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Detection method of impurities of titanium alloys of two-phase type with alpha-phase and beta-phase Invention relates to investigation of titanium alloys. The proposed method involves the following stages: (a) a specimen is cut from a part made from the above alloy; (b) the cut surface area of the above specimen near the edge of the above specimen is prepared; with that, the above edge is common to the outer surface of the part so that it can be possible to investigate the above cut surface area; (c) alpha-phase of this area is investigated at more than 5000-time magnification; (d) a decision is taken on whether there is or there is not any granularity in the alpha-phase of the first zone adjacent to the above edge of the specimen; (e) a conclusion is made on existence of contamination of the above alloy with gas if presence of granularity in the alpha-phase of the above adjacent zone is defined, but granularity (grains) is (are) present in the alpha-phase beyond the above adjacent zone. |
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Reagent indicator tube based on chromogenic dispersed silica Filler used is chromogenic ion-exchange dispersed silica with covalently grafted hydrazones or formazans. |
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Device for iron or steel melt parameters measurements or sampling Submersible end of bearing pipe is equipped with metering head with submersible end and circumferential side surface. Said metering head with submersible end is furnished with at least one transducer or inlet for samples chamber arranged inside this device. Note here that said circumferential side surface of bearing pipe or metering head with accommodates inlet extending through intake channel into forechamber arranged inside said pipe or metering head. Forechamber end opposite metering head submersible end has inlet extending into slag sampling chamber arranged inside the device on forechamber side opposite said submersible end. |
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Method of forecasting degree of heat-resistant steel embrittlement Preliminary, levels of grain-boundary phosphorus segregation in check test pieces made from steels of analysed reactor body subjected to long-term temperature effects. Accumulation of segregation at reactor operation termination is defined by extrapolation. Then, pilot specimens of steel with composition and microstructure approximating to those of reactor material are made. Said specimens are subjected to embrittlement annealing at maximum temperature of development of temper brittleness during different time intervals. Brittleness critical temperature shift (Tcr) and segregation level of specimens subjected to annealing is defined. Correlation between said shift and segregation level is defined. Obtained correlation curve and extrapolation of segregation accumulation level are used to define embrittlement degree in planed term of reactor operation. |
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Method for determining strength characteristics and value of grain in metallic materials and alloys At least two workpieces of wedge shape are manufactured, and after they are heated to different temperatures, deformation of each workpiece is performed by means of a longitudinal rolling method starting from a narrow end, and cooling is performed at different cooling rates to provide formation of different strength characteristics and size of grain. Each workpiece is divided at least into two specimens; size grain is determined by metallographic investigations, mechanical characteristics of each specimen are determined by strength tests, and temperatures are determined at performance of deformation and cooling rate. A mathematical model is developed, in which results of experimental investigations and calculations of stress-and-strain state of tested workpieces are combined. |
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Assessment method of resistance of steel items against local corrosion Samples are taken from items; specimens with polished surface are produced; surface of specimens is treated with solution of 3-10% ions of rhodanate during 3-5 hours at pH 8.0-9.0. Then, quantitative analysis of sections damaged and undamaged by corrosion is performed by means of computer functions of the programme for processing of pictures, and corrosion resistance of items is estimated as per fraction of damaged surface. |
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Control method of structural state of hardened low-carbon steels First, a specimen of rectangular shape is made; a bevelled cut is made on the specimen at an angle of 15-25° from lower base to upper one, thus taking specimen length as the base. Then, surface of the bevelled cut of the specimen is ground and an austenisation mode is performed in oxidation atmosphere by etching gas. The specimen is cooled in water or in the air; then, a microslice or a series of microslices is prepared on surface of small base of the specimen, thus grinding the layers parallel to large base of the specimen. Depth of decoration zone is measured by etching gas on microslice by means of a microscope; then, the investigated surface of microslice is etched with alcohol solution of nitric acid till boundaries of austenitic grains are determined; determined boundaries of austenitic grains are studied; depth of selective determination zone of boundaries of austenitic grains is determined, and the defined etching picture is photographed. As per investigation results of microslice surface, structural state of the specimen is evaluated step by step: first, decoration zone of structure by oxidation with etching gas, then, selective etching zone of actual boundaries of austenite grains, and finally, zone of simultaneous detection of boundaries and intra-grain structure of the investigated steel; then, full depth of penetration of etching gas to the investigated material is determined by summing depths of decoration zone with etching gas and zone of selective detection of boundaries of austenite grains at etching of microslice and multiplication of the obtained value by cosine of inclination angle of bevelled cut to the large base. |
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Method of determination of gold and silver content in sulphide ores and products of their processing Proposed method comprises annealing of initial charge, selective leaching and analytical determination of noble metal content in produced solution. Charge annealing is performed in microwave frequency field without access of air at 550-600°C Annealed product is leached in steps by adding successive volumes of thiourea sulphide solution. Content of noble metal in obtained solutions is analytically defined to sum obtained values for determination of noble metal content in initial charge. |
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Method for quantitative determination of cerium in steels and alloys Method includes dissolution of a sample of analysed alloy and separation of cerium from the base of the alloy and macrocomponents. At the same time the base and macrocomponents are separated from cerium by serial deposition and extraction of the alloy base and macrocomponents of the alloy from the solution. Deposition is carried out with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, extraction - with dithizone in chloroform. After separation of the organic phase, the cerium content is detected in water phase with the spectrometric method. |
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Device to collect gases in metal melts and method to measure gas concentration therein Proposed device comprises gas collecting body, immersion end, gas feed line terminating nearby said immersion end, and gas discharge line. Note here that gas collecting body has face side located on immersion end, and side walls. Note here that, at least, part of gas collecting body has gastight layer. Besides, invention covers application of said device for measuring gas content in metal melt. |
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Lyosol based on nano- and microparticles for toxicology tests Lyosol contains 0.5-1 wt % nano- and microparticles of metals and/or metal oxides, 0.6-0.9 wt % sodium chloride, 4.0-4.5 glucose monohydrate and distilled water. |
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Field is created by a magnetic explosion generator based on one circular winding of an exploding wire, through whose centre the ferromagnetic metal fibre is passed, said fibre being stretched by a force close to a breaking force in the absence of a magnetic field. The plane of the winding is strictly orthogonal to the stretched fibre which is protected from the exploding winding by a piece of glass tube. The ends of the stretched ferromagnetic metal fibre are electrically connected to a measuring device, for example, a resonance amplifier or an oscilloscope, which picks up damped electric oscillations arising when the fibre breaks. |
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Method of detecting breakage of ferromagnetic fibre in localised superstrong magnetic field Method employs a magnetic explosion generator to generate a magnetic field based on a coil of explosive wire. A centrally-symmetrically loaded ferromagnetic fibre made from ferromagnetic material, e.g., a thin wire made from rare-earth metals or compounds thereof, which is stretched by the load applied to it, is placed inside the coil. |
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Method of determining noble metals Method of determining noble metals involves drying a sample with grain size 1 mm to constant weight at temperature 105-110°C and using the dried sample for second and subsequent one-off determination of noble metals. An undried sample is used during the first one-off determination, wherein sample material is mixed with a charge mixture, the obtained mixture is molten and the amount of noble metals in the melt is determined. The sample is dried during the first determination and the weight ratio of moisture in the sample is determined. Content of noble metals in the sample is determined using the formula: where Cme is content of noble metals in the sample, g/t, Mme is mass of the noble metal detected in the melt, mg, m1 is the mass of the sample material used in the first determination, g, W is the weight ratio of moisture in the sample. |
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Investigation method of structure of tube steels Invention refers to investigation of structure of high-strength steels. Method involves interaction of tube steel specimen with water solution of sulphosalts, further flushing and drying of specimen and detection of areas of bainite of rack morphology by means of optic microscope. At that, after application to specimen surface of water solution of sulphosalts, there removed is formed film, and bainitic areas are detected by means of polarised light of optic microscope; after that, obtained pictures of specimen are fixed and parameters of the detected bainitic areas of rack morphology are determined. |
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Method involves determination of the sum of the maximum allowable additive (MAA) of a metal/metalloid and background content thereof Cf, where content of heavy metal/metalloid and content of a reference element R in form of Zr and Ti is determined both in the epidedon A and the parent rock C, with subsequent determination of the local background content of heavy metal/metalloid Cf using the expression: Cf=MeC·RA:RC, where: MeC is content of metal/metalloid, RA is content of the reference element in the epidedon A, RC is content of reference element in the parent rock C, after which the local value of the approximate permissible concentration (APC) of heavy metal/metalloid is calculated using the expression: APC*=MAA+Cf. |
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Method for determining content of precious metals in ores and their derivatives Method for determining precious metals in ores and their derivatives involves preparation of mixture from sample of the analysed material with fluxes, lead oxide, silver nitrate or chloride and carbon-bearing reducing agent. Then, mixture is molten at temperature of 1100-1300°C so that slag and lead alloy is obtained in the form of lead bullion. After that, cupellation of lead bullion is performed till silver globule is obtained, and content of precious metals in silver globule is determined with chemical and physical-chemical methods. At that, prior to cupellation to lead bullion there added is tin metal in quantity of 0.4÷1.0% of lead bullion weight, and cupellation is performed at temperature of 880÷930°C. |
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Procedure for determination of gold in ore and concentrates Procedure for determination of gold in ore and concentrate consists in oxidising burning and in successive cinder melting with fluxes, oxide of lead and reducer for production of gold-lead alloy. Further, there is performed cupellation, and gold bead extraction and weighting. Also, oxidising burning is performed with addition of oxide or peroxide of calcium or barium at amount of 110-130 % of stoichiometric required for binding sulphur into sulphate of calcium or barium at temperature 400-700°C during 30-60 minutes. Produced cinder is melted for production of gold-lead alloy. |
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Procedure for detection of actual austenite grain of alloyed steel Procedure consists in electrolytic hydrogenation of sample with its successive destruction. Sample hydrogenation facilitates accumulation of diffusion-active hydrogen along boundaries of actual austenite grains and hydrogen embrittlement of metal which causes its destruction along boundaries of these grains at successive loading. Further quantitative evaluation of dimension of actual austenite grain of alloyed steel is made on base of analysis of brittle inter-crystalline fracture. |
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Procedure consists in acidic decomposition of sample, in separation, drying and melting non-soluble residue with sodium peroxide, in leaching melt produced after melting with 2H hydrochloric acid, in concentrating gold and elements of platinum group (PGE) from united solution of complex forming sorbent and in assay of suspension by method of atomic-absorption spectrometry. Also, acidic decomposition of the sample is performed with mixture of oxalic (2-3 wt %), concentrated sulphuric (10-12 wt %), phosphorus (9-11 wt %) and hydrofluoric (70-80 wt %) acids at ratio weight of sample and weight of acids from 1:5 to 1:10 which is heated to temperature 150°C during 1.5-2 ours at periodic mixing. Further, temperature is gradually raised to 300-350°C, residues of acids are evaporated to production of "wet salts" and produced residue is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid at ratio weight of sample to weight of acid from 1:1.5 to 1:3. Acid is repeatedly evaporated to production of "wet salts" avoiding over-drying produced non-soluble residue of the sample. The latter is successively treated with hydrochloric acid of 2H concentration at temperature as high, as 70°C and water at temperature not below 50°C to transparency of solution, where upon produced solution is centrifuged, supernatant liquid is removed from it, residue of rock sample is dried and burned by stepped heating to temperature 600°C. Produced concentrate of analysed sample of rock is assayed for presence of valuable metals in it. |
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Procedure for assessment of functionality of pipes out of low carbon low alloyed steel Micro-section is made on operating pipeline. A microscope is secured on the pipeline, and there is compared visible picture of the micro-section with references of micro-structure by GOST (State Standard) 8233. There is determined dispersity of laminar and grained pearlite. At granularity of pearlite 35-100 % operational reliability of the pipeline is assessed as stable. |
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Procedure for determination of hydrogen contents in aluminium alloys Procedure consists in sampling liquid metal and in measuring its temperature by means of thermo-couple. Also, at measuring temperature of melt there is performed its thermo-graphic analysis by means of measuring curve of cooling on base of which there plotted the second derivative, peak of which determines contents of hydrogen in aluminium alloys. |
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Method of identification of noble metals in sulfide ores and their processing products Invention relates to analytical chemistry of noble metals (NM), namely to assaying and can be used for indentification of gold and platinum metals (PM) in the sulfide ores and their processing products. The method involves preparation of a mixture from a batch of a sample of the analysed material with sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, lead monoxide, sodium carbonate, silicate glass, sodium tetraborate, calcium oxide, silver nitrate or silver chloride and carbonaceous reducer. The prepared mixture is heat treated at a temperature of 400-600°C for 20-30 min. This is followed by melting of the mixture at 1100-1300°C obtaining slag and lead alloy - lead bullion. After melting the heat products are cooled and separated. After separation the lead bullion is cupeled to obtain a silver or gold-silver globule and identify the content of noble metals in the globule using chemical and physical-chemical methods. |
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Invention relates to metallurgy field. According to the method it is measured quantitative adjectives of chemical elements, entered into the composition of molten metal, and there are introduced substances, correcting elemental composition of smelt metal in required quantity, by measuring result. Additionally measuring of quantitative adjectives of chemical elements, entered into the composition of smelted metal, it is implemented directly into tanks with molten metal, without preliminary extraction from it patterns of smelted metal, by means of immersion of one or more receiver probe into tank with molten metal. Instrumentation is implemented continuously or with time space, comparable or less time of occurring when in use of melting change of atomic composition of molten metal in measuring zone. |
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Present invention pertains to metallurgical study of nonferrous metals, and can be used in express metallographic analysis of magnesium in salt mixtures. Salt mixtures of wastes from magnesium production are premixed in molten state and cooled. The metallographic sample is prepared by polishing its surface. The analysed structure is photographed in scattered light and the image is saved into a computer. Using the computer, the images are processed by counting the number of particles of components of the metallographic sample in a two-phase structure, for which a rectangular region with the largest area of metal particles on the sample is selected on the obtained image. Dark salt and light metallic sections are selected on the structure of the metallographic sample using the computer, and from the light sections, the number of magnesium particles on the area of the metallographic sample is determined. |
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Method of determination of process characteristics effect to stability of overcooled austenite To determine direction and intensity of process characteristics effect to stability of overcooled austenite of low and medium carbon low alloyed steel for specifying modes of plastic and thermo treatment of items this method includes heating of sample in form of bar with length not less than 50-55 mm and with side length in cross section not less than 7-8 mm up to temperature of austenite formation, then this method includes deformation effecting onto sample, successive volume-end tempering, measurement of hardness along length of sample on two ground diametrically opposite surfaces, curve construction and analysis of hardness distribution after various effecting onto sample. Determination of technological characteristics effect onto stability of overcooled austenite is obtained on base of variations of position of hardness distribution curves. |
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Method of determining metal and alloy grain size Method comprises choosing a region on the visible image of grain structure of metal, applying two mutually perpendicular sets of secants, and measuring the lengths of the chords formed by intersecting of the boundaries of the grains by the secants. The grain size is determined from the measurements performed. |
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Method of determining parameters of metal structure Method comprises choosing a region on the visible image of grain structure of metal, applying a set of parallel secants that are arranged at the same distance one from the other and a set of secants perpendicular to then on the region, measuring the lengths of the chords formed by intersecting of secants of both of the sets with the boundaries of the grains, and performing reconstruction of the structure. |
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Method of determining real contents of components in samples Data required for reliable determination of sought contents are suggested to be obtained by way of reproducing attested contents of component in a set of auxiliary samples covering, by attested characteristics, content in a sample being examined and correcting dependencies between estimation of systematic error in analytic result and measured content be performing inter-laboratory experiment using standard samples. |
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Overcooled austenite stability determination method Method is designed for determining influence upon stability of austenite stresses applied to sample, selected modes of hot and warm plastic deformation and cooling rate of articles. Method comprises steps of heating sample of low- and mean-carbon steel till austenite forming temperature; applying to sample load with predetermined sign and value; cooling loaded sample; measuring hardness along length of sample on two ground diametrically opposite surfaces; plotting and analyzing hardness distribution curve; according to changed positions of hardness distribution curves evaluating influence of stress-deformed state upon destruction of overcooled austenite. |
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Method for estimating practical conditions for usage of orderly alloy in radiation environments includes stages: receipt of irradiated state diagram, which reflects connection of far order power to variable R of irradiated state, connected to speed of damage and irradiation temperature, on basis of estimation formula, related to influence of radiation on far order power of orderly alloy, positioned in radiation environments, during usage as parameters of first threshold value, at which far order power begins to decrease substantially during irradiation, of second threshold value, at which far order power practically reaches balance after decrease, and far order power in balanced state, computation of variable R of irradiated state under conditions of irradiation, at which alloy subject to estimation will be used, and finding of value S of far order power, determining of first threshold value, second threshold value and far order power in balanced state for one and the same value R. |
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Method of concentrating and determining chromium and manganese ions in biological substrates Method comprises adding test sample to silica gel preliminarily treated with cetylpyridinium chloride and then with phenylfluorene dissolved in water-ethanol medium. Sample is treated at pH 4-5 in determination of chromium and at pH 7-8 in determination of manganese. In order to calculate content of ions, diffuse reflection values are measured on spectrophotometer at wavelengths 530 and 590 nm, respectively for chromium and manganese. |
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Method of quantitative determination of content of lithium in alloy Proposed method includes determination of initial mass of alloy specimen, heating the alloy specimen under test till separation of free lithium; mass of alloy specimen is determined in inert gas atmosphere; alloy specimen is heated to temperature not below sublimation temperature of pure lithium in vacuum at residual pressure not exceeding 1·10-6 atm; degree of rarefaction in closed space where heating is carried out is checked continuously; abrupt change in angle of inclination of branch of graph of change of specimen mass versus time of extraction of free lithium is indicative of complete distillation of free lithium; quantitative determination of content of free lithium is performed taking into account difference in mass of initial specimen of alloy and mass of specimen recorded at moment of attaining complete extraction of free lithium; specimen of alloy is heated in crucible made from inert refractory material; specimen is loaded into evaporating tube made from inert metal and placed in cavity of evaporating-condensing unit of distillation plant; its inner walls are made from quartz glass. Proposed method may be used for determination of free lithium contained in alloy in chemically unbound state. |
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Method of assay determination of content of gold in ores and in products of their processing Proposed method includes melting of starting material with lead oxide, soda, borax and flour for obtaining lead alloy (crude lead), its cupellation till gold-silver regulus, dissolving of silver in diluted nitric acid and determination of amount of gold by weighing or by any other instrumental method. Melting process is carried out in metal crucibles at temperature of 600-800°C for 10-30 minutes; charge per 10 g of sample contains the following components: 20-50 g of sodium or potassium hydroxide; 2-20 g of borax; 1-10 g of soda; 15-30 g of litharge and 1-3 g of flour. Method is recommended for assay of samples having mass of 10-100 g. |
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Method of determination of content of palladium and platinum in ores Proposed method includes decomposition of ore by hydrofluoric and nitric acids followed by further decomposition by aqua regia, boiling-off to moist salts, dissolving of them in hydrochloric acid and extraction. Determination of content of palladium is carried out in organic phase thus obtained and that of platinum is carried out in hydrochloric acid phase. Extractants used for such determination are s-alkylisothiouronium halides and alcohols of C5-C8 fractions, as well as kerosene, benzene, toluene and xylols used as diluents. Used as s-alkylisothiouronium halides are chlorides, bromides and iodides from C7 to C14 and their fractions. |
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Method of determination of cause of low impact viscosity of low-carbon steels Proposed method consists in finding-out dependence of grain size of microstructure and presence of ferrite net, as wells as marks on bearing faces of tested specimens for products of the same type made from steel of definite quality during analysis of causes of low impact viscosity recommended standards are established for these parameters and dependences thus found are compared with the data of specimens of low (below standard norm) impact viscosity and these data are estimated for compliance with the recommended standards. Dependences thus found are used repeatedly and constantly. |
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Method of a quality control over the test crucible melting The invention is pertaining to nonferrous metallurgy, in particular, to the methods of detection of the noble metals in the mineral raw materials. The technical result of the invention is an increased trustworthiness to the results of the testing crucible melt analysis. The method is conducted in the following way. From the material of the laboratory test sample take out the analytical part of the filler, mix it with the calculated amount of the charge and the mixture is smelt according to the standard method. During the smelt visually control the height of the boiling layer of the melt slag and lead. On completion of the smelt measure the mass of the slag and lead and calculate an admissible height of the boiling layer of the melt according to the following formula:0,9·Hm≥Hc≥[1,9/tg2α/2·(Mш/ρш+Mc/ρc)]1/3, whereHcr - depth of the crucible in meters(m);Hsl - the height of the boiling gas-slag layer, m; α - an angle at the apex of the cone of the inner surface of the crucible, in degrees;Msl, Mla - masses of the slag and mass of the lead alloy accordingly, kg;ρsl, ρla - density of the slag and density of the lead accordingly, kg/m3. If the visual estimation of the height of the boiling layer of the melt exceeds the limits of admissible values, them one may draw a conclusion about the low quality of the testing smelt, make corrections in the composition of the charge and repeat the test analysis. |
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Method of preparing samples for analysis Method comprises sampling initial material, producing and analyzing group samples before assessing representative mass of analytical samples, estimating representative mass of analytical samples, and calculating the value of the coefficient that characterizes the type of gold-bearing material from the formula proposed. |
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Method for determining hardness limit of austenite class steel Method includes subjecting samples of steel to preliminary plastic deformation and on basis of wear test results of pre-deformed samples, graph of change of hardness limit of σ-1 samples is built dependent on their level of pre-deformation. Weighed samples are made with same deformation level and value of magnetic tear force Pmag is determined for each weighed sample. Graph of change of magnetic tear force Pmag is built for samples on basis of their pre-deformation level, graph with adjusting curve in coordinates Pmag - σ-1, setting a connection between Pmag and σ-1 dependent on level of pre-deformation. Hardness limit of σ-1 samples is determined by adjusting curve in coordinates Pmag - σ-1. |
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Method of measuring duration of serviceability of metals Method can be used for estimation of deformation-strength properties due to applying load as well as for determining damages by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. Values of structural-sensitive parameter of crystal lattice of tested material are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis in initial and post-deformation states. Deformation-strength characteristics of metal are determined by calculation from changes in structural-sensitive parameter. Serviceability is judged by comparing really achieved characteristics with admissible ones. Width of X-ray line β is used as structural-sensitive parameters. Strength of deformation P, deformation Δl provided by the deformation and corresponding values of structural-sensitive parameter β are registered during testing. Dependence of true stresses S and structural-sensitive parameter β on degree of relative residual deformation δ are calculated on the basis of P and Δl. Destruction diagram (S-δ½) and linearized diagram (β½-δ½) are built to show inflection points. Deformation-strength characteristics SD and δD corresponding to inflection point at destruction diagram (destruction point D) is taken as criterion of admissible surface strength which provides maximal serviceability of metal. Factor of merit η and factor of destruction Δ can be also taken as criteria of serviceability of metal. |
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Mode of testing railway rails on contact weariness Contact weariness is induced by high-frequency dynamic components of interaction of wheels and rails, which become apparent at moving at high speed. The mode of testing railway rails on contact weariness is in that tested samples of rail steel are rolled by pinch rolls in longitudinal direction until appearance on the surface of the sample of dents and also deep indents. As samples test rails are used. The diameter of a pinch roll is chosen under condition of equality of reduction ratio of linear size of the site of contact of the pinch roll with the rail along the axis of the last in comparison with corresponding size responsible to conditions of exploitation and speed reduction ratio of rolling motion of the pinch roll along exploited rail. |
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Material for production of assay stone Assay stone is made from oxide ceramic comprising BeO-TiO2. Material affords the ability to obtain assay stone of regular geometric form with surface, electrical and mechanical properties meeting the requirement for material used in assaying control. Claimed material in useful in standard determination followed by electrochemical recovery of precision metals from solution after assaying control. |
Another patent 2546456.