Method for evaluating practical conditions for using orderly alloy in radiation environments (variants) |
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IPC classes for russian patent Method for evaluating practical conditions for using orderly alloy in radiation environments (variants) (RU 2293308):
                                                  
 Method of concentrating and determining chromium and manganese ions in biological substrates / 2292545
Method comprises adding test sample to silica gel preliminarily treated with cetylpyridinium chloride and then with phenylfluorene dissolved in water-ethanol medium. Sample is treated at pH 4-5 in determination of chromium and at pH 7-8 in determination of manganese. In order to calculate content of ions, diffuse reflection values are measured on spectrophotometer at wavelengths 530 and 590 nm, respectively for chromium and manganese.
 Method of quantitative determination of content of lithium in alloy / 2288289
Proposed method includes determination of initial mass of alloy specimen, heating the alloy specimen under test till separation of free lithium; mass of alloy specimen is determined in inert gas atmosphere; alloy specimen is heated to temperature not below sublimation temperature of pure lithium in vacuum at residual pressure not exceeding 1·10-6 atm; degree of rarefaction in closed space where heating is carried out is checked continuously; abrupt change in angle of inclination of branch of graph of change of specimen mass versus time of extraction of free lithium is indicative of complete distillation of free lithium; quantitative determination of content of free lithium is performed taking into account difference in mass of initial specimen of alloy and mass of specimen recorded at moment of attaining complete extraction of free lithium; specimen of alloy is heated in crucible made from inert refractory material; specimen is loaded into evaporating tube made from inert metal and placed in cavity of evaporating-condensing unit of distillation plant; its inner walls are made from quartz glass. Proposed method may be used for determination of free lithium contained in alloy in chemically unbound state.
Method of assay determination of content of gold in ores and in products of their processing / 2288288
Proposed method includes melting of starting material with lead oxide, soda, borax and flour for obtaining lead alloy (crude lead), its cupellation till gold-silver regulus, dissolving of silver in diluted nitric acid and determination of amount of gold by weighing or by any other instrumental method. Melting process is carried out in metal crucibles at temperature of 600-800°C for 10-30 minutes; charge per 10 g of sample contains the following components: 20-50 g of sodium or potassium hydroxide; 2-20 g of borax; 1-10 g of soda; 15-30 g of litharge and 1-3 g of flour. Method is recommended for assay of samples having mass of 10-100 g.
Method of determination of content of palladium and platinum in ores / 2283356
Proposed method includes decomposition of ore by hydrofluoric and nitric acids followed by further decomposition by aqua regia, boiling-off to moist salts, dissolving of them in hydrochloric acid and extraction. Determination of content of palladium is carried out in organic phase thus obtained and that of platinum is carried out in hydrochloric acid phase. Extractants used for such determination are s-alkylisothiouronium halides and alcohols of C5-C8 fractions, as well as kerosene, benzene, toluene and xylols used as diluents. Used as s-alkylisothiouronium halides are chlorides, bromides and iodides from C7 to C14 and their fractions.
 Method of determination of cause of low impact viscosity of low-carbon steels / 2281975
Proposed method consists in finding-out dependence of grain size of microstructure and presence of ferrite net, as wells as marks on bearing faces of tested specimens for products of the same type made from steel of definite quality during analysis of causes of low impact viscosity recommended standards are established for these parameters and dependences thus found are compared with the data of specimens of low (below standard norm) impact viscosity and these data are estimated for compliance with the recommended standards. Dependences thus found are used repeatedly and constantly.
 Method of a quality control over the test crucible melting / 2272850
The invention is pertaining to nonferrous metallurgy, in particular, to the methods of detection of the noble metals in the mineral raw materials. The technical result of the invention is an increased trustworthiness to the results of the testing crucible melt analysis. The method is conducted in the following way. From the material of the laboratory test sample take out the analytical part of the filler, mix it with the calculated amount of the charge and the mixture is smelt according to the standard method. During the smelt visually control the height of the boiling layer of the melt slag and lead. On completion of the smelt measure the mass of the slag and lead and calculate an admissible height of the boiling layer of the melt according to the following formula:0,9·Hm≥Hc≥[1,9/tg2α/2·(Mш/ρш+Mc/ρc)]1/3, whereHcr - depth of the crucible in meters(m);Hsl - the height of the boiling gas-slag layer, m; α - an angle at the apex of the cone of the inner surface of the crucible, in degrees;Msl, Mla - masses of the slag and mass of the lead alloy accordingly, kg;ρsl, ρla - density of the slag and density of the lead accordingly, kg/m3. If the visual estimation of the height of the boiling layer of the melt exceeds the limits of admissible values, them one may draw a conclusion about the low quality of the testing smelt, make corrections in the composition of the charge and repeat the test analysis.
 Method of preparing samples for analysis / 2267111
Method comprises sampling initial material, producing and analyzing group samples before assessing representative mass of analytical samples, estimating representative mass of analytical samples, and calculating the value of the coefficient that characterizes the type of gold-bearing material from the formula proposed.
 Method for determining hardness limit of austenite class steel / 2265213
Method includes subjecting samples of steel to preliminary plastic deformation and on basis of wear test results of pre-deformed samples, graph of change of hardness limit of σ-1 samples is built dependent on their level of pre-deformation. Weighed samples are made with same deformation level and value of magnetic tear force Pmag is determined for each weighed sample. Graph of change of magnetic tear force Pmag is built for samples on basis of their pre-deformation level, graph with adjusting curve in coordinates Pmag - σ-1, setting a connection between Pmag and σ-1 dependent on level of pre-deformation. Hardness limit of σ-1 samples is determined by adjusting curve in coordinates Pmag - σ-1.
 Method of measuring duration of serviceability of metals / 2261436
Method can be used for estimation of deformation-strength properties due to applying load as well as for determining damages by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. Values of structural-sensitive parameter of crystal lattice of tested material are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis in initial and post-deformation states. Deformation-strength characteristics of metal are determined by calculation from changes in structural-sensitive parameter. Serviceability is judged by comparing really achieved characteristics with admissible ones. Width of X-ray line β is used as structural-sensitive parameters. Strength of deformation P, deformation Δl provided by the deformation and corresponding values of structural-sensitive parameter β are registered during testing. Dependence of true stresses S and structural-sensitive parameter β on degree of relative residual deformation δ are calculated on the basis of P and Δl. Destruction diagram (S-δ½) and linearized diagram (β½-δ½) are built to show inflection points. Deformation-strength characteristics SD and δD corresponding to inflection point at destruction diagram (destruction point D) is taken as criterion of admissible surface strength which provides maximal serviceability of metal. Factor of merit η and factor of destruction Δ can be also taken as criteria of serviceability of metal.
 Mode of testing railway rails on contact weariness / 2253112
Contact weariness is induced by high-frequency dynamic components of interaction of wheels and rails, which become apparent at moving at high speed. The mode of testing railway rails on contact weariness is in that tested samples of rail steel are rolled by pinch rolls in longitudinal direction until appearance on the surface of the sample of dents and also deep indents. As samples test rails are used. The diameter of a pinch roll is chosen under condition of equality of reduction ratio of linear size of the site of contact of the pinch roll with the rail along the axis of the last in comparison with corresponding size responsible to conditions of exploitation and speed reduction ratio of rolling motion of the pinch roll along exploited rail.
 Method of calibrating aid for measuring volume fraction of free gas / 2292040
Mixtures of known volume fraction of free gas are formed in measuring vessel made of same material as working part of pipeline; geometric sizes in cross-section of vessel are also the same as those one for pipeline. Value of direct ionizing radiation r passed through the vessel is measured at measuring vessel for any gas-liquid mixture with known value of volume fraction ϕi, which direct radiation was registered after mixture was radiated by narrow beam of ionizing radiation. After that values of ϕpassedi are calculated, which values correspond to known values ϕi. The relation is received which ties value of volume fraction ϕ of free gas in gas-liquid mixture with value of volume fraction of free gas ϕpassed, which contains in that part of volume of gas-liquid mixture, which was radiated by narrow beam of ionizing radiation. Then within working part of pipeline the value of dissipated radiation r dirdisj is measured for a number of gas-liquid mixtures with unknown volume fraction ϕj of free gas. Value of direct radiation rdirpassedj is measured additionally. Then values of volume fractions ϕdirj of free gas are measured, which free gas contains in that part of volume of gas-liquid mixtures with unknown values of ϕj, which is irradiated by narrow beam of ionizing radiation. Then while using dependence received for measuring vessel before, which dependence ties value ϕ and value ϕdir, numerical values of ϕj are found which values correspond to calculated values ϕdirj. Calibration dependence to be found is determined on the base of measured values r dir passedj and ϕj.
 Aircraft cargoes or transport vehicles checking system / 2291415
Monitoring system includes accelerator, collimator and vertical detection console, all mounted on floor; horizontal detection console supported by means of upper end of collimator. Vertical 7 and horizontal 8 detection consoles are connected one to other and they are arranged at side opposite to accelerator. Collimator 2, vertical 7 and horizontal 8 detection consoles form stable portal like carcass. Under horizontal detection console 8 there is transporting apparatus. Collimator 2 is arranged between transporting apparatus and accelerator 1. Portal like carcass and transporting apparatus form scanning tunnel. Transporting apparatus includes roller conveyers 5,12 and chain conveyer 10. Roller conveyer 5 and roller conveyer 12 are arranged respectively at both ends of chain conveyer 10. Transition roller having no drive is used for providing smooth transition between roller conveyer and chain conveyer.
 Transformer screen / 2290667
In transformer screen radiation transportation channels are made in form of fiber-optic scintillator units composed of portions of filaments, scintillating in various sections of optical spectrum, channels being composed to form a packet in form of truncated cone or truncated pyramid. Filaments are connected serially or in parallel. Lesser end of transformer may be covered by additional layer of phosphor.
 Detector of penetrating radiations / 2290666
In detector of penetrating radiations filament module is made in form of combined luminescent transforming screen, scintillating filaments of which are composed of serially connected sections of various types of scintillating materials, filaments being covered in a layer of phosphor and made in form of truncated cone or truncated straight pyramid. Device contains not less than two optical channels made in form of serially positioned input projection objective with light filter, image amplifier, scaling objective and charge connection device matrix.
 Screen for transforming penetrating radiations / 2290665
In the screen for transforming penetrating radiation, radiation transportation channels are made in form of fiber-optic scintillator units, channels are connected to form a packet in form of truncated cone or truncated pyramid, and transformer screen is made extensive along radiation expansion direction.
 Detector of penetrating radiations / 2290664
In detector, luminescent optically transparent transforming screen is used in form of plate, on the surface of which condenser is located. Radiation registration system contains deflecting mirror and serially positioned inlet projection objective, image amplifier, scaling objective and charge connection device matrix. Transformer screen is made extensive along radiation expansion direction. Plate may be made of luminescent polystyrene or of material, sensitive to roentgen and gamma radiations, or of luminescent polystyrene with admixture of boron. Condenser may be made with three lenses.
 Method of radiography of objects / 2290627
Method comprises using conical beam of neutrons, amplifying extracted light beam, and directing the light beam to the matrix. The luminescence screen-converter is made of a plate whose surface is provided with capacitor or fiber-optic trancated cone, or trancated pyramid.
 Device x-ray inspection of thickness of layers of bimetal band / 2289097
Device can be used for measuring thickness of layers of bimetal band, which band is used in thermometers, thermal controllers. Method can be used in mechanical engineering, power engineering and other branches of industry. Device has digital calculator. Sizes of slots of collimators in radiator and in the second chamber are made in cross-sectional cut within 2-4 mm and in longitudinal cut of (1.1-1.2)d, where d is width of band in cross-sectional cut. Slots are oriented in parallel to each other and they focused with their apertures to the same cross-section of band. Ability of scanning within sector of sign-polar angle of +-α is provided for the second chamber inside plane being formed by normal line of direct radiation flux, which normal line is brought into coincidence with longitudinal axis of symmetry of direct flux, and of longitudinal axis of band, which axis crosses between its layers and which axis crosses longitudinal axis of symmetry of direct flux within angle which closes width of aperture of direct X-ray flux at cross-sectional cut of band, which cross-sectional cut is radiated by direct flux. Output of second chamber is connected with input of digital calculator which has output connected with input of processor.
 Penetrating radiation detector / 2288467
Device has luminescent unit designed as optically transparent transformer-screen shaped as truncated cone or as truncated pyramid collected from luminescent fibers, which axes intersect at penetrating radiation source position. The optical system for recording radiation has deflecting mirror and in series connected input projection objective, image amplifier, zooming objective. Photoreceivers are designed as charge-bound matrix.
 Device for carrying out radiographic and tomographic examination / 2288466
Device has transportation channels being optical fiber scintillators composed from fiber filaments scintillating in various optical spectrum zones. The fibers are collected into truncated cone or truncated pyramid package. Means for placing sample under study is reciprocally movable or rotatable. Means for recording radiation has deflecting mirror and at least two optical channels manufactured as input projection objective having filter, image amplifier, zooming objective and charge-bound matrix.
 Method of high-precision measurement of weights of materials and nuclear balance for the realization / 2244906
Several γ-radiation sources are mounted onto closed frame of balance. Corresponding γ-ray detectors are mounted under the frame. Transporter is placed between detectors and sources. Output voltages U0 and Ui of γ-ray detector are measured at presence and absence of material. Values of U0 and Ui are introduced into data processing unit which is connected γ-ray detector. Speed Vi of transporter-placed transportation tape is measured by means of meter and value of Vi is introduced into data processing unit which is connected with speed meter. Total weight W of materials subject to transportation during specific period of time is calculated from relation
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FIELD: nuclear engineering. SUBSTANCE: method for estimating practical conditions for usage of orderly alloy in radiation environments includes stages: receipt of irradiated state diagram, which reflects connection of far order power to variable R of irradiated state, connected to speed of damage and irradiation temperature, on basis of estimation formula, related to influence of radiation on far order power of orderly alloy, positioned in radiation environments, during usage as parameters of first threshold value, at which far order power begins to decrease substantially during irradiation, of second threshold value, at which far order power practically reaches balance after decrease, and far order power in balanced state, computation of variable R of irradiated state under conditions of irradiation, at which alloy subject to estimation will be used, and finding of value S of far order power, determining of first threshold value, second threshold value and far order power in balanced state for one and the same value R. EFFECT: simplification of method, increased reliability. 2 cl, 1 tbl, 2 dwg, 1 ex
The technical field to which the invention relates. The present invention relates to method of assessment practical conditions for use in radiation environments ordered alloy (in this proposal used the term "alloy" refers to the alloy and the intermetallic compound)having an ordered structure. This method is useful to establish a practical basis for the use of items of equipment or structures made of ordered alloys in environments in which the materials are exposed to radiation having a high energy, for example in the field of nuclear technology, for example in reactors and accelerators and in space technology. The level of technology When using new materials in radiation environments in which radiated corpuscular rays of high energy and expected to cause serious radiation damage, it is necessary to evaluate the suitability of materials for use in these environments and the absence of defects in a long time. Therefore, in the prior art are primarily plan radiation tests, which simulate ambient conditions, carry out experimental studies on irradiation, in which parametrizing many y the I exposure and obtained after irradiation of systematic survey data analyzed to obtain the practical conditions in which the materials can be used for irradiation. However, to perform with high accuracy assessment, which you can use to guarantee a high degree of safety and reliability during use of the materials needed for a long period of time and the high cost of carrying out a huge number of tests and performing sufficient analysis. For example, in the development of materials for nuclear fission reactors, in the study of light water reactors and high temperature gas reactors and the development of materials for fusion reactor; in the case when radiation environments using new materials that are not the result of irradiation, the development of new materials type of zircalloy, Hastelloy XP, austenitic stainless steels, fine-flaked isotropic graphite, etc. requires the development time of about 10 years with the inevitable huge development costs. Therefore, as described in the following articles 1-4 and so on, there are ways in which numerous research institutes in collaboration accumulate a huge amount of data on irradiation by creating a database on the exposed is the materials and use the data analyses. However, under modern conditions such methods has not yet reached the stage at which the data on irradiation could systematically analyze, no decision on the results of the analysis, the evaluation rule or database, from which you can easily get practical conditions for use. Description of radiation damage of materials is very complicated. Radiation damage begins with the shock of high energy particles and consists of instantaneous processes of heating and cooling, and various reaction processes, such as the displacement of the atoms, the formation, growth and diffusion of defects, aggregation and fusion defects, initiation and crack propagation. Although some of these reactions is expressed by mathematical formulas, such as the diffusion equation, for almost all of these reactions require large volumes of high-speed computer processing on the basis of statistical processing using molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo and dynamics of dislocations. For this reason, because currently there is a limit to the computational capacity of computers, it is difficult to analyze the whole picture of radiation damage and systematically to understand radiation damage, even if you use the supercomputer of the last generation. In addition, lack the t estimated by the formula, which gives the opportunity to describe the radiation damage at the evaluation of the characteristics of the material and, consequently, to the present time it is impossible to instantly receive practical conditions under which the material can be used in the irradiation process (practical conditions for use). The problem to be solved in the present invention stems from the fact that for applications in radiation environments of new materials, is represented by an ordered alloys, there is no way of estimating within a short period of time and at a low cost practical conditions for the use of materials under irradiation, and for this reason it is difficult to introduce materials that have no results on irradiation. Article 1: Shuichi Iwata et al., Materials data base for fusion reactors-1, Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol.103 (1982), pp.173-177. Article 2: Hajime Nakajima et al., Present status of data-free-way - Distributed database for advanced nuclear materials Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol.212/215 (1994), pp.1711-1714. Article 3: Mitsutane Fujita et al., Application of the distributed database (data-free-way) on the analysis of mechanical properties in neutron irradiated 316 stainless steel, Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.51/52 (2000), pp.769-774. Article 4: Yoshiyuki Kaji et al., Status of JAERI material performance database (JMPD) and analysis of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) data, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, vol.37 (2000), pp.949-958. Disclosure of inventions According to the present invention a method in which the assumption that the radiation characteristic is due to the formation and annihilation of radiation defects, use the index, which expresses the irradiated condition, on the basis of average receive an evaluation formula that takes into account the effect of radiation environments on record, and on this basis, simply and quickly predict changes in the indicator due to the influence of irradiation and radiation environments. More specifically, according to the present invention, a method of assessment practical conditions for use of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, comprising the following steps: obtaining charts irradiated condition, which expresses the relationship of the degree of long-range order with variable R irradiated condition that is associated with the rate of damage, which can be obtained on the basis of the flux density, and temperature of exposure, based on the evaluation formula related to the effects of radiation irradiated on the state of the alloy in accordance with the ordered alloy structure, using as parameters the first threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order begins to decrease upon irradiation, the second threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order almost reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state; calculating variable R irradiated state in the conditions of exposure under which with the love, subject to assessment, will be used, and finding the value of S degree of long-range order, the corresponding variable R; and finding and comparing the first threshold value Sth1the second threshold value Sth2and the degree of Seqlong-range order in equilibrium with the same value of R, in order to predict the level of damage and the condition of changes in the level of damage and to evaluate the practical conditions for use. In addition, according to the present invention, a method of assessment practical conditions for use of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, comprising the following steps: obtaining charts irradiated condition, which expresses the connection speed damage (flux density) with the inverse temperature exposure, based on the evaluation formula related to the effects of radiation irradiated on the state of the alloy in accordance with the ordered alloy structure, by using as parameters the first threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order begins to decrease upon irradiation, the second threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order almost reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state; calculating the reciprocal rate is the atmospheric temperature exposure of the alloy, subject to assessment, the exposure conditions under which the alloy will be used, and finding the value of S degree of long-range order corresponding to reverse the greatness of the irradiation temperature; and finding and comparing the first threshold value Sth1the second threshold value Sth2and the degree of Seqlong-range order in the equilibrium state at one and the inverse value of the irradiation temperature, to thereby predict the level of damage and the condition of changes in the level of damage and to evaluate the practical conditions for use. In these methods, the evaluation of the comparison carried out respectively between S and value Sth1the value of Sth2and the value of Seqat the same R value or the same to the inverse value of the irradiation temperature (where 0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1) and the quantitative ratio of these values can be estimated as follows: (1) when Sth1<S: alloy which is subject to assessment, is organized and has a low level of damage (degree of long-range order large); (2) when Sth2<S<Sth1: alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process of transition from an ordered state to a disordered state, and the level of damage is strongly fluctuates and has the the tendency toward a rapid rise (degree of long-range order is significantly reduced); (3) when Seq<S<Sth2: alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process almost achieve the disordered state, and the level of damage great, but fluctuates weakly (value less long-range order is small and the degree of long-range order is small); and (4) when S<Seq: alloy which is subject to assessment, is a disordered condition and has a high level of damage (degree of long-range order small). According to the present invention can greatly simplify a large number of experiments on irradiation, which were hitherto been necessary, and simply and quickly get practical conditions for the use of an ordered alloy (alloy-ordered structure) under irradiation, such as temperature irradiation, the rate of damage (flux density) and flow exposure, without having to create a new database irradiation. For this reason, it is possible to significantly reduce the duration of significant radiation tests, studies after irradiation and evaluation of the results of the analysis, long-term implementation of which has until now been necessary, and can radically reduce the cost of testing before irradiation, the cost of testing during irradiation, the cost of testing after exposure, the cost analysis is etc. In the result, you can quickly and effectively stimulate the development of new materials that are resistant to radiation conditions, such as an ordered alloy. Brief description of drawings In the drawings: figure 1 - chart of comparison of degree of long-range order (degree of short-range order) and the values of R for the ordered alloy type B2; and figure 2 - comparison chart speed damage and irradiation temperature for an ordered alloy of type B2. Preferred embodiments of the inventions The present invention uses the evaluation formula based on the transition of order-disorder during irradiation. Atomic substitution, created by the irradiation, causes local structural change in the ordered alloy and the disordering of ordered alloy under irradiation. On the other hand, depending on the irradiation temperature is stimulated by the introduction of radiation defects and stimulates the ordering of an ordered alloy. Irradiated state of the ordered alloy is a process by which such disordering and ordering occur at the same time, and under conditions in which the disordering and ordering are balanced, it is irradiated state is under the strong influence of temperature changes obleceni is, speed damage (flux density) and flow exposure, which constitute the conditions of the radiation environment. As a result, taking into account the degree of long-range order of an ordered alloy as an indicator that expresses the irradiated condition, reflecting the effects of irradiation, analyze the effect of irradiation on the degree of long-range order and receive an evaluation formula that takes into account the effect of irradiation on the far right. The "degree of order", as used in this application, is a physical quantity that expresses the views of atomistic values with the order and magnitude of this procedure in the transition of the order-disorder, and is a parameter that characterizes the phase transition. Using this estimated equation to find the relationship between temperature exposure and the rate of damage, the corresponding threshold value of the exposure, and get the chart for the analysis of irradiated condition. In the case when such a chart for each of the ordered alloy is obtained, the conditions relative to the speed of damage and irradiation temperature, which can be used during irradiation, can easily become apparent. Usually the chart irradiated condition, which expresses the relationship of the degree of long-range order with variable R irradiated with the standing, associated with the rate of damage and temperature of exposure, respectively, received the ordered alloy structure based on the evaluation formula associated with the influence of radiation irradiated on the state of the alloy, by using as parameters the first threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order begins to decrease upon irradiation, the second threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order almost reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state. On the other hand, compute variable R irradiated state in the conditions of exposure under which the alloy is subject to assessment, will be used, and find the value of S degree of long-range order corresponding to the variable R. At the same time find and compare the first threshold value Sth1the second threshold value Sth2and the degree of Seqlong-range order in equilibrium with the same value of R. At the same R value comparison is carried out respectively between S and value Sth1the value of Sth2and the value of Seq(where 0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1), and on the basis of the quantitative relationship of these values can be made the following estimates: (1) when Sth1<S: alloy is ordered in the om condition and has low damage (degree of long-range order is large); (2) when Sth2<S<Sth1: the alloy is in transition from an ordered state to a disordered state, and the level of damage is strongly fluctuates and tends to a rapid increase (degree of long-range order is significantly reduced); (3) when Seq<S<Sth2: the alloy is in the process almost achieve the disordered state, and the level of damage is great, but fluctuates weakly (value less long-range order is small, and the degree of long-range order is small), and (4) when S<Seq: the alloy is in a disordered state and has a high level of damage (degree of long-range order small). Thus predict the level of damage and the condition of changes in the level of damage and assess the practical conditions for use. Example Irradiated condition strongly depends on the irradiation temperature, radiation damage, and rate of damage, which constitute the radiation surrounding conditions. Speed damage in the irradiation conditions in the Japanese reactor for testing materials (JMTR) Japanese research Institute of nuclear energy range from 10-7up to 10-8displacements per atom per second, and the rate of damage in the conditions of exposure in the experimental reactor ' is where the neutrons (JOYO) Japanese design Institute of nuclear cycle range from 10 -6up to 10-8displacements per atom per second. The temperature at which eliminates damage to the ordered alloy irradiated in these test reactors, according to the present invention is obtained by the implementation of the comparison between the conditions of radiation environments and the threshold values on the chart irradiated condition according to the present invention, and irradiated condition can be estimated based on the temperature. Conclusion the evaluation of a formula related to exposure, is as follows. Just for example here illustrates the case of an ordered alloy of type B2, (ordered alloy type CsCl with respect to the composition of the number of atoms And the number of atoms In 1:1, where the atoms a and atoms In the form of a binary alloy), which is typical of an ordered alloy. However, other cases of ordered alloys also can be discussed similarly. The same also applies in the case when the degree of short-range order of the Warren-Cowley or similar is used instead of the degree of long-range order (degree of long-range order of the Bragg-Williams). The degree's long-range order (degree of long-range order of the Bragg-Williams) of an ordered alloy of type B2 under irradiation have been found using S = (the probability that composed sublattice correctly filled constituante atoms) - (ve is aatest, what made sublattice incorrect constituante atoms). That is,
where α and β denote the sublattice α and the sublattice β respectively, in the ordered alloy, and the subscripts a and b denote the atom a and atom, respectively. The rate of change over time, this degree of long-range order is:
where the first term in the right-hand side denotes the rate of disordering, and the last term indicates the speed of ordering. In the present description in formulas the following notation is used: ε: effectiveness of disordering; φ: damage; K: function of temperature;
Zα, Zβ: the coordination number of sublattices α and sublattices β; CV: concentration of vacancies (assumed to be proportional to the rate 1/2 degree of speed, damage); ν: factor frequency; WithAndWithIn: concentration of atoms a and atoms In; E: activation energy for creating ordering jump vacancies; κ: Boltzmann's constant; and T: temperature. The following equation is obtained from the balance conditions of the ordering process and the process of disordering in radiation environments: where two roots are relatively α and β have the form:
(dual sign, you should choose the plus sign or a minus, β<α, 0<β<1, 1<α). The solution is obtained only for S=βwhich satisfies the condition 0≤S<1. However, R=κ/εφ=Seq/(1-Seq)2, (0≤R<∞) where Seqindicates the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state. Therefore, when using R as a parameter, we get the following analytical solution:
Due to the irradiation of degree S long-range order smoothly decreases with increasing time of exposure from the value (S=1) before irradiation and reaches its equilibrium value at a certain time of exposure. The first member β in the equation is the degree of Seqlong-range order in the equilibrium state corresponding to the convergent value at this point in time. The last member is a member of the time-dependent, and reflects the time variation of the degree of long-range order, which is gradually approaching the degree of long-range order in equilibrium with increasing time of exposure. The relationship between the first threshold value Sth1where's degree long-range order begins to decrease in the irradiation process, the second paragraph is Horny value of S th2where the degree of long-range order almost reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the parameter R is given by the following equations, derived from the second differential and the main differential associated with R:
Moreover, the degree of Seqlong-range order in the equilibrium state is given by the following equation:
where: 0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1. On the other hand, the degree σ short-range order of the Warren-Cowley, corresponding to each of the degrees of long-range order, are as follows. The expression for the number of pairs And atoms formed by atoms in a binary alloy with the nearest neighboring atom has the form: NAA=(1/2)N·Z·CA·PAA where PAA: the probability that the atom And the sublattice α and the atoms in sublattice βthat make up the alloy, to form pairs And atoms; Z: coordination number. PAAapproximated in the following form:
However, it is assumed that the nearest neighboring atoms there is no correlation between the pair a-a of atoms, formed by atoms And, within the same sublattice (εAA)=0). The conditions of the calculations related to the summation of members with subscripts of the above equations have the following form:
On the other hand, the relationship with the degree's long-range order is expressed by the following equation:
However, from the relation between the CAndand ν (relative concentration sublattice α) is γ is given by the expression: γ=CAnd(1-ν)/νwhenAnd≤ν γ=1-CAndwhenAnd≥ν From these relations, we get the following equation:
From the condition Zα=Zβ=Z in the case of an ordered alloy of type B2 is obtained the following equation:
By definition, the degree σ1the middle order satisfies the condition:
where Therefore, from σ1=(RAA-CAnd)/SInwe get the following equation:
According to the present invention, the degree of long-range order (degree of short-range order) is calculated by substituting the values of R found from the irradiation conditions, and the degree daling the order in the equilibrium state, and the state of the exposure can be predicted by the value of the degree of long-range order (degree of short-range order). The dependence between the degree of long-range order (degree of short-range order) and the value of R (figure irradiated state) shown in figure 1. Since the R value is a function of speed and damage values of K (R=K/εφ), and the value of K is a function of the temperature T of irradiation, it follows that the value of R becomes a function of speed φ damage and temperature T of irradiation. On the upper half of figure 1 shows depending on R the first threshold value Sth1where the degree of long-range order in the radiation begins to decrease, found from equation (2), the second threshold value Sth2where the degree of long-range order almost reaches equilibrium after reduction, is found from equation (3), the degree of Seqlong-range order in the equilibrium state, which is found from equation (4). On the bottom half of figure 1 shows the degree of short-range order according to equation (5) on the basis of each of the degrees of long-range order. Method of assessment using state diagrams irradiation of figure 1 is as follows. Calculate the value of R on the basis of the specific conditions relating to the new material subject to use, and the value S degree far p is the row, found from equation (1), applied to figure 1. The comparison is carried out between the value of S and value Sth1the value of Sth2and the value of Seqaccordingly, when the same value of R (0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1) and on the basis of the quantitative relationship of these values to make a qualitative assessment as follows: (1) when Sth1<S: brand new material to be used is in an ordered state and has a low level of damage (degree of long-range order large); (2) when Sth2<S<Sth1new material is in transition from an ordered state to a disordered state, and the level of damage is strongly fluctuates and tends to a rapid increase (degree of long-range order is significantly reduced); (3) when Seq<S<Sth2new material is in the process almost achieve the disordered state, and the level of damage great, but fluctuates weakly (value less long-range order is small and the degree of long-range order is small); and (4) when S<Seqnew material is in the disordered state and has a high level of damage (degree of long-range order small). In addition, the degree of short-range order in figure 1 we can estimate the local is the information, for example, the tendency of pairs of dissimilar atoms (σ: a negative value) or pairs of atoms of the same type (σ: positive value) in relation to the nearest neighboring atoms. As shown in figure 1, the curves related to the degree of long-range order and to the extent the middle order, are cool in the vertical direction, and it is assumed that the material in which the degree of order is very close to±1, the deterioration of properties in the process of irradiation is small. In figure 1 the different conditions of irradiation converted into values of R that are simple, and the changes predicted on the degree of order is made visible through the values of R (as a function of values of R), whereby is made possible spatial coverage of the nature of these changes. This makes it easy to compare them with various changes of physical properties, and can be easily found based on them. The table shows the dependencies between the threshold values of the degree of long-range order and the threshold values of the degree of the middle order.
The value of R (R=K/εφ=Seq/(1-Seq)2, (0≤R<∞)) is found by determining the values of Seqand, if the value of R is determined, the value of Sth1and the value of Sth2find from equations (2) and (3), since each of the values of Sth1and Sth2is a function of R. on the other hand, the degree of short-range order is found from the obtained degree of long-range order, using equation (5), and a value of σeqthat is σth1and is σth2get the value of Seqthe values of Sth1and the values of Sth2respectively. The table shows the results obtained in this way. From the table it is evident that in the case when the equilibrium value of the degree of long-range order is approaching, for example, the interval from 0.1 to 0.2 (which corresponds to the condition in which the disordering significantly), the extent to which the degree of order begins the mind is to Tsatsa, Sth1begins to sharply decrease from 0.6, almost coming to equilibrium at 0,39 or approximately it and reaches it at 0.2 (equilibrium value). In addition, when the degree of order begins to decrease from 0.35 or approximate about this, Sth1almost approaching to equilibrium at 0.2 and reaches equilibrium at 0.1. Provided that this degree of order, which starts to decrease, Sth1has large values from 0.9 to 0.8, or approximately so, the decrease in the degree of order can be maintained within the range from 0.8 (equilibrium value: 0.5) to 0.6 (equilibrium value: a little lower than 0.4), even if the degree of order decreases (disordering is not observed). In contrast, if the value of Sth1becomes not more than 0.6 degree of long-range order is sharply reduced, and hence, the disorder becomes visible. In accordance with these changes, the degree of short-range order is obtained by squaring the degree of long-range order, multiplying this value by a factor of and changes to reverse the sign of the value. Therefore, when the equilibrium value of the degree of long-range order close to the interval from 0.1 to 0.2, it is found equilibrium value of the short-range order from 0.01 to -0,04, and it becomes a value that almost approaches zero (once poryadocinii). On the other hand, in the case when the equilibrium value of the long-range order close to the interval from 0.9 to 0.8, the equilibrium value of the short-range order is between-0.8 and of-0.6, and this suggests that the ordering of the middle order (the ordering of pairs of dissimilar atoms) occurs precisely at the atomic level. As for the differences between the degree of long-range order and degree of short-range order, the amount by which the degree of order decreases, more if the degree of short-range order than in the case of the degree of long-range order, and this suggests that, even when the reduction of size of order at the level of long-range order is small in the case of the degree of long-range order can be the case when the decrease in the degree of short-range order occurs at a larger value when considered in the framework of changes in the degree of short-range order at the atomic level. The degree of short-range order is the degree of order within the range of the atomic level of the first neighboring atom, the second neighboring atom and third neighboring atoms, that is, within the nearest atom, a nearest-neighbor atom, the second toward the nearest atom and the nearest neighboring atom, next toward the next adjacent atom (the table shows only the cases between the nearest neighboring atoms). In opposite to the th this degree of long-range order corresponds to the degree of order within a relatively large range, from several to tens of crystal lattices, and not at the atomic level. The dependence shown in equation (5)exists between the two degrees of order. From equation (5) the degree of short-range order obtained by multiplying the square of the degree of long-range order on a constant and changes to reverse the sign of the value. For example only, when the degree of long-range order is close to 1, the degree of short-range order is approaching -1 (a pair of dissimilar atoms). Between the degree of short-range order and degree of long-range order exists the following relationship. The closer the degree of long-range order to the value 1, the more the value of the order, while the closer it is to 0, the higher the magnitude of the disorder. With regard to the degree of short-range order ordering dissimilar atoms occurs when the value is close to -1, and the ordering of the atoms of the same kind occurs when a value close to+1, whereas the disordering occurs when the value is closer to 0. If we consider the actual process of formation of radiation damage, the first radiation damage occurs to the extent that high energy particles (neutrons, ions, electrons etc) face material, whereby radiation defects formed thin level degree b is inego order), then these radiation defects grow and coalesce, forming large aggregates of defects (the degree of long-range order), and finally, lead to cracks and damage. The degree of short-range order is more than supporting the evaluation material and necessary for carrying out assessments on a subtle level at the initial stage of the process damage. In real cases, after assessment of the condition of the injury of the whole sample using the degree of long-range order check the status of the local damage with the degree of short-range order. In this sense, it is appropriate to assume that the degree of short-range order is used when carrying out evaluations of "advanced"and not "help". The relationship between the temperature T and velocity damage (the speed at which the injury occurs) φ is given by the following equation:
The dependence between the rate of damage (the speed at which the injury occurs) and the temperature in the case when the degree of long-range order reaches equilibrium has the following form:
where Teqindicates the temperature at which the degree of short-range order reaches equilibrium. Similarly we obtain the following equations:
where the values of Tth1 and T th2and values φth1and φth2respectively denote the threshold values of the temperature and the threshold values of the velocity injuries related to the degree of long-range order. Figure 2 shows how to perform assessments directly from the irradiation conditions, and shows the relationship between the logarithmic rate of corruption, which exists in the real irradiation conditions, and the reciprocal of the temperature. Because we use the same equations as for figure 1, the degree's long-range order is the only way, and the method of figure 1 and method 2 are equivalent to each other when calculating the value of S. Although the degree of short-range order, as shown in figure 1, not shown in figure 2, if necessary, a similar diagram in the drawing is obtained by the image extent of the middle order, was found using equation (5). Figure 2 is convenient because the value of S can be estimated directly from the actual irradiation conditions without calculating the value of R. In this case, the prediction of changes in the value of S is required to perform work on the decryption and the like and it is not easy to make a comparison with figure 1, since the spatial image related to the prediction of the value of S, is not directly and also use a logarithmic scale. what, however, estimates can be easily carried out by a specialist in the processing of graphic materials similar to the chart, and decryption. Incidentally, there is a tendency of displacement of the straight lines in figure 2 down and to the left, when the damage is eliminated, and the trend is offset up and to the right when the damage occurs. Illustrative example The applicant has performed a study on neutron irradiation of TiNi alloy, which is an ordered alloy of type B2, in the Japanese reactor for testing materials (JMTR) Japanese research Institute of nuclear energy. From the results of the study revealed that in case of changes in the degree of long-range order is evaluated according to changes in the magnitude of the fall transition temperature found on the basis of measurement of electrical resistance, reducing the degree of long-range order under neutron irradiation can be stopped by holding the irradiation temperature above 520 K, and thereby significantly reduced the degradation under irradiation, and that the method of the present invention is also confirmed experimentally. In accordance with the present invention, which uses a chart irradiated condition according to the invention, it is possible to significantly reduce the excessive length of trials irradiation, studies after irradiation and analysis of the estimated long run which up to this time is was mandatory, and simply and quickly get practical conditions for the ordered alloy under irradiation. In accordance with the present invention in the development of new materials, which usually requires the development phases with a duration of not less than 10 years, you can reduce the time to no more than a few years, i.e. until no more than 1/3 of the time required until the present time, and the applicant may hope that the development of materials that resist radiation environments can be inexpensive. 1. Method of assessment practical conditions for use of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, comprising the following steps: obtaining charts irradiated condition, which expresses the relationship of the degree of long-range order with variable R irradiated condition that is associated with the rate of damage and temperature exposure, based on the evaluation formula related to the influence of irradiation on the degree of long-range order of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, using as parameters the first threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order begins to significantly decrease upon irradiation, the second threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order is essentially reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state, Vychisl the s variable R irradiated state in the conditions of irradiation, when the alloy is subject to assessment, will be used, and finding the value of S degree of long-range order corresponding to the variable R, and finding and comparing the first threshold value Sth1the second threshold value Sth2and the degree of Seqlong-range order in equilibrium with the same value of R, in order to predict the level of damage and the condition of changes in the level of damage and to evaluate the practical conditions for use. 2. Method of assessment practical conditions for use of an ordered alloy in radiation environments according to claim 1, in which the comparison is carried out respectively between S and value Sth1the value of Sth2and the value of Seqwhen a single value of R, where 0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1, and the quantitative ratio of these values make the assessment as follows: when Sth1<S, which indicates a greater degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is organized and has a low level of damage; when Sth2<S<Sth1that indicates a significant decrease in the degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process of transition from an ordered state to a disordered state, and the level of damage badly fluctuate the t and has a tendency to a rapid increase; when Seq<S<Sth2that indicates a small value of reduction of the degree of long-range order and a small degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process essentially achieve the disordered state, and the level of damage great, but fluctuates weakly; and when S<Seqthat indicates a small degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is a disordered condition and has a high level of damage. 3. Method of assessment practical conditions for use of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, comprising the following steps: obtaining charts irradiated condition, which expresses the connection speed damage with an inverse value of the irradiation temperature on the basis of the evaluation of a formula related to the influence of irradiation on the degree of long-range order of an ordered alloy in radiation environments, by using as parameters the first threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order begins to significantly decrease upon irradiation, the second threshold value, at which the degree of long-range order is essentially reaches equilibrium after reduction, and the degree of long-range order in the equilibrium state; calculating the reciprocal of the irradiation temperature of the alloy, beside Amigo assessment the irradiation conditions under which the alloy will be used, and finding the value of S degree of long-range order corresponding to reverse the greatness of the irradiation temperature; and finding and comparing the first threshold value Sth1the second threshold value Sth2and the degree of Seqlong-range order in the equilibrium state at one and the inverse value of the irradiation temperature, to thereby predict the level of damage and the condition of changes in the level of damage and to evaluate the practical conditions for use. 4. The method according to claim 3, in which the comparison is carried out respectively between S and value Sth1the value of Sth2and the value of Seqat the same inverse temperature exposure, where 0≤Seq<Sth2<Sth1<1, and the quantitative ratio of these values make the assessment as follows: when Sth1<S, which indicates a greater degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is organized and has a low level of damage; when Sth2<S<Sth1that indicates a significant decrease in the degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process of transition from an ordered state to a disordered state, and the level of damage is strongly fluctuates and has the tendency to a rapid increase; when Seq<S<Sth2that indicates a small value of reduction of the degree of long-range order and a small degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is in the process essentially achieve the disordered state, and the level of damage great, but fluctuates weakly; and when S<Seqthat indicates a small degree of long-range order, the alloy which is subject to assessment, is a disordered condition and has a high level of damage.
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