Method of determining cloud amount |
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IPC classes for russian patent Method of determining cloud amount (RU 2525625):
 Method for remote optical probing of weakly scattering atmosphere / 2495452
Light pulses are sent into the atmosphere from points spread in space on crossing probing paths passing in noncollinear directions. Echo signals are received at sending points; light pulses are sent on additional paths, each crossing all previous paths. The total number of paths is not less than five. Characteristics of the atmosphere are determined from the power of said signals using calculation formulae.
 Buoy for determining characteristics of sea waves / 2490679
Device consists of a housing (3), a device for transmitting information over radio and satellite communication channels (13), a control module (1) with an optional GPS unit, a power supply (2). The housing (3) is entirely made of metal and is cigar-shaped. In the lower part of the housing (3) there is pull-out anchor apparatus (4) and in the upper part there is a stabilising device (5) in form of wings. There are also elements of a parachute system (8) in the upper part of the housing (3). Furthermore, the housing (3), in its submerged part, is equipped with a damping device (14) which consists of an orifice equipped with an even number of lobes. Said lobes are attached to the housing of the buoy by flat springs. Even lobes are attached with inclination downwards and odd lobes are attached with inclination upwards. The optional GPS unit has a four-channel satellite signal receiver which is able to simultaneously measure delta-pseudoranges to four artificial Earth satellites. The satellite communication channel receiver has a navigation filter for simulating movement of the buoy.
 Method of determining increase in thickness of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes / 2476912
Wind velocity at the crest (V1) and wind velocity on the slope (V2) are first measured on the leeward side of the avalanche-prone slope during a period which is not prone to avalanches, for example, summer. The distance between measuring points (L) is determined and the wind velocity attenuation coefficient for the given slope (K) is calculated using the formula
 Method for remote measurement of wind velocity / 2469361
At two points in the atmosphere at given height and at a certain distance from each other, two artificial point-sources of sound are formed, which synchronously emit an acoustic pulse each. These two acoustic pulses are then received at a point lying on the surface of the earth symmetrically about these sound sources. The propagation time of sound from the first and second sources to the reception point is measured and the wind velocity component is calculated from the relationship: Vv-L(t2-t1)/2t1t2sinα, where vv is the wind velocity vector of a collinear line linking the sound sources, L is the distance between the sound sources and the reception point, t1 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the first sound source to the reception point, t2 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the second sound source to the reception point, α is the angle between the vertical which passes through the reception point and the direction of the sound source.
 Method of determining atmospheric characteristics / 2439626
Light pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere from points spaced apart in space. Echo signals are received at transmission points on intersecting probing paths. The intersecting paths pass through from not less than three noncollinear directions. The intersecting paths form two probing regions. The regions are formed by sections between their points of intersection, having a common scattering volume. Echo signals on sections forming the regions are accumulated. Atmospheric characteristics are determined from the echo signals received from intersection points of the paths and the accumulated echo signals. Both probing regions are reduced using design formulas and the procedure is repeated until achieving a given level of coincidence of two successively received results of determining atmospheric characteristics. Atmospheric transparency is found from two coinciding, successively obtained results.
 Night cloud cover sensor / 2436133
Device has an objective lens, a television camera, a frame accumulation and background subtraction unit and a star catalogue storage unit. The sensor also has a television star array generator, a catalogue star array generator, a star identification unit, an atmospheric transparency computing unit and a cloud cover zone generator. Night atmospheric transparency is calculated by identifying the shinning of television and catalogue stars.
 Device for determining characteristics of sea wind waves / 2432589
Device is in form of recording apparatus mounted on a buoy. The recording apparatus is in form of a solid-metal cigar-shaped housing with a mast, fitted with a data transmitting device. There is an extensible anchor device (21) in the lower part of the housing. The housing is also fitted with a stabilising device in form of wings (22). The wings of the stabilising device are linked to the upper part of the housing by hinges (23) and by rubber cushions to the lower part. There are elements for fastening a parachute system (25) in the upper part of the housing. The recording apparatus has a wind parameter measuring device, an atmospheric pressure measuring device with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, a radar angle reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, an information storage unit, a central module with a controller, a wave height and buoy orientation measuring device, a velocity and flow direction sensor, sensors for determining salinity, electroconductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, pH, an oxidation/reduction process controller and a power supply. The power supply has a generator linked to the stabilising device.
 Method of determining atmosphere transparency / 2395106
Probing light pulses are generated in equidirectional collinear directions from operating locations of two transceivers, e.g. lidars which are spaced out in the direction of the packets and displaced from this direction by a distance which does not exceed dimensions of the transceiver. Echo signals are received at transmission points from the scattering volume of the atmosphere and power of these signals is measured. Transparency of the atmosphere, as applied to the section bordered by transmission points, is determined from the power of the said signals using formulas. Also power of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the direction opposite the direction of transmission of probing pulses is measured. Transmission of these pulses from the transceivers is done successively with delay time which exceeds reception duration of the echo signals. In the measurement process, the distance between location points of the transceivers is pre-measured. The measurement procedure is repeated up to a given level of coincidence of results of determining transparency from power of echo signals, as well as from the overall power of echo signals and pre-measurement of the power of radiation scattered by the atmosphere.
 Device for determining characteristics of sea wind-driven waves / 2328757
Device consists of a cylindrical case, a mast with an information transmission device, a device for measuring wind parameters, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure parameters with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, radar angled reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, information storage unit, central module with a controller, a device for measuring the height of the waves and orientation of buoy, a sensor for speed and direction of flow, sensors for determining salinity, electro-conductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, ion content, pH, a controller for oxidation/reduction processes and a power supply source. The floating caisson consists of a separating chamber, dehumifier, a flexible connection pipe, lockable channel and an air inlet. Inside the air inlet pipe, there is a spherical valve. The case of the buoy is made from reinforced plastic. The lower part of the case is made in the form of a metallic base, equipped with a stabilising device. The upper part of the case is made from foam plastic in the form of a cone widening in the upper part at an angle of 30 degrees. At the centre of the cone, a pipe is hermetically sealed, passing through the foam plastic case. On the upper part of the pipe on the cross-beam, there is an air temperature sensor, and on the lower part there is a water temperature sensor. A second air temperature sensor is on the mast inside a protective shield.
Device for determining characteristics of sea wind-driven waves / 2328757
Device consists of a cylindrical case, a mast with an information transmission device, a device for measuring wind parameters, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure parameters with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, radar angled reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, information storage unit, central module with a controller, a device for measuring the height of the waves and orientation of buoy, a sensor for speed and direction of flow, sensors for determining salinity, electro-conductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, ion content, pH, a controller for oxidation/reduction processes and a power supply source. The floating caisson consists of a separating chamber, dehumifier, a flexible connection pipe, lockable channel and an air inlet. Inside the air inlet pipe, there is a spherical valve. The case of the buoy is made from reinforced plastic. The lower part of the case is made in the form of a metallic base, equipped with a stabilising device. The upper part of the case is made from foam plastic in the form of a cone widening in the upper part at an angle of 30 degrees. At the centre of the cone, a pipe is hermetically sealed, passing through the foam plastic case. On the upper part of the pipe on the cross-beam, there is an air temperature sensor, and on the lower part there is a water temperature sensor. A second air temperature sensor is on the mast inside a protective shield.
Method of determining atmosphere transparency / 2395106
Probing light pulses are generated in equidirectional collinear directions from operating locations of two transceivers, e.g. lidars which are spaced out in the direction of the packets and displaced from this direction by a distance which does not exceed dimensions of the transceiver. Echo signals are received at transmission points from the scattering volume of the atmosphere and power of these signals is measured. Transparency of the atmosphere, as applied to the section bordered by transmission points, is determined from the power of the said signals using formulas. Also power of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the direction opposite the direction of transmission of probing pulses is measured. Transmission of these pulses from the transceivers is done successively with delay time which exceeds reception duration of the echo signals. In the measurement process, the distance between location points of the transceivers is pre-measured. The measurement procedure is repeated up to a given level of coincidence of results of determining transparency from power of echo signals, as well as from the overall power of echo signals and pre-measurement of the power of radiation scattered by the atmosphere.
Device for determining characteristics of sea wind waves / 2432589
Device is in form of recording apparatus mounted on a buoy. The recording apparatus is in form of a solid-metal cigar-shaped housing with a mast, fitted with a data transmitting device. There is an extensible anchor device (21) in the lower part of the housing. The housing is also fitted with a stabilising device in form of wings (22). The wings of the stabilising device are linked to the upper part of the housing by hinges (23) and by rubber cushions to the lower part. There are elements for fastening a parachute system (25) in the upper part of the housing. The recording apparatus has a wind parameter measuring device, an atmospheric pressure measuring device with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, a radar angle reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, an information storage unit, a central module with a controller, a wave height and buoy orientation measuring device, a velocity and flow direction sensor, sensors for determining salinity, electroconductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, pH, an oxidation/reduction process controller and a power supply. The power supply has a generator linked to the stabilising device.
Night cloud cover sensor / 2436133
Device has an objective lens, a television camera, a frame accumulation and background subtraction unit and a star catalogue storage unit. The sensor also has a television star array generator, a catalogue star array generator, a star identification unit, an atmospheric transparency computing unit and a cloud cover zone generator. Night atmospheric transparency is calculated by identifying the shinning of television and catalogue stars.
Method of determining atmospheric characteristics / 2439626
Light pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere from points spaced apart in space. Echo signals are received at transmission points on intersecting probing paths. The intersecting paths pass through from not less than three noncollinear directions. The intersecting paths form two probing regions. The regions are formed by sections between their points of intersection, having a common scattering volume. Echo signals on sections forming the regions are accumulated. Atmospheric characteristics are determined from the echo signals received from intersection points of the paths and the accumulated echo signals. Both probing regions are reduced using design formulas and the procedure is repeated until achieving a given level of coincidence of two successively received results of determining atmospheric characteristics. Atmospheric transparency is found from two coinciding, successively obtained results.
Method for remote measurement of wind velocity / 2469361
At two points in the atmosphere at given height and at a certain distance from each other, two artificial point-sources of sound are formed, which synchronously emit an acoustic pulse each. These two acoustic pulses are then received at a point lying on the surface of the earth symmetrically about these sound sources. The propagation time of sound from the first and second sources to the reception point is measured and the wind velocity component is calculated from the relationship: Vv-L(t2-t1)/2t1t2sinα, where vv is the wind velocity vector of a collinear line linking the sound sources, L is the distance between the sound sources and the reception point, t1 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the first sound source to the reception point, t2 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the second sound source to the reception point, α is the angle between the vertical which passes through the reception point and the direction of the sound source.
Method of determining increase in thickness of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes / 2476912
Wind velocity at the crest (V1) and wind velocity on the slope (V2) are first measured on the leeward side of the avalanche-prone slope during a period which is not prone to avalanches, for example, summer. The distance between measuring points (L) is determined and the wind velocity attenuation coefficient for the given slope (K) is calculated using the formula
Method for remote optical probing of weakly scattering atmosphere / 2495452
Light pulses are sent into the atmosphere from points spread in space on crossing probing paths passing in noncollinear directions. Echo signals are received at sending points; light pulses are sent on additional paths, each crossing all previous paths. The total number of paths is not less than five. Characteristics of the atmosphere are determined from the power of said signals using calculation formulae.
 Method of determining cloud amount / 2525625
Invention relates to the field of meteorology and relates to a method of determining the total cloud amount. To determine the total cloud amount the colour half-tone image of the entire dome of the sky is obtained in the visible spectrum area and for all the points of the image the comparison of values of the colour components is carried out. If the value of the blue component is greater than the value of the red and green components, the point is assigned the value of "blue sky". If the value of the blue component is less than the value of red or green component, the point is assigned the value of "non-blue sky". The total cloud amount is defined as the relative number of points of the image, which are assigned the value of "non-blue sky".
 System of environmental monitoring of atmospheric air of mining industrial agglomeration / 2536789
System comprises the first (1) and second (5) groups of quick-acting sensors of environmental control of atmosphere condition, a GPS system, a weather station, a mobile exchange, a central dispatcher station (4). Besides, the sensors of the first (1) group for measurement of background concentrations of chemical pollution and levels of physical contamination of atmospheric air are installed at stationary posts. The sensors of the second (5) group for measurement of concentrations of chemical pollution and levels of physical contamination of atmospheric air are installed on pilotless aircrafts (PLA), which fly around the mining agglomeration according to the set program (6). If sensors of the first (1) group detect exceeded norms of pollution, PLA are sent to areas of high pollution with sensors of the second (5) group for more detailed research of the pollution and prediction of the trajectory of its spread, depending on weather parameters.
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FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of meteorology and relates to a method of determining the total cloud amount. To determine the total cloud amount the colour half-tone image of the entire dome of the sky is obtained in the visible spectrum area and for all the points of the image the comparison of values of the colour components is carried out. If the value of the blue component is greater than the value of the red and green components, the point is assigned the value of "blue sky". If the value of the blue component is less than the value of red or green component, the point is assigned the value of "non-blue sky". The total cloud amount is defined as the relative number of points of the image, which are assigned the value of "non-blue sky". EFFECT: technical result is to improve the reliability and accuracy of measurements.
The invention relates to meteorology and can be used to determine the point clouds. There is a method of determining the point clouds [1, 2], which consists in obtaining a binary image by comparing all cells in the frame of the halftone image of the entire sky obtained by using an infrared radiometer in the range of 8-13 µm, with some threshold value of the radiance separating cloud and clear sky. The value of the threshold value is determined taking into account the minimum value of the radiance of the frame and limit changes the brightness of a cloudless sky and depends on the angle of sight. In addition, you need to take into account the profile of the ambient temperature. The disadvantage of this method is the difficulty of determining the threshold value for binarization of the frame, as well as the high cost of manufacture and operation of the scanning infrared radiometric complex. The problem to which this invention is directed is to exclude the influence of the height, type and amount of clouds and Zenith angle for accuracy and reduce the costs of manufacture and operation of recording equipment and making it easier to determine an overall score clouds. The technical result is to increase the reliability and accuracy of the spine measurements and functional enhancement of meteorological observations. This technical result in the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that you get a grayscale image of the entire sky, which is converted into a binary containing information about closed and open areas of the sky. In contrast to the known, the proposed method are colored grayscale image of the entire sky by the color of the photodetector in the visible spectrum, which is converted into binary as follows. The brightness of each point in the color image can be represented as: Y=aR+bG+cB, where Y is the luminance of the point, R, G, B - red, green, and blue components of the point, anda , b, c - weighting factors. The point of the original image assigns the value "blue sky", if the value of its blue component SV is greater than the value and the red componentaR and green components of the bG. The image point is assigned the value "neineva heaven", if the value of its blue component SV is lower than the value or the red componentaR or green components of the bG. Thus form a binary image containing information about closed and open areas of the entire sky. The overall point cloud is defined as the relative number of pixels of a binary image of the entire sky, which set neineva the sky." A comparison of the proposed CSP is both the prototype has allowed to establish their compliance with the condition of "novelty". When comparing the proposed method with other known technical solutions are not found to be similar features that allows us to conclude that under the condition of "inventive step". Example. By a television camera equipped with a wide-angle lens with a viewing angle close to 180° (fisheye), get a color halftone image of the entire sky in a digital format. Then analyze the brightness Y of each point of the image of the entire sky, described by formula (1), and form a binary image according to the following formula:
The value of Iblue= 0 corresponds to the value "neineva sky", and a value of Iblue=1 the value of "blue sky". In conclusion, determine the General point clouds as the relative number of points in the image of the entire sky with a value of "neineva the sky." The advantage of the invention is that the accuracy of measuring the total score of clouds does not depend on the height, type and amount of clouds and Zenith angle. Another advantage of the invention is the use of inexpensive recording equipment and a simple process to determine an overall score clouds, that allows to carry out measurements in real time. Sources used 1. Artyukhov AV, Tretyakov N, Yakimenko IV "Definition is Alla and forms clouds in the basis of eigenvectors" // Mathematical morphology. E-the mathematical and biomedical journal. V.9. - Issue 2, 2010. 2. The recognition device forms clouds: the Patent for the invention №2331853, Russia, G01J 3/06. The way to determine an overall score clouds, which receive a grayscale image of the entire sky, which is converted into a binary containing information about closed and open parts of the whole firmament, characterized in that an image of the entire sky get a colour in the visible region of the spectrum and to obtain a binary image brightness of each point of the color image according to the present additive synthesis model of light as:
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