Procedure for radiation of minerals |
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IPC classes for russian patent Procedure for radiation of minerals (RU 2431003):
 
 Device for irradiating minerals / 2406170
Device for irradiating minerals has a reactor active zone, an irradiation channel, a container and extra slow neutron filter. Inside the container there are slow and resonance neutron filters. The extra slow neutron filter surrounds the container and is fitted in the irradiation zone. A gamma-quanta absorber of the reactor is placed between the container and the active zone of the reactor. A resonance neutron absorber is added to the extra slow neutron filter. The thickness of these absorbers enables to keep temperature inside the container not higher than 200°C during irradiation.
Polarisation method of monocrystal of lithium tantalate / 2382837
Invention relates to industrial production of monocrystals, received from melt by Czochralski method, and can be used during polarisation of ferroelectrics with high temperature Curie, principally lithium tantalate. On monocrystal of lithium tantalate by means of grinding it is formed contact pad, surface of which is perpendicular to optical axis of crystal or at acute angle to it. Monocrystal is located between bottom segmental or laminar platinum electrode and implemented from wire of diametre 0.3-0.6 mm top circular platinum electrode through adjoining to its surfaces interlayers. In the capacity of material of interlayer it is used fine-dispersed (40-100 mcm) powder of crystalline solid solution LiNb1-xTaxO3, where 0.1≤x≤0.8, with bonding alcoholic addition in the form of 94-96% ethyl alcohol at mass ratio of alcohol and powder 1:2.5-3.5. Monocrystal is installed into annealing furnace, it is heated at a rate not more than 70°C/h up to temperature for 20-80°C higher than temperature Curie of monocrystal and through it is passed current by means of feeding on electrodes of polarising voltage. Then monocrystal is cooled in the mode current stabilisation at increasing of voltage rate 1.2-1.5 times up to temperature up to 90-110°C lower than temperature Curie, and following cooling is implemented in the mode of stabilisation of polarising voltage at reduction of current value through monocrystal. At reduction of current value 3.0-4.5 times of its stable value voltage feeding is stopped, after what monocrystal is cooled at a rate of natural cooling-down. Monocrystal cooling up to stop of feeding of polarising voltage is implemented at a rate 15-30°C/h.
 Method of producing mono-crystalline plates of arsenide-indium / 2344211
Invention refers to semi-conductor technology of AIIIBV type compositions. The method is implemented by means of bombarding mono-crystalline plates of arsenide-indium with fast neutrons with following heating, annealing and cooling. The mono-crystalline plates are subject to bombardment with various degree of compensation at density of flow not more, than 1012 cm-2 c-1 till fluence F=(0.5÷5.0)·1015 cm-2 , while annealing is carried out at 850÷900°C during 20 minutes at the rate of heating and cooling 10 deg/min and 5 deg/min correspondingly.
 Method of obtaining minerals and device for its realisation / 2341596
Method of obtaining minerals is realised in neutron reactor flow, minerals being placed in layers between layers of substance or mixture of substances, containing elements, absorbing thermal and resonance neutrons, layers being separated with aluminium interlayer and surrounded with filtering unit from substance or mixture of substances, containing elements, absorbing thermal and resonance neutrons, with cadmium screen, layer thickness and geometrical parameters of unit are calculated in such way that at the moment of exposure to radiation mineral temperature does not exceed 200°C, and "Фб.н./Фт.н." ≥10, where "Фб.н." is density of flow of fast neutrons with energy higher than 1MeV, "Фт.н." - density of thermal neutrons flow. Described is device for mineral irradiation, containing hermetical filtering unit, filled with substance or mixture of substances, containing elements, absorbing thermal and resonance neutrons, with axial hole, in which cadmium screen is placed and also placed is a case open from the bottom for partial filling with heat carrier, operation volume of case is filled with minerals, placed in layers between layers of substance or mixture of substances, containing elements, absorbing thermal and resonance neutrons, layers being separated with aluminium interlayer.
 Diamond working method / 2293148
Method comprises steps of acting upon crystal with electron beam whose integral flux is in range 5 x 1015 - 5 x 1018 electron/cm2; annealing crystal in temperature range 300 - 1900°C and acting with electron beam in condition of electric field having intensity more than 10 V/cm at least upon one local zone of crystal for imparting desired color tone to said zone. Local action of electron beams is realized through protection mask. As irradiation acts in condition of electric field local flaws such as bubbles or micro-inclusions are effectively broken.
Method of cleaning diamond / 2285070
Proposed method includes stage-by-stage treatment of diamond by mixture of acids under action of microwave radiation; at first stage, use is made of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at volume ratio of components of 10:1, respectively; at second stage, volume ratio of mixture of concentrated nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid is 6:2:1, respectively; diamond is treated at temperature not higher than 210°C, pressure of 35 atm as set by loading ratio of autoclave equal to 1:10 at power of oven of microwave radiation of 1200 W; duration of each phase does not exceed 40 min. Proposed method ensures perfect cleaning of diamonds from contamination of mineral and organic nature including bitumen compounds on surface and in cracks of diamond.
Method for treating colored diamonds and brilliants for decolorizing them and releasing stresses / 2281350
Method is realized due to physically acting in closed reaction space upon samples of diamonds and brilliants by means of high pressure and temperature for time period sufficient for enhancing their quality. Pressure acting upon samples is in range 6 - 9 GPa in region of thermodynamic stability. Temperature during physical action upon samples is in range 1700 - 2300°C. Samples are subjected to physical action in medium of graphite powder filling reaction space. Heating till high temperature is realized due to applying AC to samples of diamond or brilliant through graphite powder at specific electric current power from 0.18 kWt/cm3 and more. Then electric power is gradually increased from zero till working value and further it is decreased and increased at least two times for some time interval at each change of electric power. Process of annealing samples is completed by smoothly lowering electric current power till zero. At physical action upon sample electric current intensity is lowered by 11 - 13 % and it is increased by 15 - 17 % for time interval from 8 min and more at each change of electric power. Sample is AC heated and it is cooled at rate no more than 0.05kWt/min per cubic centimeter of reaction volume of chamber.
 Method of shaping high-melting and chemically stable materials / 2252280
Method comprises etching the surface of articles made of high-melting chemically stable materials by applying the layer of an agent interacting the article material and heating the surface by laser pulse irradiating. The surface of the article is simultaneously affected by the laser pulses and vapors of a volatile composition, which is subjected to the pyrolytic decomposition to produce the above mentioned material. The amplitude of the laser pulse should be sufficient to cause the evaporation of the material.
The method of obtaining diamonds fancy red / 2237113
The invention relates to the field of processing (refining) of the diamond to give them a different color colouring and may find application in the jewelry industry
 A method of obtaining a piezoelectric single crystals with polydomain structure for precise positioning devices / 2233354
The invention relates to the field of obtaining single crystals of ferroelectric domain structure formed and can be used when creating and working appliances precise positioning, in particular probe microscopes, as well as during alignment optical systems
Method to produce artistic glased ceramic product (versions) / 2430074
In the method of production of an artistic glased ceramic product, including preparation of ceramic mass, forming, drying, the first baking, application of glasing suspension layer onto the product surface, the second baking, cooling, after application of the glasing suspension layer it is frozen by means of cooling down to the temperature of less than 0°C, then an object is used to act at the surface of the frozen glasing suspension layer, while the object is heated up to the temperature of 100-150°C and has an ornament, to get an imprint, afterwards the dry component of the glasing suspension is removed from the imprint at the temperature below 0°C, the layer is melted at the temperature of more than 0°C. According to the second version, in the method of an artistic glased ceramic product making, including preparation of ceramic mass, forming, drying, application of a glasing suspension layer onto the product surface, baking, cooling, after application of the glasing suspension layer it is frozen by means of cooling down to the temperature below 0°C, then an object is used to act at the surface of the frozen glasing suspension layer, while the object is heated up to the temperature of 100-150°C and has an ornament, to get an imprint, afterwards the dry component of the glasing suspension is removed from the imprint at the temperature below 0°C, the layer is melted at the temperature of more than 0°C.
Method to produce artistic glased ceramic product (versions) / 2430074
In the method of production of an artistic glased ceramic product, including preparation of ceramic mass, forming, drying, the first baking, application of glasing suspension layer onto the product surface, the second baking, cooling, after application of the glasing suspension layer it is frozen by means of cooling down to the temperature of less than 0°C, then an object is used to act at the surface of the frozen glasing suspension layer, while the object is heated up to the temperature of 100-150°C and has an ornament, to get an imprint, afterwards the dry component of the glasing suspension is removed from the imprint at the temperature below 0°C, the layer is melted at the temperature of more than 0°C. According to the second version, in the method of an artistic glased ceramic product making, including preparation of ceramic mass, forming, drying, application of a glasing suspension layer onto the product surface, baking, cooling, after application of the glasing suspension layer it is frozen by means of cooling down to the temperature below 0°C, then an object is used to act at the surface of the frozen glasing suspension layer, while the object is heated up to the temperature of 100-150°C and has an ornament, to get an imprint, afterwards the dry component of the glasing suspension is removed from the imprint at the temperature below 0°C, the layer is melted at the temperature of more than 0°C.
Engobe / 2430073
Engobe contains the following components, wt %: light burnt clay - 58.0-62.0; quartz sand - 8.0-12.0; broken glass - 8.0-12.0; bone ash - 18.0-22.0.
Engobe / 2430072
Engobe contains the following components, wt %: light burnt clay - 56.0-59.0; quartz sand - 14.0-16.0; broken glass - 6.0-8.0; pegmatite - 16.0-18.0; chamotte 3.0-4.0.
Sgraffito plaster / 2430071
Sgraffito plaster contains the following components, wt %: lime paste 25.0-30.0; ground sand-lime brick 62.5-71.5; pigment 1.0-10.0.
Putty / 2430070
Putty contains the following components, wt %: cement 28.0-32.0; water 21.0-23.0; bone glue 0.2-0.3; ground quartz sand 44.4-45.6; superplasticiser C-3 0.8-1.2; gypsum 1.5-2.0.
Putty / 2430069
Putty contains the following components, wt %: cement 28.0-32.0; water 22.0-24.0; quartz dust 40.2-43.8; waterproofing admixture - organosilicon compound - 94 3.0-5.0; superplasticiser C-3 0.8-1.2.
Charge for glase production / 2430039
Charge for glase production contains the following components, wt %: broken window sheet and/or container glass 76-82, kaolin 3-4, soda ash 1-2, zircon 8-11, pegmatite 5-8.
Glase / 2430037
Glase contains the following components, wt %: SiO2 14.0-16.0; CaO 1.0-2.0; K2O 4.0-6.0; BaO 1.0-1.5; Al2O3 4.0-6.0; MgO 4.0-6.0; B2O3 59.15-63.25; PbO 4.0-6.0; Cr2O3 0.05-0.1; Fe2O3 0.05-0.1; Na2O 0.5-1.0; SO3 0.05-0.1; TiO2 0.05-0.1.
Tile glase / 2430036
Tile glase includes the following components, wt parts: clay 5-7, quartz sand 70-74, chalk 5-7, soda ash 5-7, cryolite 9-11.
 Method of producing hydrogen-rich fuel by decomposing methane on catalyst exposed to microwave effects / 2423176
Invention relates to method of hydrogen fuel production. Proposed method differs from known processes in that it uses methane flow, catalyst and heating said catalyst by microwave radiation, feeding methane onto catalyst and control over methane flow and microwave radiation power.
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FIELD: metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: procedure for radiation of minerals in neutron flow of reactor in container consists in screening radiated minerals from heat and resonance neutrons. Composition of material and density of the screen is calculated so, that specific activity of radiated minerals upon completion of radiation and conditioning does not exceed 10 Bq/g. Before radiation contents of natural impurities in radiated minerals can be analysed by the method of neutron activation analysis. Only elements activated with resonance neutrons are chosen from natural impurities of radiated minerals. Tantalum and manganese or scandium and/or iron or chromium are used as elements of the screen. Chromium-nickel steel alloyed with materials chosen from a row tantalum, manganese and scandium are used in material of the screen. EFFECT: increased protection of product from resonance neutrons activating impurities in minerals. 5 cl, 1 tbl
The invention relates primarily to radiation methods of processing minerals to increase their jewelry values. A method of processing minerals and precious stones with the help of accelerated electrons with energies from 3 to 45 MeV with an integral dose of 1·1016up to 1·1018electron/cm2at a temperature of from 80°C to 350°C (DE, N 2910520, CL SW 41/00, 1982). There is a method of changing the color of the minerals in the reactor by the action of neutron and accompanying gamma radiation. The radiation produced by fast neutrons with energy below 0.5 MeV integral with the dose of 5·1018-1·1018neutrons/cm2and when the integral dose of gamma-irradiation 5·106-1·109x-rays at a temperature of not higher than 300°C. as a thermal neutron filter is used cadmium foil (DE, N 2934944, CL SW 41/00, 1982). There is also known a method of irradiation of minerals in the reactor in a stream of fast neutrons with energy below 0.5 MeV integral dose of 5·1015-1·1018and integral dose of gamma radiation 5·105-5·109the x-ray. Thermal neutrons present in the spectrum of the flux of a nuclear reactor, filtered off with cadmium foil (NL, N 172467, CL SW 33/00, 1987). There is also known a method of irradiation of minerals neutron and gamma radiation reactor (SU, N 601855, CL 01J 19/08,1983). The way Zack is udaetsya is what used to optimize the characteristics of the resulting product fast neutrons with an energy of at least 2 MeV with integral threads neutron radiation 5·1015-5·1018neutrons/cm2and integral doses of gamma radiation 5·106-5·109the x-ray. Thermal neutrons partially filtered using a cadmium foil, painting minerals irradiated in this way were stable to light and heat. However, all the above methods require a long decay to eliminate the induced activity. Closest to the claimed is a way to reduce the induced activity of the samples due to thermal and resonance neutrons, which are formed in the working volume due to the slowing down of fast neutrons (EN, N 2104770, CL 01J 19/08, 1998 prototype). The inventive thermal neutrons partially filtered out using a cadmium foil which is wrapped container. The container is filled with a substance or mixture of substances that absorb thermal and resonance neutrons, such as boron, cadmium, boron, indium, cadmium, tantalum, cadmium-indium, etc. and Then place it minerals, and the ratio of proposed substances in the mixture and the density of its container calculated from the condition that at the time of exposure in the container assigned the e flux of fast neutrons to thermal neutron flux was greater than or equal to 10. Also known similar way (EN, N 2341596, CL 01J 19/08, 2007), which also allows to reduce the induced activity of the samples due to thermal and resonance neutrons, due to the slowing down of fast neutrons in the working volume. For this purpose, the method of irradiation of minerals in the neutron flux of the reactor, when thermal neutrons are partially filtered out using a cadmium foil, the proposed tank (or container), which placed irradiated minerals to fill the substance or mixture of substances that absorb thermal and resonance neutrons, such as boron indium, cadmium, tantalum, cadmium-indium, and the relation of these substances in the mixture and the density of its container count so that at the time of irradiation in the container should be maintained condition
where fbnthe flux of fast neutrons with energies above 1 MeV; fthe so-calledthermal neutron flux. Since the materials usually contain activated impurities and their induced activity is proportional to thermal neutron flux, and to obtain a desired color of a mineral is necessary to irradiate them fluence of fast neutrons up to 1018BC/cm2then, when the characteristic value, in a nuclear reactor fast neutrons to thermal ≅1, the minerals in this exposure produces the same fluence of thermal neutrons, which leads to the induced activity ≅1000 Bq/g, which is unacceptable. The irradiated container with minerals has a certain volume, and its shielding absorbing thermal neutrons material such as cadmium as a thermal neutron filter (which is used in the above analogues and prototype), does not provide: the necessary balance between fast and thermal neutrons due to generation of thermal neutrons inside the container due to the slowing down of fast neutrons. Experimentally it was determined the ratio of the flux of fast neutrons to thermal neutron flux inside the container at the time of irradiation, which is eliminating various defects in minerals, improve their coloration. The disadvantage of this solution is insufficient protection products (irradiated minerals) from resonance neutron activating impurities in minerals. Accepted standards of minimum significant specific activity (SUA) in accordance with NRB-99/2009 SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09, in particular, to those present in the composition of irradiated Topaz isotopes TA-182, Sc-46, Mn-54, Cr-51, Fe-59, is 10 Bq/g In the activity levels of individual annual effective dose persons from the personnel and the population would not exceed 10 mSv, and in extreme cases 1 mSv and the collective effective dose of 1 Euro is-SV under all conditions of use. Equivalent dose for the skin shall not exceed 50 mSv/year. While norms of natural radionuclides was assessed when they enter consumer goods from anthropogenic sources (e.g., Ra-226, Po-210) or by their chemical toxicity (for thorium, uranium, and others). If there are multiple nuclides, the sum of the relations activity normalized to their values should not exceed the unit. The objective of the invention is to create a method of irradiation of minerals in the neutron flux of the reactor container, which will be increased protection products (irradiated minerals) from resonance neutron activating impurities in minerals. The problem is solved in that in the method of irradiation jewelry minerals in the neutron flux of the reactor container in the process of irradiation irradiated minerals screens from thermal and resonance neutrons, and the composition of the material and the density of the screen is calculated so that the specific activity of irradiated minerals after exposure and shutter speed does not exceed 10 Bq/g In addition: before irradiation conduct a content analysis of natural impurities in minerals, activated by resonance neutrons, neutron activation analysis; in the composition of the material of the screen enter the elements included in the composition of the natural impurities irradiated minerals, causing up to the t neutrons; - perform screen from a material corresponding to the natural impurities, activated by resonance neutrons; - perform screen of chrome-Nickel steel alloyed with tantalum and/or manganese and/or scandium. An example implementation of the invention is a method of irradiation of minerals in the neutron flux of the reactor container, as described below. If the composition of the mineral is not known, in contrast to, for example, from minerals artificial origin, before irradiation conduct a content analysis of natural impurities by the method of neutron activation analysis and is determined by calculating the level of required locks irradiated material from resonance neutron activating impurities in the mineral, based on the criterion of not exceeding the specific activity of irradiated minerals after exposure and exposure level of 10 Bq/g In the composition of the material of the screen container, placed in a neutron flux of the reactor, it is advisable to introduce elements that are part of the natural impurities irradiated minerals, causing the capture of neutrons of any energy, because all of these elements in the introduction part of the screen will reduce the activity of the mineral after irradiation, However, from experiments with Topaz crystals revealed that the most dangerous from the point of view of the specific activity impurities are tantalum, manganese, Skanda is I, chromium and iron, activated nodeprofile (resonance) neutrons, which leads to the necessity of application of these materials in a container placed in a neutron flux of the reactor. Screen you can perform the whole of the above materials, but actually make the screen of chrome-Nickel steel containing chromium and iron, in this case, it is sufficient to additionally legitamate material of the screen elements from a number of tantalum, manganese and scandium. For TA-181 resonance integral capture of neutrons with energy above 0.5 eV (effective border cadmium cutoff) is 720·10-28m2when the contribution of the section corresponding to the law of 1/v, at just 9.2·10-28m2/Table of physical quantities. The Handbook. Ikkicon. M, Atomizdat, 1991/. Given the relatively high half-life (114.43 d), the specific content of tantalum in the Topaz various fields at the level of 10-5%-10-6% after irradiation of Topaz when fluence neutrons (E≥0.1 MeV) at the level of 1017-1018n/cm2the specific activity of the product only for the isotope TA-182 may be 1000 Bq/g or more. Lower fluence, as shown by the experiments, does not lead to the desired result by changing gem-quality products. When fluence 1018n/cm2(E≥0.1 MeV) specific activity caused for the Wat of fast neutrons by atoms of TA-181, make 1.67·1011Bq/year Thus, when the concentration of TA-181 in Topaz at the level of 10-8activity Topaz after irradiation will be 1,36·103Bq/year / Time of exposure of the product to exit MSW (10 Bq/g), provided that the decay of other radionuclides that are formed upon irradiation of approximately 3 years, from an economic point of view greatly reduces the profitability of this technology leads to a decrease in the rate of turnover and loss of motivation the jewelry industry. The presence of irradiated Topaz and also of radionuclides such as Sc-46, Mn-54, Cr-51, Fe-59, requires, in turn, according to their activity in the final product, because these isotopes have significant half-lives from 27.7 per day for Cr-51 to 312 days for Mn-54. As a result of absorption of neutrons by the nuclei often emitted prompt gamma-rays, so this nuclear reaction is called radiative capture of neutrons and denote it by (n, γ). Radiative neutron capture leads, as a rule, to the formation of radioactive nuclei. In other words, the increase in the number of neutrons in the nucleus per unit makes it unstable. The amount of this radioactive isotope produced in matter by neutron irradiation is directly proportional to the number of stable predecessor. After irradiation register gamma radiation samples, the act is wirowanych neutrons, in a wide energy range, whereupon the resulting gamma-ray spectrum contains information about the contribution of different chemical elements. Since the exposure time is much longer half-life (T1/2):
where σNxthe rate of formation of radioactive nuclei in the sample, f is the neutron flux density (cm-2with-1), σ is the reaction cross section (cm2), Nx- the number of stable isotope of this element in the irradiated sample. After exposure, some time is spent on transportation or the shutter speed to more short-lived decay products of nuclear reactions that interfere with the analysis. As a result of decay of the activity of radionuclides is also reduced in accordance with the expression:
where avydthe activity of the nuclide after exposure; tvydthe time between the end of irradiation and the beginning of the measurement activity. The calculation does not consider the "burnout" of stable nuclei Nxin the sample during irradiation, as "burnout" and slightly noticeable only for isotopes with a large cross section of nuclear reactions and for a longer exposure. Further results for Topaz, which, as the most characteristic natural jewelry mineral, considered the effect of discoloration. A similar result may be obtained for other jewelry minerals, combined with Topaz similar chemical compounds (Topaz - Al2[SiO4](F,OH)2, citrine, amethyst, agate - SiO2, alexandrite - BeAl2O4, Heliodor - Be3Al2Si6O18etc). Experimentally it was found that the increase in fluence of 1017up to 5·1017resulted in a colour change of the samples Topaz from transparent to blue, which increased jewelry value of the mineral is about 2-4 times. A further increase in fluence (up to 1018), although it increased the intensity of the color samples, but at the same time increased their activity, which in turn has increased and the time required for the shutter to exit MSW. In this regard, the samples placed in the container received in the future fluence 6·1017. Due to different content of activated impurities in the samples of the comparison carried out for a sample of 50 samples. The table shows the most typical data for two groups of the sample. The results of the specific activity of the isotope in the sample Bq/g in the numerator after irradiation, in the denominator - after exposure (150 days) In the first mode is not applied the proposed method to reduce the activity of the samples by blocking resonance neutrons, in the second mode of resonance neutrons were blocked by use of the screen of the tantalum foil. As the view is on the table, the samples of the second mode, the activity was reduced approximately 4-40, which reduces the required exposure to a period less than 1 year is acceptable for commercial purposes.
Thereby, the efficiency of the proposed method, which is based on activation analysis and calculations, the material of the screen in addition to materials, effectively shielding against thermal neutrons injected materials having a high absorption cross-section resonance neutrons at energy levels of neutrons, activating impurities having a relatively high content in irradiated mineral (above 10-8%) with significant half-lives resulting from them when irradiated isotopes (over 24 hours). Experimentally in the irradiation process of pilot lots of minerals selects the minimum required neutron fluence, ensure achievement of specified quality jewelry while ensuring an acceptable level of specific activity of the product using a screen according to the proposed invention. 1. The method of irradiation jewelry minerals in the neutron is the Otok reactor container, characterized in that the irradiation process, the irradiated minerals screens from thermal and resonance neutrons, and the composition of the material and the density of the screen is calculated so that the specific activity of irradiated minerals after exposure and shutter speed does not exceed 10 Bq/g 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before irradiation conduct a content analysis of natural impurities in minerals, activated by resonance neutrons, neutron activation analysis. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition of the material of the screen enter the elements included in the composition of the natural impurities irradiated minerals, causing the neutron capture. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the perform screen from a material corresponding to the natural impurities, activated by resonance neutrons. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the perform screen of chrome-Nickel steel alloyed with tantalum, and/or manganese and/or scandium.
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