Method of determining increase in thickness of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes |
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IPC classes for russian patent Method of determining increase in thickness of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes (RU 2476912):
         
The method of radiation monitoring of ecosystems by measuring the radioactivity of the snow cover when conducting snow shooting / 2188442
The invention relates to environmental control
 The method of precipitation measurement / 2097798
The invention relates to the field of radar meteorology and may be used to determine the intensity and total precipitation
 Indicator of precipitation / 2097797
The invention relates to meteorological instrumentation and can be used in automatic and remote meteorological stations operational measurement of precipitation intensity
 Automatic raingauge / 2054703
The invention relates to hydrometeorological instrument and is designed to measure the amount of rainfall and the intensity of their loss
 Pluviograph / 2034316
 Method for remote measurement of wind velocity / 2469361
At two points in the atmosphere at given height and at a certain distance from each other, two artificial point-sources of sound are formed, which synchronously emit an acoustic pulse each. These two acoustic pulses are then received at a point lying on the surface of the earth symmetrically about these sound sources. The propagation time of sound from the first and second sources to the reception point is measured and the wind velocity component is calculated from the relationship: Vv-L(t2-t1)/2t1t2sinα, where vv is the wind velocity vector of a collinear line linking the sound sources, L is the distance between the sound sources and the reception point, t1 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the first sound source to the reception point, t2 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the second sound source to the reception point, α is the angle between the vertical which passes through the reception point and the direction of the sound source.
 Method of determining atmospheric characteristics / 2439626
Light pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere from points spaced apart in space. Echo signals are received at transmission points on intersecting probing paths. The intersecting paths pass through from not less than three noncollinear directions. The intersecting paths form two probing regions. The regions are formed by sections between their points of intersection, having a common scattering volume. Echo signals on sections forming the regions are accumulated. Atmospheric characteristics are determined from the echo signals received from intersection points of the paths and the accumulated echo signals. Both probing regions are reduced using design formulas and the procedure is repeated until achieving a given level of coincidence of two successively received results of determining atmospheric characteristics. Atmospheric transparency is found from two coinciding, successively obtained results.
 Night cloud cover sensor / 2436133
Device has an objective lens, a television camera, a frame accumulation and background subtraction unit and a star catalogue storage unit. The sensor also has a television star array generator, a catalogue star array generator, a star identification unit, an atmospheric transparency computing unit and a cloud cover zone generator. Night atmospheric transparency is calculated by identifying the shinning of television and catalogue stars.
 Device for determining characteristics of sea wind waves / 2432589
Device is in form of recording apparatus mounted on a buoy. The recording apparatus is in form of a solid-metal cigar-shaped housing with a mast, fitted with a data transmitting device. There is an extensible anchor device (21) in the lower part of the housing. The housing is also fitted with a stabilising device in form of wings (22). The wings of the stabilising device are linked to the upper part of the housing by hinges (23) and by rubber cushions to the lower part. There are elements for fastening a parachute system (25) in the upper part of the housing. The recording apparatus has a wind parameter measuring device, an atmospheric pressure measuring device with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, a radar angle reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, an information storage unit, a central module with a controller, a wave height and buoy orientation measuring device, a velocity and flow direction sensor, sensors for determining salinity, electroconductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, pH, an oxidation/reduction process controller and a power supply. The power supply has a generator linked to the stabilising device.
 Method of determining atmosphere transparency / 2395106
Probing light pulses are generated in equidirectional collinear directions from operating locations of two transceivers, e.g. lidars which are spaced out in the direction of the packets and displaced from this direction by a distance which does not exceed dimensions of the transceiver. Echo signals are received at transmission points from the scattering volume of the atmosphere and power of these signals is measured. Transparency of the atmosphere, as applied to the section bordered by transmission points, is determined from the power of the said signals using formulas. Also power of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the direction opposite the direction of transmission of probing pulses is measured. Transmission of these pulses from the transceivers is done successively with delay time which exceeds reception duration of the echo signals. In the measurement process, the distance between location points of the transceivers is pre-measured. The measurement procedure is repeated up to a given level of coincidence of results of determining transparency from power of echo signals, as well as from the overall power of echo signals and pre-measurement of the power of radiation scattered by the atmosphere.
 Device for determining characteristics of sea wind-driven waves / 2328757
Device consists of a cylindrical case, a mast with an information transmission device, a device for measuring wind parameters, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure parameters with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, radar angled reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, information storage unit, central module with a controller, a device for measuring the height of the waves and orientation of buoy, a sensor for speed and direction of flow, sensors for determining salinity, electro-conductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, ion content, pH, a controller for oxidation/reduction processes and a power supply source. The floating caisson consists of a separating chamber, dehumifier, a flexible connection pipe, lockable channel and an air inlet. Inside the air inlet pipe, there is a spherical valve. The case of the buoy is made from reinforced plastic. The lower part of the case is made in the form of a metallic base, equipped with a stabilising device. The upper part of the case is made from foam plastic in the form of a cone widening in the upper part at an angle of 30 degrees. At the centre of the cone, a pipe is hermetically sealed, passing through the foam plastic case. On the upper part of the pipe on the cross-beam, there is an air temperature sensor, and on the lower part there is a water temperature sensor. A second air temperature sensor is on the mast inside a protective shield.
 Device laser sensing of the atmosphere / 2120648
Device for determining characteristics of sea wind-driven waves / 2328757
Device consists of a cylindrical case, a mast with an information transmission device, a device for measuring wind parameters, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure parameters with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, radar angled reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, information storage unit, central module with a controller, a device for measuring the height of the waves and orientation of buoy, a sensor for speed and direction of flow, sensors for determining salinity, electro-conductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, ion content, pH, a controller for oxidation/reduction processes and a power supply source. The floating caisson consists of a separating chamber, dehumifier, a flexible connection pipe, lockable channel and an air inlet. Inside the air inlet pipe, there is a spherical valve. The case of the buoy is made from reinforced plastic. The lower part of the case is made in the form of a metallic base, equipped with a stabilising device. The upper part of the case is made from foam plastic in the form of a cone widening in the upper part at an angle of 30 degrees. At the centre of the cone, a pipe is hermetically sealed, passing through the foam plastic case. On the upper part of the pipe on the cross-beam, there is an air temperature sensor, and on the lower part there is a water temperature sensor. A second air temperature sensor is on the mast inside a protective shield.
Method of determining atmosphere transparency / 2395106
Probing light pulses are generated in equidirectional collinear directions from operating locations of two transceivers, e.g. lidars which are spaced out in the direction of the packets and displaced from this direction by a distance which does not exceed dimensions of the transceiver. Echo signals are received at transmission points from the scattering volume of the atmosphere and power of these signals is measured. Transparency of the atmosphere, as applied to the section bordered by transmission points, is determined from the power of the said signals using formulas. Also power of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the direction opposite the direction of transmission of probing pulses is measured. Transmission of these pulses from the transceivers is done successively with delay time which exceeds reception duration of the echo signals. In the measurement process, the distance between location points of the transceivers is pre-measured. The measurement procedure is repeated up to a given level of coincidence of results of determining transparency from power of echo signals, as well as from the overall power of echo signals and pre-measurement of the power of radiation scattered by the atmosphere.
Device for determining characteristics of sea wind waves / 2432589
Device is in form of recording apparatus mounted on a buoy. The recording apparatus is in form of a solid-metal cigar-shaped housing with a mast, fitted with a data transmitting device. There is an extensible anchor device (21) in the lower part of the housing. The housing is also fitted with a stabilising device in form of wings (22). The wings of the stabilising device are linked to the upper part of the housing by hinges (23) and by rubber cushions to the lower part. There are elements for fastening a parachute system (25) in the upper part of the housing. The recording apparatus has a wind parameter measuring device, an atmospheric pressure measuring device with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, a radar angle reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, an information storage unit, a central module with a controller, a wave height and buoy orientation measuring device, a velocity and flow direction sensor, sensors for determining salinity, electroconductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, pH, an oxidation/reduction process controller and a power supply. The power supply has a generator linked to the stabilising device.
Night cloud cover sensor / 2436133
Device has an objective lens, a television camera, a frame accumulation and background subtraction unit and a star catalogue storage unit. The sensor also has a television star array generator, a catalogue star array generator, a star identification unit, an atmospheric transparency computing unit and a cloud cover zone generator. Night atmospheric transparency is calculated by identifying the shinning of television and catalogue stars.
Method of determining atmospheric characteristics / 2439626
Light pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere from points spaced apart in space. Echo signals are received at transmission points on intersecting probing paths. The intersecting paths pass through from not less than three noncollinear directions. The intersecting paths form two probing regions. The regions are formed by sections between their points of intersection, having a common scattering volume. Echo signals on sections forming the regions are accumulated. Atmospheric characteristics are determined from the echo signals received from intersection points of the paths and the accumulated echo signals. Both probing regions are reduced using design formulas and the procedure is repeated until achieving a given level of coincidence of two successively received results of determining atmospheric characteristics. Atmospheric transparency is found from two coinciding, successively obtained results.
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FIELD: physics. SUBSTANCE: wind velocity at the crest (V1) and wind velocity on the slope (V2) are first measured on the leeward side of the avalanche-prone slope during a period which is not prone to avalanches, for example, summer. The distance between measuring points (L) is determined and the wind velocity attenuation coefficient for the given slope (K) is calculated using the formula EFFECT: high accuracy of determining increase in thickness of snow cover. 1 dwg
The invention relates to the field of meteorological and avalanche work for the forced descent of avalanches method of remote control of the growth thickness of the snow in the avalanche-prone slopes. Various instrumental methods of measurement of the increase of the thickness of the snow cover on avalanche slopes with pits, snow rails, cables, etc. In practice, the most often used method, according to which the exercise stratigraphic section of the snow thickness in the pits, founded on representative plots of the slope, then measuring the thickness drop-down on top of him precipitation is judged on the increase in the thickness of the snow layer (Balls V.R. Fight with avalanche danger method precautionary descent of avalanches. - Gidrometeoizdat, 1984, p.40-42). This method is not sufficiently precise and effective, because of safety reasons, the pits lay in places where avalanches are excluded. Finally, the measurement results do not correspond to those that would have occurred in the case of laying the pits directly in the zone of origin of avalanches. The closest to the technical nature of the claimed object is a method for the remote detection of increase in the thickness of the snow cover on the slopes with snow rails (SU 410356 A2, 05.01.1974 - prototype). Sleep is Mernie Reiki represent the beam with divisions to determine the thickness of the snow cover, which are installed at various points on the slope in the autumn. Increase the height of the snow cover on a slope determined by the tick marks on the snow rails using remote monitoring tools. As shown, this method is inefficient due to snow damage reek slipping snow cover, snow avalanches, snehavasthi flows, debris and shock waves from the explosion avalanche of shells fired slope. In bad weather due to poor visibility, snow-rail not visually discernible, laser and ultrasonic sensors are not working, and to control the growth of the thickness of the snow in an avalanche-prone slope is necessary, because the growth may become critical and cause spontaneous avalanches. As a result of this reduced the accuracy of the measurement of the increase of the thickness of the snow in an avalanche-prone slope and, consequently, the accuracy of prediction of the beginning of avalanches, as well as reduced safety and efficiency of avalanche events. The technical result from the use of the claimed method is to improve the accuracy of measurement of the increase of the thickness of the snow in an avalanche-prone slope, improving the accuracy of forecasting the beginning of avalanches, as well as improving the safety and efficiency of the anti-Christ. avannah events. The technical result is achieved by the known method of determining the increase in the thickness of the snow cover on avalanche slopes using the tools of measurement according to the method previously on the leeward part of the avalanche slope determine the attenuation coefficient of the wind speed, which in delavenay period, for example in the summer, synchronously measure the wind speed at two points, slope, one of which is located on the crest and the other on the slope, then determine the distance between the measurement points and find the attenuation coefficient wind speed for a given slope formula
where K is the attenuation coefficient of the wind speed on the leeward part of the avalanche slope, m-1; V1and V2- wind speed, respectively, at a point on the crest of the ridge and on the slope; L is the distance between the measurement points; then in winter mode standard meteorological observations on the program of meteorological stations 2 nd level determines the duration of the storm flow storm and rainfall in a calm zone, corresponding to a wind speed of 6 m/s, and measure the direction and speed of wind on the ridge, and then determine the maximum growth height of the snow on the slope due to rainfall and matulevich sediment p is the formula
where qm- consumption blizzards, kg/(m·s) (determined by reference to the value of the wind speed on the ridge at the height of the vane 10-15 m); Tm- duration storms, c; α is the angle between the wind velocity vector and the line of the ridge, C; ρc- density matulevich sediments (snow), kg/m3; Vg- the average speed of the wind on the ridge for the period of time Tmm/s; 10-3- conversion factor dimensions (millimeters to meters); ρin- the density of water, kg/m3; M - rainfall in a calm zone of the slope, where the wind speed exceeds 6 m/s, in mm water column; β is the angle of the slope, deg. The figure schematically shows the leeward part of the avalanche slope. Position 1 indicates an avalanche slope, position 2 - the crest of the ridge 3, position 4 designated automated apparatus for remote measurement of the direction and speed of wind, placed on the mast 5 at the height of the vane (10-15 m). One of such devices placed on the ridge 2 and the second on a slope of 1. In practice, the method for the remote detection of increase in the thickness of the snow cover on avalanche slopes is as follows. Previously to the leeward part of the avalanche slope 1 determine the attenuation coefficient the velocity of the wind, measuring values of the parameters V1V2and L. Found so the coefficient K for that slope is constant and depends only on orthographic and morphological characteristics of the ridge. The coefficient K can be used in estimating the thickness increase of the snow on the slope on the testimony of only one device, placed on the ridge 2. After determining the attenuation coefficient wind speed K for slope 1 second automatic device, placed on a slope of 1, is removed. Thus, by measuring the average values of wind speed at the point of placement of the devices in the summer and the distance between them, find the attenuation coefficient wind speed for a given slope K in the above formula. After determining the coefficient K in the winter during prolonged snow storm, you can easily determine the maximum increase in thickness of the snow cover in programmewas zone h. It is sufficient to know the average wind speed on the ridge for the period of time Tmthe rainfall in a calm zone of slope M, where the wind speed exceeds 6 m/s, the flow blizzards qm(determined by reference to the value of the wind speed at the crest), and the angle of slope β and the angle between the velocity vector of the wind on the ridge and the line g is EBNA α, which are defined in the standard meteorological observations on the program of meteorological stations in the 2nd category. Then the parameter values substituted in the above formula and determine the increase of the thickness of the snow cover on avalanche slopes for the considered period of time. A specific example of the method. Measurement speed and wind direction, and other parameters necessary for the calculation was performed on the slope of the Aibga within ski resort "Alpika-service" (Krasnodar region). Thus were obtained the following results. By statistically secured a number of measurements of wind speed at two points for this slope was: V1=20 m/s, V2=16 m/s For the data points L=200 m Using the received data found
All measurements in the determination of the coefficient K was carried out in the summer. Then in winter mode standard meteorological observations on the program of meteorological stations 2 nd level were obtained the following parameter values:
Using the received data, find the maximum growth height of the snow on the slope due to drift transfer and precipitation by the formula
The result shows that for the considered period of time Tmthe maximum increase in thickness of the snow cover "h" in programmewas part of the slope was 0,264 m Comparing the obtained result with the maximum allowable value for this avalanche slope, it is possible to judge the state of the snow cover and the need to work on precautionary descent of avalanches. The proposed method in comparison with known methods allows in any weather according to the remote measurement of wind on the ridge to determine the maximum increase in thickness of the snow in an avalanche-prone slope, and thus improve the accuracy of forecasting the beginning of avalanches and related safety and effectiveness of avalanche events. The method is simple to implement and has been tested on the slope of the Aibga within ski resort "Alpika-Ellis" (Krasnodar region). The method for determining the increase in the thickness of the snow cover on avalanche slopes using the tools of measurement, wherein the pre-to the leeward part of the avalanche slope determine the attenuation coefficient of the wind speed, which in delavenay period, for example, in the summer, synchronously measure the wind speed at two points, slope, one of which is located on the crest and the other on the slope, then determine the distance between the measurement points and find the attenuation coefficient wind speed for a given slope, according to the formula
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