	Dose of fertilizers, kg A.I/ha	The content in kg dry weight
ked	Perevalova protein, g	MA, MJ
60	Without fertilizers	0,54	124	which 9.22
70	Without fertilizers	0,56	127	9,60
80	Without fertilizers	0,58	128	9,75
60	N100P70K75	0,60	141	10,04
70	N130P90K100	0,62	147	10,24
80	N160P110To125	0,63	150	10,23

1. The method of cultivation of red clover Trifolium pratense L. in conditions of sharply continental climate, including spring sowing clover and cover crops in the optimal period, wherein after cleaning predecessor spend shallow plowing to a depth of 0.06 to 0.08 m, deep drainage tilling and plowing with a turnover of formation of the upper layer to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m, early closure of the moisture, combined with the alignment of the topography, subsequent cultivation to a depth of 0.05-0.08 m for the destruction of weeds, pre - and poslepoletnoi rolling to increase the density of the soil in the seed layer to 0.9-1.1 MPa, early spring Centralny seeding cover crop seeding rate (3.0 to 3.5)·10⁶pieces of viable seeds per hectare, solid seeding red clover seeding rate (8,5-9,5)·10^{6 pieces of viable seeds per hectare to a depth of 0.03-0.04 m on light soils and 0.02-0.03 m on heavy soils to get 450-500 plants on a square meter in the phase of full shoots, 250-300 plants in the phase of spring regrowth of the second year of life, 200-220 plants on a square meter in the phase of spring regrowth third year of life, and mode of mineral nutrition support phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, the calculated doses by plowing in stock in three years of using mixtures, nitrogen fertilizers applied fractionally under the haunches of differentiated doses, when deep drainage treatment and plowing with the turnover of the stratum spend winter irrigation in late September - early October the norm 700-800 m3/ha to maintain pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture, and irrigation regime maintained within the range of 60-80% HB, covering the culture is removed in the phase of emergence of the panicle or earing green fodder, clover is harvested in the beginning of flowering, the last cut of conduct for 25-30 days before transition temperature of 0°With the cutting height in the first mowing is set to 0.06 to 0.08 m, and in the last cut - 0.14 to 0.36 m, and for plants of the second and third years of life are agrotechnical treatments.}

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen 100 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to first the first cut 35 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of up to 60 t/ha of green mass.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen to 130 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 45 kg A.I/ha to ensure the yield of red clover up to 80 t/ha of green mass.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the nitrogen to 1-60 kg/ha contribute during the growing period with a maximum dose of application to the first cut of 60 kg A.I/ha to ensure a guaranteed yield of red clover to 100 t/ha of green mass.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover reaches 60% HB irrigation irrigation rate of 850 m³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 14-16 days with total irrigation rate 3200-3400 m³/ha.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of green mass of red clover to 60 t/ha provide the threshold humidity 60-70% HB with one or two irrigations under the cut norm 650-850 m³/ha with a maximum inter-irrigation period of 12-14 days with a total irrigation rate 3400-4225 m³/ha.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of green mass of red clover up to 80 t/ha guarantees pre-irrigation threshold soil moisture 70-80% HB if two or three irrigations under a cut with a minimum duration of the irrigation period of 9-12 days with a total irrigation rate 4225-4500 m³/ha.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yields of green is th mass of red clover to 100 t/ha were obtained when pre-irrigation soil moisture 80% HB holding two or three irrigations under the cut norm of 450 m ³/ha with a minimum inter-irrigation period of 7-9 days irrigation rate 4500-5000 m³/ha with gaps between harvesting and irrigation in phase regrowth of one to three days.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the time between harvesting of green mass, and irrigation in phase regrowth reduce one to three days.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the agrotechnical treatments carried out in the form of harrowing on crops of previous years and in the fall after the last cut - meleanie crops to a depth of 0.4-0.6 m

11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the yield of 40 t/ha of green mass of red clover provide seed of released varieties Pelican and Heir, 60 t/ha varieties VIC 7, Pelican and Heir, 80 t/ha varieties VIC 7, prisurskiy and VIC 84, 100 t/ha - grade prisurskiy and VIC 84.