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Invention relates to methods of physical properties study, and in particular of the snow cover. Essence of the invention is as follows: method of determination of space-time discontinuity of the snow cover under conditions of its natural occurrence includes preliminary making of the bore to the underlaying surface, determination of the snow thickness stratigraphy, avalanche probe insertion in the snow cover in the direct vicinity of the bore wall, registration of the acoustic emission signal generated during its movement, each snow thickness assignment with the characteristic form and modulating frequency of the acoustic emission signal, further insertion of the avalanche probe in the specified point of the snow cover, and stratigraphy determination in this point by comparison of the registered in it acoustic emission signal with the signal received for the reference bore. |
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Method for remote sounding of non-homogeneous atmosphere Invention relates to meteorology and can be used to determine atmosphere transparency. Essence of the invention is as follows: sending to non-homogeneous atmosphere of light pulses of low duration. Echo signals are received. Correction of echo signals to a geometrical lidar factor is provided. Corrected signals are accumulated during the specified time interval depending on total distance of the section being tested. Light pulses are diverted at least at two points of a sounding route in a backward direction. In order to determine transparency of atmosphere, echo signals of pulses are measured at one and the same point of the sounding route before and after diversion. An atmosphere attenuation coefficient is determined as per received and accumulated echo signals. |
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Method for multi-position determination of optical atmospheric characteristics Short light pulses are emitted into an inhomogeneous atmosphere and echo signals are received. The echo signals are corrected for the lidar geometric factor. The corrected signals are accumulated during a given period of time depending on the overall length of the investigated area. The light pulses are deflected in at least two points of the probing path in directions towards a common scattering volume. Optical thickness of the area enclosed between points where the pulses are deflected is taken into account in order to determine transparency of the atmosphere. |
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System of environmental monitoring of atmospheric air of mining industrial agglomeration System comprises the first (1) and second (5) groups of quick-acting sensors of environmental control of atmosphere condition, a GPS system, a weather station, a mobile exchange, a central dispatcher station (4). Besides, the sensors of the first (1) group for measurement of background concentrations of chemical pollution and levels of physical contamination of atmospheric air are installed at stationary posts. The sensors of the second (5) group for measurement of concentrations of chemical pollution and levels of physical contamination of atmospheric air are installed on pilotless aircrafts (PLA), which fly around the mining agglomeration according to the set program (6). If sensors of the first (1) group detect exceeded norms of pollution, PLA are sent to areas of high pollution with sensors of the second (5) group for more detailed research of the pollution and prediction of the trajectory of its spread, depending on weather parameters. |
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Method of determining cloud amount Invention relates to the field of meteorology and relates to a method of determining the total cloud amount. To determine the total cloud amount the colour half-tone image of the entire dome of the sky is obtained in the visible spectrum area and for all the points of the image the comparison of values of the colour components is carried out. If the value of the blue component is greater than the value of the red and green components, the point is assigned the value of "blue sky". If the value of the blue component is less than the value of red or green component, the point is assigned the value of "non-blue sky". The total cloud amount is defined as the relative number of points of the image, which are assigned the value of "non-blue sky". |
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Method for remote optical probing of weakly scattering atmosphere Light pulses are sent into the atmosphere from points spread in space on crossing probing paths passing in noncollinear directions. Echo signals are received at sending points; light pulses are sent on additional paths, each crossing all previous paths. The total number of paths is not less than five. Characteristics of the atmosphere are determined from the power of said signals using calculation formulae. |
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Method of determining increase in thickness of snow cover on avalanche-prone slopes Wind velocity at the crest (V1) and wind velocity on the slope (V2) are first measured on the leeward side of the avalanche-prone slope during a period which is not prone to avalanches, for example, summer. The distance between measuring points (L) is determined and the wind velocity attenuation coefficient for the given slope (K) is calculated using the formula Further, during winter, in standard weather observation conditions according to a 2nd order weather station program, duration of a snowstorm (Tm), rate of the snowstorm (qm) and the amount of precipitation (M) in the calm belt, corresponding to wind velocity of 6 m/s, are determined. Wind velocity at the crest (Vc), the angle between the wind velocity vector and the crest line (α) and the slope angle (β) are simultaneously determined. The maximum increase in thickness of the snow cover (h) on the slope due to precipitation and snowstorm deposits is then determined using the formula |
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Method for remote measurement of wind velocity At two points in the atmosphere at given height and at a certain distance from each other, two artificial point-sources of sound are formed, which synchronously emit an acoustic pulse each. These two acoustic pulses are then received at a point lying on the surface of the earth symmetrically about these sound sources. The propagation time of sound from the first and second sources to the reception point is measured and the wind velocity component is calculated from the relationship: Vv-L(t2-t1)/2t1t2sinα, where vv is the wind velocity vector of a collinear line linking the sound sources, L is the distance between the sound sources and the reception point, t1 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the first sound source to the reception point, t2 is the propagation time of the sound pulse from the second sound source to the reception point, α is the angle between the vertical which passes through the reception point and the direction of the sound source. |
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Method of determining atmospheric characteristics Light pulses are transmitted into the atmosphere from points spaced apart in space. Echo signals are received at transmission points on intersecting probing paths. The intersecting paths pass through from not less than three noncollinear directions. The intersecting paths form two probing regions. The regions are formed by sections between their points of intersection, having a common scattering volume. Echo signals on sections forming the regions are accumulated. Atmospheric characteristics are determined from the echo signals received from intersection points of the paths and the accumulated echo signals. Both probing regions are reduced using design formulas and the procedure is repeated until achieving a given level of coincidence of two successively received results of determining atmospheric characteristics. Atmospheric transparency is found from two coinciding, successively obtained results. |
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Device has an objective lens, a television camera, a frame accumulation and background subtraction unit and a star catalogue storage unit. The sensor also has a television star array generator, a catalogue star array generator, a star identification unit, an atmospheric transparency computing unit and a cloud cover zone generator. Night atmospheric transparency is calculated by identifying the shinning of television and catalogue stars. |
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Device for determining characteristics of sea wind waves Device is in form of recording apparatus mounted on a buoy. The recording apparatus is in form of a solid-metal cigar-shaped housing with a mast, fitted with a data transmitting device. There is an extensible anchor device (21) in the lower part of the housing. The housing is also fitted with a stabilising device in form of wings (22). The wings of the stabilising device are linked to the upper part of the housing by hinges (23) and by rubber cushions to the lower part. There are elements for fastening a parachute system (25) in the upper part of the housing. The recording apparatus has a wind parameter measuring device, an atmospheric pressure measuring device with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, a radar angle reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, an information storage unit, a central module with a controller, a wave height and buoy orientation measuring device, a velocity and flow direction sensor, sensors for determining salinity, electroconductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, pH, an oxidation/reduction process controller and a power supply. The power supply has a generator linked to the stabilising device. |
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Method of determining atmosphere transparency Probing light pulses are generated in equidirectional collinear directions from operating locations of two transceivers, e.g. lidars which are spaced out in the direction of the packets and displaced from this direction by a distance which does not exceed dimensions of the transceiver. Echo signals are received at transmission points from the scattering volume of the atmosphere and power of these signals is measured. Transparency of the atmosphere, as applied to the section bordered by transmission points, is determined from the power of the said signals using formulas. Also power of the radiation scattered by the atmosphere in the direction opposite the direction of transmission of probing pulses is measured. Transmission of these pulses from the transceivers is done successively with delay time which exceeds reception duration of the echo signals. In the measurement process, the distance between location points of the transceivers is pre-measured. The measurement procedure is repeated up to a given level of coincidence of results of determining transparency from power of echo signals, as well as from the overall power of echo signals and pre-measurement of the power of radiation scattered by the atmosphere. |
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Device for determining characteristics of sea wind-driven waves Device consists of a cylindrical case, a mast with an information transmission device, a device for measuring wind parameters, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure parameters with a baroport, air and water temperature sensors, a beacon light, radar angled reflector, a control module with an optional GPS unit, information storage unit, central module with a controller, a device for measuring the height of the waves and orientation of buoy, a sensor for speed and direction of flow, sensors for determining salinity, electro-conductivity, turbidity, oxygen content, ion content, pH, a controller for oxidation/reduction processes and a power supply source. The floating caisson consists of a separating chamber, dehumifier, a flexible connection pipe, lockable channel and an air inlet. Inside the air inlet pipe, there is a spherical valve. The case of the buoy is made from reinforced plastic. The lower part of the case is made in the form of a metallic base, equipped with a stabilising device. The upper part of the case is made from foam plastic in the form of a cone widening in the upper part at an angle of 30 degrees. At the centre of the cone, a pipe is hermetically sealed, passing through the foam plastic case. On the upper part of the pipe on the cross-beam, there is an air temperature sensor, and on the lower part there is a water temperature sensor. A second air temperature sensor is on the mast inside a protective shield. |
Another patent 2551094.