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Plant for studying field of electric and magnetic dipoles

IPC classes for russian patent Plant for studying field of electric and magnetic dipoles (RU 2273056):

G09B23/18 - for electricity or magnetism

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FIELD: training appliances, possible use during laboratory practice sessions of physics course.

SUBSTANCE: plant has inductiveness coil connected to alternating current generator and measuring coil. Inductiveness coil is mounted on plane-table. On inductiveness coil perpendicularly to its axis and to plane-table first rotation axis is held, on which first end of rod is held, onto second end of which mobile platform is applied. On measuring coil second rotation axis is mounted, rigidly held by first end at measuring coil, second rotation axis is positioned perpendicularly to axis of measuring coil, plane-table and mobile platform. Second rotation axis passes through mobile platform and on its other end a handle is held immobile. Measuring coil is provided with rounding indicator, positioned in parallel to axis of measuring coil. At axis of inductiveness coil symmetrically to first rotation axis immobile rod is mounted with balls at ends, modeling electric dipole.

EFFECT: possible recording of dependence of strength of electric field E on distance to center of electric dipole, dependence of magnetic induction B on distance to center of magnetic dipole, and also it is possible to determine circulations of E and B vectors along contour enveloping dipoles.

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The invention relates to educational devices and can be used in the laboratory in higher and secondary special educational institutions on physics course for exploring and deepening the knowledge of physical laws and phenomena.

A device for the research field of an electric dipole (Eveswell. The physics course, volume 2, M, editorial physico-mathematical literature, 1989, s.43, Fig. 10.1)containing an electric dipole. However, this device does not allow to explore the field of magnetic dipole and measure the characteristics of fields of electric and magnetic dipoles.

It is also known a device for the study of the magnetic field of a circular coil with a current (magnetic dipole) (Del, M. Jaworski. The course of physics, M., "High school" in 1999, s.285, Fig. 22.9)containing a magnetic dipole. It is not possible to explore the field of electric dipole and measure the characteristics of fields of electric and magnetic dipoles.

Closest to the proposed installation is a device for studying the magnetic field of a straight current conductor (1) (RU patent No. 2170459, 10.07.2001, bull. No. 19, Author: Kownacki VK)containing the inductor 1.1, connected to the alternating current generator 5, and the measuring coil 10 connected to the EMF meter 11. However, this device does not allow to measure the characteristics of the magnet the CSOs and the electric field along the contour, covering the inductor 1.1. Accordingly, it is impossible to build a model for the study of the electric dipole.

The aim of the invention is to enhance the functionality of this device. This goal is achieved by the fact that it introduced: the tablet with the image of a path traversal installed inductor; the first axis of rotation, mounted on the coil perpendicular to its axis and the plate; a rod, the first end of which is movably installed on the first rotation axis; a movable platform mounted on the second end of the rod; a second rotation axis, is rigidly fixed to the first end of the measuring coil and mounted perpendicular to the axis of the measuring coil, tablet and mobile platform; a handle, mounted stationary at the other end of the second axis of rotation; pointer traversal mounted on the measuring coil parallel to its axis; a stationary rod with balls on the ends, simulating an electric dipole, which is located along the axis of the coils symmetrically with the first axis of rotation.

Figure 1 shows the prototype in figure 2, 3 and 4 are drawings illustrating the principle of operation of the proposed facility. Figure 5 shows a General view of this setting.

The proposed system includes: 1 - coil; 2 - AC generator; 3 - change is sustained fashion coil; 4 - meter EMF; 5 - tablet; 6 - the first axis of rotation; 7 - rod; 8 - movable platform; 9 - a second axis of rotation; 10 - arm; 11 - pointer traversal; 12 - stationary rod with balls on the ends, simulating electric dipole.

The invention is based on the use of magnetic dipole modeling field of an electric dipole and study of this model. Full-scale experiment on the research field of an electric dipole requires a more expensive and complicated equipment. The work itself is relatively laborious and lengthy. For the research field of the magnetic dipole used a simpler Metrology equipment, and is very easy to transfer the results of the model experiment on the real object.

We will justify the commonality between the real electric dipole and its model (magnetic dipole). Figure 2 shows a circular coil with current I and radius R (magnetic dipole). In the plane of the drawing shows the magnetic lines of force with the magnetic induction vectorand magnetic dipole moment.

Figure 3 shows an electric dipole. In the plane of the drawing shows electric lines of force from the electric field intensity vectorand the electric dipole moment . As can be seen from figure 2 and 3 character field of the magnetic dipole and the electric field of the dipole relative to the axes the same.

If you have a magnetic dipole and an electric dipole so that their axes coincide (figure 4), the induction magnetic field and the electric field E at a distance r≫R and r≫l respectively is:

In order numerical value of the magnetic induction was the same as the value of intensity of the simulated electric field E, put E=In, then from the equality (1) and (2) get the value of the simulated electric dipole moment:

To create the desired magnetic field at a distance r in a circular orbit with the current going to the coil containing N turns, then the expression (3) takes the form:

where I is the current flowing through one coil of the coil.

By setting different value of current I, we obtain different numerical values of the simulated dipole moment P_eand, accordingly, different values of the simulated electric field E. the electric dipole.

Bypassing the loop l of arbitrary radius r (figure 4), at each point on the contour measure the magnitude of the magnetic floor is In, created by magnetic dipole. Numerical values will be equal to the numeric value of the intensity E of the simulated field of an electric dipole and will coincide with the estimates made by the formulas (1) and (2).

The circulation of the magnetic induction vectorthe contour l is equal to zero, as the algebraic sum of the currents covered in this circuit is equal to zero:

Similarly, the circulation of the electric field vectorthe electric dipole is also zero because the field is potentially:

Consider how experimentally determined the circulation vector. By definition, the circulation of the vectorin vacuum in a closed path l is equal to:

where B_l=Bcosα - projection vectordirection(figure 4), α - the angle between the vectorsand. If an arbitrary point angle α≤90°then the projection of In_lpositive if α>90°, then the projection will be negative. The signs of the projections is determined in advance by experiment and indicate at each contour point on the stroke l (figure 4).

We replace the integral (5) is a finite sum of:

where B_liprojection vectordirectionin the i-th point, Δl_ithe final element of the path length that corresponds to the i-th point.

The value of_liat an arbitrary point of the contour l is measured by the induction method, which is based on the alternating magnetic field produced by an alternating current with a frequency of ν in the coil inductance. For measurement of magnetic induction In_liin the investigated point position measuring coil is connected to the meter EMF. The measuring coil contains ω turns, has the cross-sectional area S, the magnetic permeability of the core μ and is of such small size that the field in its surroundings can be considered homogeneous. The value of_liis calculated by the formula:

where β - constant coefficient, μ₀- magnetic constant, ε_i- the measured EMF.

Substituting the expression (7) in (6) and assuming that the circuit elements Δl_ihave the same length Δl, we get the final expression for determining the circulation of the vector:

Installation scheme for the study of electric fields and magnetic is about dipoles are presented in figure 5. It contains the inductor 1 is connected to the AC generator 2, and the measuring coil 3 connected to the meter EMF 4. In addition, the installation includes tablet 5 running the inductor 1. The inductor 1 is fixed perpendicular to its axis and the plate 5, the first rotational axis 6, on which is mounted a first end of the rod 7. On the other end of the rod 7 mounted movable platform 8. On the measuring coil 3 with the second axis of rotation 9, is rigidly fixed to the first end of the measuring coil 3. The second axis of rotation 9 is perpendicular to the axis of the measuring coil 3, the plate 5 and the movable platform 8. The second axis of rotation 9 passes through the movable platform 8, and at the other end of the fixed arm 10. The measuring coil 3 provided with a pointer traversal 11, located along the axis of the measuring coil 3. On the axis of the inductor 1 is symmetrical to the first axis of rotation 6 is fixed a rod with balls on the ends, the simulated electric dipole 12.

With the help of the alternator 2 in the inductor 1 is set to the desired alternating current with frequency ν. The coil 1 generates a magnetic field around it, which in appearance coincides with the electric field of the simulated electric is ipole. It can be assumed that the electric field creates the balls 12, the modeling point charges electric dipole.

Revolving around the first axis 6, the rod 7 can change the position of the measuring coil 3 with respect to an axis of the electric dipole 0° 360°. Moving the movable platform 8 along the shaft 7 and through the handle 10 by rotating the second axis of rotation 9, can set the measuring coil 3 at any point of the path traversal l, depicted on the tablet 5. Pointer traversal 11 show the direction on the path traversal l.

According to the formula (7) determine the projection of the magnetic induction In_libut implied that we find the projection of the electric field strength E_li. Of the formula (8) shows that the circulation:

If the measuring coil 3 is positioned on the path traversal l so that the pointer traversal 11 coincides with the contour traversal l, then at this point we define the projection of E_li. To define an arbitrary point of the module of the vectoryou must arm 10 to rotate the measuring coil 3 to obtain the maximum value of the EMF induced in the EMF meter 4. In this case, the pointer traversal 11 at this point of the path traversal will show the direction of the vector. The value of E obtained for the simulated electric is th dipole, with high accuracy coincides with theoretical values calculated according to the formula (2).

Technical and economic efficiency of the proposed facility for the study of electric fields and magnetic dipoles is that it provides high quality mastering the fundamental laws and phenomena of physics students. The proposed installation is implemented at the Department of physics and used in the classroom laboratory exercises in electromagnetism.

Setting for the study of electric fields and magnetic dipoles containing the inductor connected to the alternator, and the measuring coil is connected to the meter EMF, characterized in that it introduced a tablet that has an inductor, a first axis of rotation, mounted on the coil perpendicular to its axis and the plate, a rod, a first end of which is movably mounted on the first axis of rotation, a movable platform mounted on the other end of the shaft, the second rotation axis, is rigidly fixed to the first end of the measuring coil and mounted perpendicular to the axis of the measuring coil, tablet and mobile platform the handle is stationary at the other end of the second rotation axis, index, crawl, mounted on the measuring coil parallel is but its axis, a fixed rod with balls on the ends, simulating an electric dipole, which is located on the axis of the coils symmetrically with the first axis of rotation.