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Device for emitting vortical electric field

IPC classes for russian patent Device for emitting vortical electric field (RU 2284580):

G09B23/18 - for electricity or magnetism

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FIELD: electric engineering.

SUBSTANCE: device contains a toroid, mounted perpendicularly to table covered by foil, while its first half is above the table, and other half - below it. Winding of toroid is connected to output clamps of sound frequency generator, double probe is mounted in points of electric field on foil being studied, its clamps are connected to inputs of voltmeter, moving bushing is pinned on toroid and abuts during movement against aforementioned table with foil. Moving platform is held on support and pinned onto the rod. Rotation axis passes through moving platform. Handle is fastened immovably to other end of rotation axis. Arrow is mounted on double probe on same line with needles of probe. Spring is supported by handle and moveable platform. Device is provided with device for measuring difference of phases, first input of which is connected to outputs of binary probe, and additional double probe, mounted immovably in point of electric field on foil being studied, while its clamps are connected to second input of device for measuring phase difference.

EFFECT: extended functional capabilities.

5 dwg

The invention relates to educational devices and can be used in the laboratory in higher and secondary special educational institutions on physics course for exploring and deepening the knowledge of physical laws and phenomena.

Known training device physics (RU patent No. 2133505, 20.07.99, bull. No. 20, Author: Kownacki VK)containing a solenoid connected to the generator of the harmonic voltage. With this device you can create a vortex electric field and explore it. However, it is impossible to experimentally verify theorem of Gauss to the electric field and theorem of circulation of the electric field intensity vector for an arbitrary path.

Known training device for the study of electromagnetic fields (RU patent No. 2210815, 20.08.2003, bull. No. 23. Author: Kownacki VK). It contains two toroid, the conclusions of the windings which are connected with output terminals of the generator audio frequency. Between the toroids creates a uniform electric field. On this device you can explore the vortex electric field, to experimentally verify theorem of Gauss to the electric field, but it is impossible to experimentally verify theorem of circulation of the electric field intensity vector.

Closest to the proposed installation is the instrument for the study of vortex electric field (Laboratorypractical in physics. Ed. "High school" M., 1980, s, RES). It contains the toroid mounted perpendicular covered with foil to the tablet so that the first half of it is above the tablet, and the other half under him, the winding of which is connected to the output terminals of the generator audio frequency; dual probe installed in the tested point of the electric field on the foil, the findings of which are connected with the inputs of the voltmeter. This device allows you to create a vortex electric field and explore it. It allows you to capture the nature of power electrical lines, to build an equipotential line. However, this device cannot be verified and to demonstrate theorem of Gauss to the vortex of the electric field. It is also impossible to determine the circulation of the electric field intensity vector for different paths of traversal.

The aim of the invention is to enhance the functionality of this device. This goal is achieved by the fact that it introduced: a movable sleeve mounted on the toroid and resting when driving on the tablet with foil; rod, the first end of which is rigidly mounted on a movable sleeve; bearing, which can move the plate with foil; a movable platform mounted on the support and mounted on the other end of the shaft; the axis of rotation passing through the movable platform, the TKO is fixed to the first end of the double probe and mounted perpendicularly to the plate with foil and mobile platform; the handle is stationary at the other end of the axis of rotation; arrow, mounted on a dual probe on the same line with his needle; a spring mounted on the axis of rotation between the handle and the movable platform, which eliminates the touch of a double needle probe to the foil when moving support; measuring the phase difference, the first input of which is connected with the conclusions of the double probe; an additional double probe mounted stationary in the investigated point of the electric field on the foil, and the conclusions it is connected to the second input of the measuring phase difference.

Figure 1 shows the prototype. Figure 2-4 shows drawings illustrating the principle of operation; figure 5 shows a General view of the proposed installation.

The proposed installation (figure 5) contains: 1 tablet; 2 film; 3 - toroid; 4 - generator audio frequency; 5 - movable sleeve; 6 - rod; 7 - the mobile platform; 8 - bearing; 9 - axis of rotation; 10 - dual probe; 11 - arrow; 12 - arm; 13 - spring; 14 - voltmeter; 15 - meter phase difference; 16 - additional double probe.

The proposed installation (figure 5) includes the tablet 1, which is fixed to the foil 2. On the tablet 1 is a toroid 3, the winding of which is connected to the output terminals of the generator audio frequency 4. The toroid 3 is perpendicular to the plate 1 so that the first half of it is above planchet is, and the other half below it. On one side of the toroid 3 above 1 tablet, wearing a movable sleeve 5, which when the movement is based on the tablet 1 foil 2. On the movable sleeve 5 is rigidly fixed to the first end of the rod 6. At the other end of the rod 6 mounted movable platform 7, which is fixed on a support 8. Using stem 6 of the movable platform 7 can be moved relative to the toroid 3, while bearing 8 slides on the foil 2. Through the platform 7 is perpendicular to it is the axis of rotation 9. The first end of the axis of rotation fixed with double probe 10, which is mounted on a strap from an insulator at a small distance l from each other, two metal needles. On a strap from an insulator dual probe 10 is installed arrow 11. It is located on one straight line with double needle probe 10. At the other end of the axis of rotation 9 is stationary arm 12. Rotating the handle 12, rotates the rotation axis 9, and with it turns the double probe 10. Arrow 11 indicates the direction of installation of the double probe 10. In order to fix the touch of a double needle probe 10 to the foil, the axis of rotation 9 is mounted a spring 13. She one end rests on the handle 12 and the other end on the movable platform 7. The spring 13 raises the arm 12, respectively, raising the double probe 10.

The toroid 3 is connected to the audible generator what frequency 4, inside it creates an alternating magnetic field. According to Maxwell, this field creates around the toroid, as well as on the foil 2 vortex electric field, the intensity of which can be determined by using a dual probe 10 and the voltmeter 14. This dual probe 10 arrow 11 installed in any point of the foil and pressed against using arm 12 double needle probe to the foil 2.

The measuring voltage U is done using a voltmeter 14 with high input resistance, the inputs of which are connected with the conclusions of the double probe 10.

In the study of vortex electric field necessary to consider the sign of the projection of E_l. To do this, in the proposed device was introduced measuring the phase difference of 15 and an additional double probe 16. The first input of the measuring phase difference 15 is connected with the conclusions of the double probe 10 and the second input of him with the conclusions of the additional double probe 16. If, for example, to measure the phase difference of 15 use of the phase detector, the phase shift between the measured voltage on the double probe 10 and the reference voltage measured on additional double probe 16, is equal to zero, then the output positive voltage is removed. This corresponds to a positive projection E_l. If the phase shift is equal to π, the output of the phase detector will be a negative voltage. This corresponds to the negative the positive projection of E _l.

Additional double probe 16 is made so that its needles are arranged at an angle to the surface of the foil 2. This is done for ease of installation optional dual probe 16 near double probe 10. At the starting point of the path traversal dual probe 10 and the fixed probe 16 are installed next, as shown in figure 3 and figure 4. In this case, the findings of both probes connected to the input of the measuring phase difference 15 so that the phase difference between the voltage was zero. Next, an additional double probe 16 remains in place but moves only dual probe 10.

When experimental testing as Gauss theorem, and theorems about the circulation of the electric field intensity vector, you must define the projection of the vectorthe specified direction. Reinforcing strip of insulator at a small distance l from each other, two metal needles, get double probe 10 with a permanent base l. If the base l is small enough, and the power lines are not too curved, the field in the vicinity of the probe can be considered homogeneous. Under this condition, the projection of the electric field strength E_lat the midpoint of the tip on the line passing through the needle (figure 2), is connected with the voltage between the needles U the following expression:

Figure 2 slices p is cauldrons double needle probe. Arrow 11 indicates the direction to which the projected vector.

Consider how the proposed installation (figure 5) experimentally confirmed by theorem of Gauss. Select one of the paths shown on the foil. On the contour of the plotted points in increments of l, is equal to the basis of the double probe 10, the findings of which are connected with inputs of a voltmeter with high input resistance 14. The voltmeter 14 should have a high input impedance in order not to distort the structure of the studied electric field.

In accordance with theorem of Gauss to the electric field in a vacuum: the flux of electric field through an arbitrary closed surface S is equal to the ratio of the algebraic sum of electric charges covered this surface to the electric constant ε₀:

The surface S (figure 3) in the flat field can be represented as a cylinder cut from the foil with the paper thickness h. Because vectoreverywhere parallel to the bases of the obtained cylinder, the integration of the expression E_nds should be done only on its lateral surface. Divide the cylindrical surface into N rectangles with height h and base dl, the area of which is equal to hdl. This will allow you to switch from integrated the Oia on the side surface of the cylinder to the integration profile:

Equation (3) expresses theorem of Gauss for flat electric field. Instead of the flow vectorthrough a closed surface (2) it includes the integral over a closed curve L (figure 3), is numerically equal to the flux vectorthrough a side surface of the above described cylinder.

Because the tension of the vortex electric field is solenoidal vector, flux vectorthrough this circuit must be zero. Replace the left side of the expression (3) sum

where E_niprojection vectorat the direction of the vectorin the i-th contour point of the bypass L (figure 3), Δl_i- step measurements of E_nion the contour L corresponding to this point. If the measurement step Δl_ifor all points to choose the same, for example, equal to the base l dual probe arrow 10 and the value of E_nibe determined by the formula (1), then the expression (4) takes the form:

Thus, the flux of the electric field strength in vacuum through the surface S is found as the sum of the voltages U_imeasured by a voltmeter with high input resistance 14. This dual probe 10 with p is the LCA 11 in each i-th point should be set arrow 11 coincided with the normal(figure 3). Voltage U_ishould be summed with their signs, then the integral (5) is practically zero. The signs of the voltage meter indicates the phase difference. The smaller the base l dual probe 10 arrow 11, the more accurate the result.

Consider how experimentally confirm theorem of circulation of the electric field intensity vector. The proposed installation (figure 5) we can consider two cases. If an arbitrary contour L covers the toroid, the circulation of the vectorequal EMF:

If an arbitrary path L does not cover the toroid, the circulation of the vectorzero:

We replace the integral (6) the amount, then

where E_liprojection vectoron the direction of the vector(figure 4), Δl_i- step measurements. If step Δl_ithroughout the circuit to choose the same and equal to the base of the probe Δl_i=l, and the values of E_libe determined by the formula (1), then the expression (8) takes the form:

From the expression (9) shows that the circulation of the vectorequal sum is e voltages U _imeasured by a voltmeter with high input resistance 14, the contour L step l dual probe 10. This dual probe 10 in each i-th contour point L must be installed so that the arrow 11 match each time the direction of the vector(figure 4) (the direction of traversal). Voltage U_ishould be summed with their signs, then the integral (9) is close to theoretical value. The smaller base l dual probe 10, the more accurate the result.

Technical and economic efficiency of the proposed facility is that it provides improved quality of learning of the trainees the basic laws and phenomena of physics.

The proposed installation is implemented at the Department of physics and is used in educational process at laboratory classes on electricity.

System for the study of vortex electric field, containing the toroid mounted perpendicular to the covered foil plate, so that the first half of it is above the tablet, and the other half under him, the winding of which is connected to the output terminals of the generator audio frequency, dual probe, installed in the test point of the electric field on the foil, the findings of which are connected with inputs of a voltmeter, characterized in that it introduced a movable sleeve mounted n the toroid and resting when driving on the tablet with foil, rod, the first end of which is rigidly mounted on a movable bushing, bearing, which can move the plate with foil, and a movable platform mounted on the support and mounted on the other end of the rod, the axis of rotation passing through the movable platform rigidly fixed to the first end of the double probe and installed perpendicular to the plate with foil and mobile platform, the handle is stationary at the other end of the axis of rotation, arrow, mounted on a dual probe on the same line with its needles, the spring resting on the handle and the movable platform, which eliminates the touch of a double needle probe to the foil when moving supports, measuring the phase difference, the first input connected with the conclusions of the double probe, an additional double probe mounted stationary in the investigated point of the electric field on the foil, and the conclusions it is connected to the second input of the measuring phase difference.