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Device for researching stationary electric field

IPC classes for russian patent Device for researching stationary electric field (RU 2284581):

G09B23/18 - for electricity or magnetism

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Device for researching stationary electric field / 2284581
Device contains direct current source, double probe with arrow, voltmeter with large input resistance, inputs of which are connected to outputs of double probe with arrow, table with electro-conductive paper, a pair of detachable conductive buses, mounted on electro-conductive paper and connected to clamps of direct current source by means of screws with nuts, curve made of dielectric having working edge, appropriate for profile of walk contour. Curve is held on table with electro-conductive paper in the middle between a pair of detachable conductive buses by means of central screw with nut. Device also contains a set of detachable varying pairs of conductive buses, modeling different flat electric fields, and a set of detachable various curves made of dielectric, for modeling various walk contours.

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FIELD: electric engineering.

SUBSTANCE: device contains direct current source, double probe with arrow, voltmeter with large input resistance, inputs of which are connected to outputs of double probe with arrow, table with electro-conductive paper, a pair of detachable conductive buses, mounted on electro-conductive paper and connected to clamps of direct current source by means of screws with nuts, curve made of dielectric having working edge, appropriate for profile of walk contour. Curve is held on table with electro-conductive paper in the middle between a pair of detachable conductive buses by means of central screw with nut. Device also contains a set of detachable varying pairs of conductive buses, modeling different flat electric fields, and a set of detachable various curves made of dielectric, for modeling various walk contours.

EFFECT: extended functional capabilities.

7 dwg

The invention relates to educational devices and can be used in the laboratory in higher and secondary special educational institutions on physics course for exploring and deepening the knowledge of physical laws and phenomena.

Known training device physics (RU patent No. 2133505, 20.07.99. Bull. No. 20. The author of Kownacki VK) It allows you to explore only the alternating vortex electric field.

A known device for studying the electrostatic field (Evgrafova N.N., Kogan V.L. Manual for laboratory work in physics. M., High school, 1970, s, RES)containing an electrolytic bath filled with a solution of a weak electrolyte. Are placed in the metal electrodes, the field which is being studied. Using this device cannot confirm experimentally theorem of Gauss to the electrostatic field, and a theorem about the circulation of the electric field intensity vector.

Closest to the proposed installation is a compensation scheme for measuring voltages, remove the double probe or two single probes (Gasanov. Experiments and modelling in the study of electromagnetic fields. M., Nauka, 1966, p.75, RIS). It contains a constant current source, dual probe arrow, tablet with conductive paper, a pair of removable conductive tires installed on the tablet with power is revogada paper, which are connected to terminals of the DC source. This device allows you to create a flat electric field and to explore. Using dual probe with the arrow you can build a force and equipotential lines. At any point in the field, you can find the direction and magnitude of the electric field intensity, the gradient of the potential, and other characteristics of the field.

However, this device cannot confirm experimentally and demonstrate theorem of Gauss to the electrostatic field, and a theorem about the circulation of the electric field intensity vector. It is also impossible to explore a variety of flat fields. This device is difficult to handle and requires a large investment of time in the study.

The aim of the invention is to enhance the functionality of this device. This goal is achieved by the fact that it introduced a voltmeter with high input resistance, the inputs of which are connected with the conclusions of the double probe arrow; a set of removable various pairs of conductive tyres, simulating different flat electric field; screws and nuts installed on the tablet with conductive paper for mounting a pair of removable conductive tyres; the Central screw with a nut installed on the tablet with conductive paper in the middle between a pair of removable conductive wires; a pattern of diele the trick with the working edge, corresponding to the profile contour crawl attached to the tablet with conductive paper with a Central screw with a nut; a set of removable various pieces of dielectric material, simulating various contours crawl.

Figure 1 shows the prototype; figure 2, 3 and 4 of the drawings illustrating the principle of operation: 5 is a General view of the proposed installation.

The proposed system includes: 1 tablet with conductive paper; 2 - screws and nuts; 3 - a pair of removable conductive tires; 4 - set removable various pairs of conductive wires; 5 - constant current source; 6 - the Central screw with a nut; 7 - a pattern of dielectric material; 9 - voltmeter with high input resistance; 10 - dual probe with the arrow.

The proposed installation includes a tablet with a conductive paper 1 on which you installed the screws and nuts 2 for mounting a pair of removable conductive tire 3. For the formation of a variety of flat electric fields using a set of different pairs of removable conductive tire 4. Used a pair of removable conductive busbars 3 are connected to terminals of the constant current source 5. In the middle between a pair of removable conductive tire 3 has a Central screw with a nut 6 for fastening pieces of dielectric material 7 with a working edge that matches the profile of the path traversal. On the pattern of dielectric material 7 applied digital markup equal step is Sereni, and there is a hole for a Central screw with a nut 6. To model a variety of contours crawl in a flat electric field using a set of removable variety of pieces 8 of dielectric material. When measuring the potential difference between the points marked on the pattern of dielectric material 7 used a voltmeter with high input resistance 9, the inputs of which are connected with the conclusions of the double probe arrow 10.

When experimental testing as Gauss theorem, and theorems about the circulation of the electric field intensity vector, you must define the projection of the vectorthe specified direction. Reinforcing strip of insulator at a small distance l from each other two metal tip, get a dual probe with a permanent base (base - the distance between the needles, we assume it is equal to step measurements). If the base of the probe l is small enough, and the power lines are not too curved, stationary field in the vicinity of the probe can be considered homogeneous. Under this condition, the projection of the electric field strength E_lat the midpoint of the tip on the line passing through the needle (figure 2), is connected with the voltage between the needles U the following expression:

Figure 2 slices shown needle probe. Arrow a indicates the direction to which Procter what is vector .

To determine the sign of the projectionthe specified direction must conventionally be noted on the probe (arrow a) positive directional. For example, for a positive direction take the red lead to the needle wire. The sign on the scoreboard of a voltmeter with high input resistance will indicate the sign of the projection of E_l.

Consider how the proposed installation (figure 5) experimentally confirmed by theorem of Gauss. Choose from a set of removable various pairs of conductive tyres 4 required a pair of removable conductive busbars 3 and place them on a plate with conductive paper 1. Secure the bus 3 with screws and nuts 2 and connect the bus 3 with the constant current source 5. Figure 3 shows for example the lines of force of the electric field, which is simulated using the selected pair of removable conductive tire 3. Choose from a set of removable various pieces of dielectric material 8 to the desired pattern 7, place it on the plate with conductive paper 1 and fasten with a Central screw with a nut 6. On the pattern of the dielectric 7 numbers denote the analyzed point of the electric field. These points are placed in increments equal to the basis of the double probe 10, the findings of which are connected with inputs of a voltmeter with high input resistance 9. Voltmeter 9 should have a large input from the opposition, in order not to distort the structure of the studied electric field.

In accordance with theorem of Gauss to the electrostatic field in vacuum, the flow of electrostatic fields through an arbitrary closed surface 5 is equal to the ratio of the algebraic sum of electric charges covered this surface to the electric constant ε₀:

The surface S (figure 3) in the flat field can be represented as a cylinder cut from a conductive paper with the paper thickness h. Because vectoreverywhere parallel to the bases of the obtained cylinder, the integration of the expression E_ndS should be done only on its lateral surface. Divide the cylindrical surface into N rectangles with height h and base dl, the area of which is equal to hdl. This will allow you to move from integration over the lateral surface of the cylinder to the integration profile:

Equation (3) expresses theorem of Gauss for flat electric field. Instead of the flow vectorthrough a closed surface (2) it includes the integral over a closed curve L (figure 3), is numerically equal to the flux vectorthrough the side surface of the above-described cylinder.

As in narodnoi conductive medium no charges the flow vectorthrough this circuit must be zero. Replace the left side of the expression (3) sum

where E_niprojection vectoron the direction of the vectorin the i-th contour point of the bypass L (figure 3), Δl_i- step measurements of E_nion the contour L corresponding to this point. If the measurement step Δl_ifor all points to choose the same, for example, equal to the base l dual probe arrow 10 and the value of E_nibe determined by the formula (1), then the expression (4) takes the form:

Thus, the flow of electrostatic fields in vacuum through the surface S is found as the sum of the voltages U_idetermined by a voltmeter with high input resistance 9. This dual probe arrow 10 in each i-th point must be installed so that the arrow And coincides with the normal(figure 3). The voltage U_ishould be measured with its sign, then the integral (5) is practically zero. Signs of stress are indicated on the display of the voltmeter with high input resistance 9. The smaller the base l dual probe with the arrow 10, the more accurate the result.

Consider how experimentally confirmed theorems what about the circulation of the electric field intensity vector. To do this, we will investigate the electric field is depicted in figure 4. Take the same type of pieces 7, as in figure 3.

In accordance with theorem of circulation vectoralong an arbitrary closed path L:

We replace the integral (6) the amount, then

where E_liprojection vectoron the direction of the vector(figure 4), Δl_i- step measurements. If step Δl_ithroughout the circuit to choose the same and equal to the base of the probe Δl_i=l, and the value of E_libe determined by the formula (1), then the expression (7) takes the form:

From the expression (8) shows that the circulation of the vectorequal to the sum of the voltages U_imeasured by a voltmeter with high input resistance 9, the contour of the investigated patterns with step 7 l dual probe arrow 10. This dual probe arrow 10 in each i-th point of the circuit patterns 7 must be installed so that the arrow And match each time the direction of the vector(figure 4) (the direction of traversal). The voltage U_ishould be summed with their signs, then the integral (8) is practically zero. The smaller base of the double probe 10,the more accurate the result.

Technical and economic efficiency of the proposed facility is that it provides improved quality of learning of the trainees the basic laws and phenomena of physics.

The proposed installation is implemented at the Department of physics and is used in educational process at laboratory classes on electricity.

Setting for the study of stationary electric field that contains the constant current source, dual probe arrow, tablet with conductive paper, a pair of removable conductive tires installed on a conductive paper and connected to the terminals of the constant current source, characterized in that it introduced a voltmeter with high input resistance, the inputs of which are connected with the conclusions of the double probe arrow, a set of removable various pairs of conductive tyres, simulating different flat electric field, screws and nuts installed on the tablet with conductive paper for mounting a pair of removable conductive tyres, the Central screw with a nut installed on the tablet with conductive paper in the middle between a pair of removable conductive tyres, a pattern of dielectric material with the working edge corresponding to the profile contour crawl attached to the tablet with conductive paper with a Central screw with a nut, a set of removable raznoobraznuiu of dielectric material, simulating different paths to crawl.