Method of determining real contents of components in samples

Method is designed for determining influence upon stability of austenite stresses applied to sample, selected modes of hot and warm plastic deformation and cooling rate of articles. Method comprises steps of heating sample of low- and mean-carbon steel till austenite forming temperature; applying to sample load with predetermined sign and value; cooling loaded sample; measuring hardness along length of sample on two ground diametrically opposite surfaces; plotting and analyzing hardness distribution curve; according to changed positions of hardness distribution curves evaluating influence of stress-deformed state upon destruction of overcooled austenite.

Method for estimating practical conditions for usage of orderly alloy in radiation environments includes stages: receipt of irradiated state diagram, which reflects connection of far order power to variable R of irradiated state, connected to speed of damage and irradiation temperature, on basis of estimation formula, related to influence of radiation on far order power of orderly alloy, positioned in radiation environments, during usage as parameters of first threshold value, at which far order power begins to decrease substantially during irradiation, of second threshold value, at which far order power practically reaches balance after decrease, and far order power in balanced state, computation of variable R of irradiated state under conditions of irradiation, at which alloy subject to estimation will be used, and finding of value S of far order power, determining of first threshold value, second threshold value and far order power in balanced state for one and the same value R.

Method comprises adding test sample to silica gel preliminarily treated with cetylpyridinium chloride and then with phenylfluorene dissolved in water-ethanol medium. Sample is treated at pH 4-5 in determination of chromium and at pH 7-8 in determination of manganese. In order to calculate content of ions, diffuse reflection values are measured on spectrophotometer at wavelengths 530 and 590 nm, respectively for chromium and manganese.

Proposed method includes determination of initial mass of alloy specimen, heating the alloy specimen under test till separation of free lithium; mass of alloy specimen is determined in inert gas atmosphere; alloy specimen is heated to temperature not below sublimation temperature of pure lithium in vacuum at residual pressure not exceeding 1·10^-6 atm; degree of rarefaction in closed space where heating is carried out is checked continuously; abrupt change in angle of inclination of branch of graph of change of specimen mass versus time of extraction of free lithium is indicative of complete distillation of free lithium; quantitative determination of content of free lithium is performed taking into account difference in mass of initial specimen of alloy and mass of specimen recorded at moment of attaining complete extraction of free lithium; specimen of alloy is heated in crucible made from inert refractory material; specimen is loaded into evaporating tube made from inert metal and placed in cavity of evaporating-condensing unit of distillation plant; its inner walls are made from quartz glass. Proposed method may be used for determination of free lithium contained in alloy in chemically unbound state.

Proposed method includes melting of starting material with lead oxide, soda, borax and flour for obtaining lead alloy (crude lead), its cupellation till gold-silver regulus, dissolving of silver in diluted nitric acid and determination of amount of gold by weighing or by any other instrumental method. Melting process is carried out in metal crucibles at temperature of 600-800°C for 10-30 minutes; charge per 10 g of sample contains the following components: 20-50 g of sodium or potassium hydroxide; 2-20 g of borax; 1-10 g of soda; 15-30 g of litharge and 1-3 g of flour. Method is recommended for assay of samples having mass of 10-100 g.

Proposed method includes decomposition of ore by hydrofluoric and nitric acids followed by further decomposition by aqua regia, boiling-off to moist salts, dissolving of them in hydrochloric acid and extraction. Determination of content of palladium is carried out in organic phase thus obtained and that of platinum is carried out in hydrochloric acid phase. Extractants used for such determination are s-alkylisothiouronium halides and alcohols of C₅-C₈ fractions, as well as kerosene, benzene, toluene and xylols used as diluents. Used as s-alkylisothiouronium halides are chlorides, bromides and iodides from C₇ to C₁₄ and their fractions.

Proposed method consists in finding-out dependence of grain size of microstructure and presence of ferrite net, as wells as marks on bearing faces of tested specimens for products of the same type made from steel of definite quality during analysis of causes of low impact viscosity recommended standards are established for these parameters and dependences thus found are compared with the data of specimens of low (below standard norm) impact viscosity and these data are estimated for compliance with the recommended standards. Dependences thus found are used repeatedly and constantly.

The invention is pertaining to nonferrous metallurgy, in particular, to the methods of detection of the noble metals in the mineral raw materials. The technical result of the invention is an increased trustworthiness to the results of the testing crucible melt analysis. The method is conducted in the following way. From the material of the laboratory test sample take out the analytical part of the filler, mix it with the calculated amount of the charge and the mixture is smelt according to the standard method. During the smelt visually control the height of the boiling layer of the melt slag and lead. On completion of the smelt measure the mass of the slag and lead and calculate an admissible height of the boiling layer of the melt according to the following formula:0,9·H_m≥H_c≥[1,9/tg²α/2·(M_ш/ρ_ш+M_c/ρ_c)]^1/3, whereH_cr - depth of the crucible in meters(m);H_sl - the height of the boiling gas-slag layer, m; α - an angle at the apex of the cone of the inner surface of the crucible, in degrees;M_sl, Ml_a - masses of the slag and mass of the lead alloy accordingly, kg;ρ_sl, ρ_la - density of the slag and density of the lead accordingly, kg/m³. If the visual estimation of the height of the boiling layer of the melt exceeds the limits of admissible values, them one may draw a conclusion about the low quality of the testing smelt, make corrections in the composition of the charge and repeat the test analysis.

Method comprises sampling initial material, producing and analyzing group samples before assessing representative mass of analytical samples, estimating representative mass of analytical samples, and calculating the value of the coefficient that characterizes the type of gold-bearing material from the formula proposed.

Method includes subjecting samples of steel to preliminary plastic deformation and on basis of wear test results of pre-deformed samples, graph of change of hardness limit of σ-1 samples is built dependent on their level of pre-deformation. Weighed samples are made with same deformation level and value of magnetic tear force P_mag is determined for each weighed sample. Graph of change of magnetic tear force P_mag is built for samples on basis of their pre-deformation level, graph with adjusting curve in coordinates P_mag - σ-1, setting a connection between P_mag and σ-1 dependent on level of pre-deformation. Hardness limit of σ-1 samples is determined by adjusting curve in coordinates P_mag - σ-1.

Assay stone is made from oxide ceramic comprising BeO-TiO₂. Material affords the ability to obtain assay stone of regular geometric form with surface, electrical and mechanical properties meeting the requirement for material used in assaying control. Claimed material in useful in standard determination followed by electrochemical recovery of precision metals from solution after assaying control.

Contact weariness is induced by high-frequency dynamic components of interaction of wheels and rails, which become apparent at moving at high speed. The mode of testing railway rails on contact weariness is in that tested samples of rail steel are rolled by pinch rolls in longitudinal direction until appearance on the surface of the sample of dents and also deep indents. As samples test rails are used. The diameter of a pinch roll is chosen under condition of equality of reduction ratio of linear size of the site of contact of the pinch roll with the rail along the axis of the last in comparison with corresponding size responsible to conditions of exploitation and speed reduction ratio of rolling motion of the pinch roll along exploited rail.

Method can be used for estimation of deformation-strength properties due to applying load as well as for determining damages by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. Values of structural-sensitive parameter of crystal lattice of tested material are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis in initial and post-deformation states. Deformation-strength characteristics of metal are determined by calculation from changes in structural-sensitive parameter. Serviceability is judged by comparing really achieved characteristics with admissible ones. Width of X-ray line β is used as structural-sensitive parameters. Strength of deformation P, deformation Δl provided by the deformation and corresponding values of structural-sensitive parameter β are registered during testing. Dependence of true stresses S and structural-sensitive parameter β on degree of relative residual deformation δ are calculated on the basis of P and Δl. Destruction diagram (S-δ½) and linearized diagram (β½-δ½) are built to show inflection points. Deformation-strength characteristics S_D and δ_D corresponding to inflection point at destruction diagram (destruction point D) is taken as criterion of admissible surface strength which provides maximal serviceability of metal. Factor of merit η and factor of destruction Δ can be also taken as criteria of serviceability of metal.

Method includes subjecting samples of steel to preliminary plastic deformation and on basis of wear test results of pre-deformed samples, graph of change of hardness limit of σ-1 samples is built dependent on their level of pre-deformation. Weighed samples are made with same deformation level and value of magnetic tear force P_mag is determined for each weighed sample. Graph of change of magnetic tear force P_mag is built for samples on basis of their pre-deformation level, graph with adjusting curve in coordinates P_mag - σ-1, setting a connection between P_mag and σ-1 dependent on level of pre-deformation. Hardness limit of σ-1 samples is determined by adjusting curve in coordinates P_mag - σ-1.

Method comprises sampling initial material, producing and analyzing group samples before assessing representative mass of analytical samples, estimating representative mass of analytical samples, and calculating the value of the coefficient that characterizes the type of gold-bearing material from the formula proposed.

The invention is pertaining to nonferrous metallurgy, in particular, to the methods of detection of the noble metals in the mineral raw materials. The technical result of the invention is an increased trustworthiness to the results of the testing crucible melt analysis. The method is conducted in the following way. From the material of the laboratory test sample take out the analytical part of the filler, mix it with the calculated amount of the charge and the mixture is smelt according to the standard method. During the smelt visually control the height of the boiling layer of the melt slag and lead. On completion of the smelt measure the mass of the slag and lead and calculate an admissible height of the boiling layer of the melt according to the following formula:0,9·H_m≥H_c≥[1,9/tg²α/2·(M_ш/ρ_ш+M_c/ρ_c)]^1/3, whereH_cr - depth of the crucible in meters(m);H_sl - the height of the boiling gas-slag layer, m; α - an angle at the apex of the cone of the inner surface of the crucible, in degrees;M_sl, Ml_a - masses of the slag and mass of the lead alloy accordingly, kg;ρ_sl, ρ_la - density of the slag and density of the lead accordingly, kg/m³. If the visual estimation of the height of the boiling layer of the melt exceeds the limits of admissible values, them one may draw a conclusion about the low quality of the testing smelt, make corrections in the composition of the charge and repeat the test analysis.

Proposed method consists in finding-out dependence of grain size of microstructure and presence of ferrite net, as wells as marks on bearing faces of tested specimens for products of the same type made from steel of definite quality during analysis of causes of low impact viscosity recommended standards are established for these parameters and dependences thus found are compared with the data of specimens of low (below standard norm) impact viscosity and these data are estimated for compliance with the recommended standards. Dependences thus found are used repeatedly and constantly.

Proposed method includes decomposition of ore by hydrofluoric and nitric acids followed by further decomposition by aqua regia, boiling-off to moist salts, dissolving of them in hydrochloric acid and extraction. Determination of content of palladium is carried out in organic phase thus obtained and that of platinum is carried out in hydrochloric acid phase. Extractants used for such determination are s-alkylisothiouronium halides and alcohols of C₅-C₈ fractions, as well as kerosene, benzene, toluene and xylols used as diluents. Used as s-alkylisothiouronium halides are chlorides, bromides and iodides from C₇ to C₁₄ and their fractions.

Proposed method includes melting of starting material with lead oxide, soda, borax and flour for obtaining lead alloy (crude lead), its cupellation till gold-silver regulus, dissolving of silver in diluted nitric acid and determination of amount of gold by weighing or by any other instrumental method. Melting process is carried out in metal crucibles at temperature of 600-800°C for 10-30 minutes; charge per 10 g of sample contains the following components: 20-50 g of sodium or potassium hydroxide; 2-20 g of borax; 1-10 g of soda; 15-30 g of litharge and 1-3 g of flour. Method is recommended for assay of samples having mass of 10-100 g.

Proposed method includes determination of initial mass of alloy specimen, heating the alloy specimen under test till separation of free lithium; mass of alloy specimen is determined in inert gas atmosphere; alloy specimen is heated to temperature not below sublimation temperature of pure lithium in vacuum at residual pressure not exceeding 1·10^-6 atm; degree of rarefaction in closed space where heating is carried out is checked continuously; abrupt change in angle of inclination of branch of graph of change of specimen mass versus time of extraction of free lithium is indicative of complete distillation of free lithium; quantitative determination of content of free lithium is performed taking into account difference in mass of initial specimen of alloy and mass of specimen recorded at moment of attaining complete extraction of free lithium; specimen of alloy is heated in crucible made from inert refractory material; specimen is loaded into evaporating tube made from inert metal and placed in cavity of evaporating-condensing unit of distillation plant; its inner walls are made from quartz glass. Proposed method may be used for determination of free lithium contained in alloy in chemically unbound state.