Method for thermal soil amelioration (versions)

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves cultivating soil by forming ridges after germination of weedage and providing subsequent cultivation procedures by breaking formerly formed ridges and forming new ridges; providing presowing soil treatment by embedding germinated weedage, stubble and other plant remains axially of ridges and simultaneously introducing microbiological humus-forming preparation; 20-40 days after introducing of humus-forming preparation (according to first version), breaking formerly formed ridges and forming new ones and simultaneously sowing late crops; according to second version, providing sowing of farm crops simultaneously with embedding of germinated weedage and introducing of humus-forming preparation. Methods allow total of active soil temperatures during presowing period to be increased owing to composting effect.

EFFECT: increased effectiveness of weedage control and improved soil fertility.

3 cl, 3 dwg

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular soil reclamation, and can be used to increase the sum of active temperatures in the soil pre-sowing period, to improve soil fertility and control weeds in the cultivation of agricultural crops.

A known method of regulating the microclimate of the soil by changing the height of the snow cover through the application of different methods of snow guard (V. Adamenko. Reclamation microclimatology. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, p. 62). The accumulation of the first 5-10 cm of snow cover, the soil temperature is above the temperature at 3-15°C. the Use of snow reclamation is most effective in cold continental areas in the cultivation of winter crops.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is the low efficiency associated with considerable effort to conduct snow guard and lack of reliability in areas with unstable snow cover. In addition, when the snow melting temperature of soil and air quickly aligned that the protracted spring dramatically reduces the effect of the application method, eliminating the possibility of active control of the temperature of the soil.

There is a method of protecting plants and increasing the temperature of the soil surface and the bottom with the OEB air from the frost, radiation type, consisting in the use of various sources of heat and smoke (V. Adamenko. Reclamation microclimatology. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, p.64). When the smoke temperature rise of the surface soil 1,0-0,5°due to a reduction in effective radiation heat by the combustion of the mixture and the condensation of water vapor.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is a significant reduction in efficiency when the wind relative short-acting warming effect at high labor costs and the possibility of using the method to relatively small areas.

Known telomerization reception, consisting in compacting the soil at the beginning of the vegetation period (may-June), which increases the temperature at the soil surface on 1-2°and in the topsoil by 0.1-0.5° (V. Adamenko. Reclamation microclimatology. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, p.63-64). Preplant rolling (under load rollers to 1 t) protects the soil from wind and increases its temperature, which has a positive effect, for example, on the development of spring wheat in the spring and early summer.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is low efficiency, due to high labor costs at a relatively low temperature rise.</>

There is a method of regulation of climate, soil, consisting in the change of micro-topography and roughness of the active surface (V. Adamenko. Reclamation microclimatology. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979, p. 62), which allows to actively influence the increase in the sum of active temperatures in the soil mainly due to more rapid warming in the destruction of the upper insulating vegetative layer.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is low efficiency, due to high labor costs in connection with, for example, measures multiple harrowing at relatively low increase of the sum of active temperatures and without much change in the characteristics of soil fertility.

There is a method of cultivation of agricultural crops in rice irrigation systems, including the formation of ridges by tube expansion ridges formed in the previous year, with simultaneous application of fertilizer, sowing seeds of cultivated crops and consolidation of the soil, and the formation of ridges is performed with the focus in the direction from East to West, and is normal to the ridges cut slits associated with channel-fill-discharge and with a distance between them of not more than 50 m (Patent RF №2159528, IPC⁷And 01 In 79/02 And 01 C 7/00, 27.11.2000, bull. No. 33). Due inspire the Finance grabdevice surface and a special orientation method provides increased heat gain from solar radiation at 7-30% more than on a horizontal surface, and 30-60% more than when the orientation of the ridges from North to South. This allows you to speed up the thawing soil, conduct earlier crops of rice, soybeans and other crops with high yield.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is low efficiency, due to the necessity of using large quantities of pesticides for weed control and use of mineral and organic fertilizers to restore and improve soil fertility.

Known technology of effective microorganisms (EM) technology for composting, including: preparation of the flooring; the laying of the components of the compost (straw, grass, leaves, leaves, sawdust and other) layers (3-4 layer thickness of 20-25 cm); fermenting each layer of compost from any type of organic matter under aerobic conditions EM-drug in a ratio of 1:100; insert layer of the earth; the processing to the state of vermicompost for 1.5-2 months; the land application of finished compost. When composting organic vegetable temperature in the pile rises to 60°C. be making compost into the soil in 7-10 days after the start of fermentation in leaf area of plants, which allows multiplication of the microorganisms to process the remaining organic matter directly into the soil and stimulirovannoi worms, which are used in the processing of organic waste connections available for plant nutrition (Effective microorganisms: practical recommendations for application of products series EM / comp. Severin WA, Adamenko L.Y. // seaside EM-centre, Vladivostok, 2002. p. 11). Under this option, the use of compost can increase soil temperature, which continues the process of recycling of organic matter through composting. The possible range of increasing the temperature of the soil was not detected.

The disadvantage of this technology is the low efficiency, especially when used on large areas, due to high labor costs associated with the need for cleaning and storage of weeds and plant residues, the layer of stacking and further distribution of compost on the surface and the soil.

Closest to the claimed technical solution to the technical essence and the achieved technical effect is the way steam reclamation soil (RF Patent No. 2159527, IPC⁷And 01 In 79/00, 27.11.2000, bull. No. 33), including under-winter plowing, processing of winter tillage, seedbed tillage under personimage culture and autumn handling, and processing of winter tillage spend ridge shaping mechanisms, pre-processing is carried out by Raza the CI formed in autumn the processing of the ridges and the formation of new ridges along the axis of the previously formed furrow after germination of weeds with simultaneous liming, subsequent processing by tube expansion previously formed and the formation of new ridges carried out with intervals of 15-20 days, sowing protanomaly cultures carried out with simultaneous formation of ridges and fertilization, and after the harvest protanomaly cultures and provoking germination of weeds spend the formation of new ridges razvalkoj existing.

The disadvantage of this method is low efficiency due to the following: cultivation protanomaly crops (oats, soybeans for green manure) at relatively high cost does not allow you to get high profit; pereformyrovanye ridges does not allow you to securely destroy weeds, because the root residues can grow at a relatively slow current natural processes of recycling of organic matter, and the frequency of rearrangement 15-20 days calculated only on the time required for provoking the growth of weeds; the temperature in the crests of not more than 10°With above average air temperature, because the effect of composting organic material in the ridges without artificial stimulation is not observed.

The objective of the invention is the creation of new, highly efficient way to heat soil reclamation, providing the ability to regulate temperature in the pre-sowing period due to the effect com is sterowania mechanical destruction of the vegetative organs of weeds, the concentration and its residue in the furrow at activation soil processes microbiological preparations made along the axis of the formed ridges.

This problem is solved as follows.

In the known method, including tillage the formation of ridges with ridge shaping mechanisms after germination of weeds and subsequent processing by tube expansion previously formed and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous liming, seeding crops with simultaneous application of fertilizer with pre-treatment of the soil with the formation of the ridges hold the sealing germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues along the axis of the formed ridges with simultaneous application houserules microbial product, 20-40 days after making microbial drug spend Razvilka previously formed and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous planting of late crops. In a variant of the method with preplant tillage the formation of ridges simultaneously with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues contribute houserule microbiological preparation and produce a crop of agricultural cultures.

Distinctive features of the prototype characteristics of the proposed technical solutions are:

- if p is emposing tillage and the formation of ridges (option 1) conduct terminations germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues with simultaneous application along the axis of the formed ridges fermenting microbial drug;

- 20-40 days (option 1) after making microbial drug spend Razvilka previously formed and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous planting of late crops;

when preplant tillage (option 2) the formation of ridges simultaneously with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues contribute houserule microbiological preparation and produce a crop of agricultural cultures.

When preplant treatment of soil with the formation of the ridges hold the sealing germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues along the axis of the formed ridges with simultaneous application of fermentation microbial product that provides the concentration of organic remains of weeds and stubble in the furrow at activation soil processes due to the fermentation of organic matter microbial drugs, and education grabdevice the surface of the field provides aeration of the soil and the composting process in aerobic conditions, under which the processing of residues of weeds to the state of vermicompost is accelerated. This allows you to raise the temperature of the soil, because the process is apotropaia weeds temperature formed in the crests, depending on the total amount of biomass on 10-40°With the average daily air temperature, and effectively to restore soil fertility through the conversion of organic residues directly in the soil in connection available for plant nutrition in the eradication of weeds. In addition, the concentration of organic remains of weeds and stubble in the groove reduces the amount of insertion of fermentation microbial drug without reducing the effect of composting because it is made simultaneously with the formation of ridges address directly into the zone of concentrated organics.

20-40 days after making microbial drug spend Razvilka previously formed and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous planting of late crops that provides mixing decayed and decayed organic remains of weeds. In the presence of a large number of microorganisms continues processing organic matter stimulated earthworms, also contributing to the recycling of organic matter. Further maturation of vermicompost made in this Razvilka ridges in the area of seeding, helps to create optimal conditions of temperature and food conditions ensuring the asset is tion growth and development of crops, and ultimately increase their productivity.

When preplant tillage (option 2) the formation of ridges simultaneously with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues contribute houserule microbiological preparation and produce a crop of agricultural cultures, allowing the temperature in forming the ridges due to the effect of composting to provide optimal conditions for enhancing the growth and development of crops, reduce the number of processing operations that may be appropriate for relatively small debris and soil in the cultivation of early cultures.

Thus, it provides a causal link together the distinctive features of the claimed invention and achieved technical result: increased efficiency by regulating the temperature in the pre-sowing period when the mechanical destruction of the vegetative organs of weeds, its concentration and crop residues in the furrow at activation of soil microbiological processes drugs - due to the effect of composting, this restores soil fertility and weeds are destroyed, which can significantly reduce the dose of fertilizer and to reduce or virtually eliminate skin is, the use of chemicals to destroy weeds.

Method heat the soil reclamation (options) explains technological schemes.

Figure 1 shows a partial schematic cross-sectional view of a field with grabdevice surface after germination of weeds in the pre-sowing period (option 1); figure 2 - the same fragment after the overhaul of the ridges and make microbial drug (option 1); figure 3 - the same fragment after the overhaul of the ridges, making microbiological preparation and sowing of seeds of agricultural crops (option 2).

Before the reformation grabdevice the surface of the field after germination of weeds in a schematic cross section (option 1) there are combs 1 with troughs 2 between them, sprouted weeds 3 and residue 4, and can be roughly divided into the axis 5 of the hollows 2 (figure 1). After the overhaul of the ridges 1 are formed ridges 6 and trough 7, and the axis 8 of the ridges 6 coincides with the axis 5 of the troughs 2, formed prior to the tube expansion ridges 1 and the newly formed ridges 6 area 9, in which is concentrated the organic remains of weeds (figure 2). When preplant tillage (option 2) simultaneously with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues and making houserules microbiological products are planting crops on the shelves Greb is her 6 with the desired seeding depth 10 (figure 3).

The example of the industrial applicability of the invention.

Option 1. After harvesting of crops cultivated with the use of ridge land reclamation, for example, patent RF №2159527 or patent RF №2159528, stored combs 1 and hollows between 2 crests 1 on which surface in the spring germinating weeds 3 and stored residue 4. For 20-40 days before sowing agricultural (mainly late) crops produce the re-formation of the ridges 1 using ridge shaping drills (A.S. USSR №946430, MKI⁵A 01 C 7/00, B. I. No. 28), ridge planter universal STV - 4 designs FGUP Dalniye, produced by JSC “Askold” (Harsanyi, Primorsky Krai), or planter SGBV-3,6 (modified version), which allow to form ridges 6 a height of 0.35 m and the distance between the axes 8, equal 0,70-0,90 m thus germinated weeds 3 and residue 4 is concentrated in the troughs 2 with simultaneous filling their soil layer - forming ridges 6. And the axis 8 of the newly formed ridges 6 coincides with the axis 5 of the previously formed troughs 2 between the ridges 1. In zone 9, which is formed when the concentration in newly formed ridges 6 of weeds 3 with the destruction of the vegetative organs and crop residues 4, simultaneously with the filling of the soil layer and fo the formation of the ridges 6 serves microbiological fermentation product. At high pH soil before razvalkoj previously formed ridge 1 ridge on the surface of the field scattered lime or recorded simultaneously with the formation of newly formed ridges through fertilizer distributors Diablo drills, for example, seeders SGBV is 3.6. Fermenting microbial drug previously prepared, for example, with the use of effective microorganisms “Kusa-AM” (Effective microorganisms: practical recommendations for application of products series EM / comp. Severin WA, Adamenko L.Y. // seaside GM-centre, Vladivostok, 2002, page 11). The specified drug in the ratio of 1:500-1:100 diluted with water, placed in a working tank mounted sprayer, for example, HE-600-12, produced by JSC “Askold” (Harsanyi, Primorsky Krai), and contribute directly to the zone 9, which is formed in the newly formed ridges 6 of weeds 3 with the destruction of the vegetative organs and crop residues 4, before filling in this zone 9 soil layer. To this end, the ends of the supply pipe microbiological fermentation product from the working tank mounted sprayer output before seed planter apparatus. When this weed vegetation 3 and root residues of agricultural plants 4, concentrated in the formed ridges 6 are recycled by the action of microorganisms at average daily temperatures of more than +10° C. this also ensures the destruction of the root system of weeds 3 due to mechanical impact and stifle their vegetative organs, as well as the activation of soil-forming processes and the deoxidation of the soil by liming. Education grabdevice the surface of the field provides aeration of the soil and the composting process in aerobic conditions, under which passes the processing residues weeds in zones 9 to the status of vermicompost, is accelerated. In particular, the increase in the degree of aeronavali soil in the ridges 6 on 10-15%. This allows you to raise the temperature of the soil, because in the process of composting weeds temperature formed in the ridges 6, depending on the total amount of biomass on 10-40°With the average daily air temperature, and effectively to restore soil fertility through the conversion of organic residues directly in the soil in connection available for plant nutrition in the eradication of weeds. In addition, the concentration of organic remains of weeds and stubble in the groove 2 reduces the amount of insertion of fermentation microbial drug without reducing the effect of composting because it is made simultaneously with the formation of ridges 6 address - directly in zone 9 is concentrated organics. Moreover, the activation of soil-forming processes is determined by the improvement of water, air and temperature regime of the soil in the ridges 6, which in turn has a positive effect on microorganisms, strengthens the processes of mineralization of organic matter. The results of the experiments for 30, 60 and 90 day stay in the 30-cm soil layer linen cloth fell 23.2; 49,1 and 58.7%, when applied in zone 9 microbiological preparation time decomposition linen fabric is reduced by more than two times. Activation of soil-forming processes and increase the fertility of the soil in the ridges is also evident in the higher content of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and mobile potassium. Of particular importance in this case is the change in thermal regime of the soil in the ridges, they warm up faster than a flat surface, and the spring, an additional sum of active temperatures is 50-60° heat, while making effective microorganisms due to the effect of composting organics in zone 9 the sum of active temperatures in the soil increases twice. It is known that the cost of external radiation energy on soil formation are 30-50 kcal cm²/year and an increase of heat flow in accordance with the above mentioned amount of active is x temperature significantly activates redox processes, changing the internal structure of the soil and its components. 20-40 days after making microbial drug spend Razvilka ridges 6 and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous planting of late crops. Seeding also realize the ridge shaping drill, such as a planter SGBV-3,6 providing seed crops on the shelf newly formed ridges with the necessary depth and produce simultaneous compacting the top layer of the soil. This re-formation of the ridges 6 provides stirring decayed and decayed organic remains of weeds. In the presence of a large number of microorganisms continues processing organic matter stimulated earthworms, also contributing to the recycling of organic matter. Further maturation of vermicompost made in this Razvilka ridges in the area of seeding, helps to create optimal temperature conditions and nutrition, providing enhanced growth and development of crops and ultimately increase their productivity. After germination of the plants during the growing period to produce the necessary care, in particular irrigation of agricultural crops in the troughs formed between the newly created crests, when the deficit is e humidity and cultivation using ridge tillage cultivator, for example CTG-3,6 (a utility model certificate No. 19441, IPC⁷And 01 In 39/18, 10.09.01, bull. No. 25). Studies show that improving water, air and thermal regimes of the soil, as well as power plants, especially in the early stages of their development in the cultivation of such crops as soybeans activates the activity of nodule bacteria growing on the roots of soybean. In particular, the phase of bababrownie the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules and their weight on the crests more than 3 times higher than on a flat surface. For example, the total weight of nodules per plant of soybean on the ridges have an average of 1.8 to 1.9 g, and on a flat surface to 0.5-0.6 g, when using thermal reclamation of soils with application of effective microorganisms in the area of recycling of organic matter in the pre-sowing period total weight of nodules increases by 50-70%. However, productivity of soybean and buckwheat is increased by at least 30-50%.

Option 2. In the spring, after emergence of weeds 3 to produce the re-formation of the ridges 1 using ridge shaping drill SGBV-3,6 (modified version), allowing to form ridges with simultaneous sowing of crops. Thus germinated weeds 3 and residue 4 is concentrated in the troughs 2 with simultaneous filling their soil layer - form g is ebni 6. The axis 8 of the newly formed ridges 6 coincides with the axis 5 of the previously formed troughs 2 between the ridges 1. Directly in zone 9, which is formed when the concentration in newly formed ridges 6 of weeds 3 with the destruction of the vegetative organs and crop residues 4, simultaneously with the filling of the soil layer and the formation of ridges 6 serving pre-prepared microbiological fermentation product from the working tank mounted sprayer HE-600-12. To this end, the ends of the supply pipe microbiological fermentation product from the working tank mounted sprayer output before seed planter apparatus. At the same time from sowing machines planter SGBV-3,6 produce seed 10 crops on the shelf formed by the ridges 6 with the necessary depth and produce compacting the top layer of the soil. After making microbial drug in zone 9 it starts the process of recycling of organic matter and temperature in the ridges 6 increases due to the effect of composting. Active participation of microorganisms in the processing of organic residues of weeds observed in average daily air temperature over +7 - +10°C. This provides optimal conditions for activation of growth and development of agricultural cult of the R, reduces the number of processing operations of the soil, that it is appropriate for relatively small debris and soil in the cultivation of early cultures. In the process of germination and crop development in zone 9 in the presence of a large number of microorganisms continues processing organic matter stimulated earthworms, also contributing to the recycling of organic matter that contributes to the active flow to the plant nutrients in the most accessible form, this ultimately ensures the recovery of soil fertility and increase yields. When the moisture deficit in the soil layer of conduct irrigation troughs 7 formed between the ridges 6.

1. Method heat reclamation of soils, including soil with the formation of ridges ridge shaping mechanisms after germination of weeds, preplant soil with the formation of new ridges with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues with simultaneous liming, seeding crops with simultaneous application of fertilizer, characterized in that simultaneously with the formation with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues along the axis of the formed ridges produce making houserules microbial product, and 20-40 days the village is e introduction microbial drug spend Razvilka previously formed and the formation of new ridges with simultaneous planting of late crops.

2. Method heat reclamation of soils, including soil with the formation of ridges ridge shaping mechanisms after germination of weeds, preplant soil with the formation of new ridges along the axis of the previously formed furrow with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues with simultaneous liming, seeding crops with simultaneous application of fertilizer, characterized in that when forming the crests simultaneously with the incorporation of germinated weeds, stubble and other crop residues contribute houserule microbiological preparation and produce a crop of agricultural cultures.