Apparatus for imaging microwave electric fields in space. RU patent 2504801.
 Method for visual-optical control of atmospheric laser scanning / 2489732Method involves illuminating the atmosphere with laser radiation, receiving the reflected radiation and using a computing system. Three-dimensional scanning of the atmosphere is carried out using a controlled scanning laser. Flying objects or turbulent currents caused by flying objects deflect beams of a coherent light source in space during thermal turbulent currents with emission of fuel into the atmosphere. Deflection of the beam of the laser light source is controlled by a telemetering device. |
 Stereoscopic method of measuring distance and ship range- and direction-finder / 2468336Method comprises the following steps: guiding the observation axis onto an object; obtaining images of the object on measurement planes, the measurement planes being orthogonal to the optical axes from the centres of two identical optical devices spaced apart on a known base; taking measurements on the planes through points of projections of the optical axes of the measurement axes of coordinates parallel to the base; measuring positions of boundary points of images of the object from the centres of projections of optical axes; calculating the distance to the object using the size of the base as a component part of the reference parameter, wherein the size of the base and the distance from the centres of optical devices to the measurement planes are controlled. Calculations are carried out using, as a reference parameter, the product of the length of the base and the distance from the centres of optical devices to the measurement planes. |
 Laser location method / 2464590Laser location method involves irradiating the determined tangible object with laser radiation whose frequency varies according to a saw-tooth law. The laser radiation is split into three pairs of components and each component is converted from direct to scattered by passing through a diaphragm. All diaphragm pairs are arranged such that they are in one plane and such that optical paths of the laser radiation from the laser to each diaphragm pair are identical. The determined object, on which there is a laser radiation receiver, is successively irradiated with scattered laser radiation from each diaphragm pair. The receiver picks up the resultant signal of laser radiation from each diaphragm pair and converts it to an electrical signal. The electrical signal arising from laser radiation scattered successively from each diaphragm pair in one plane is processed and analysed. Versions of all possible locations of the tangible object in space, which are hyperboloid surface, are determined from the results of analysing and processing signals from each diaphragm pair. The actual position of the tangible object in space is determined from the point of intersection of three hyperbolic surfaces. |
 Method of detecting diffusively reflected or diffusively scattered laser radiation / 2458361Method involves passing optical radiation which is reflected from a surface or scattered through an optical system. Said radiation is the directed from the output of the optical system to a photoelectric receiver. The photoelectric receiver is outside the focal plane of the optical system. A beam of reflected or scattered optical radiation is scanned relative the photoelectric receiver. The signal from the photoelectric receiver is transmitted to a processing unit and presence of minimum or maximum signals from separate elements of the photoelectric receiver is determined from presence of coherent radiation in the analysed beam. |
 Laser location method / 2454680Method involves irradiating the determined object with laser radiation, receiving the laser radiation with a receiver, converting the laser radiation to an electrical signal, processing and analysing the electrical signal and determining the location of the object based on the results. When irradiating a tangible object with laser radiation, the frequency of the laser radiation is varied according to the saw-tooth law. The laser radiation is split into two pairs of components and each component is converted from direct to scattered by passing through a diaphragm. All diaphragms are placed in one plane so that the optical paths of the laser radiation from the laser to each of the pairs of diaphragms are the same. The determined object is irradiated with scattered radiation from each pair of diaphragms successively. A receiver is placed on the determined object and the composite signal of the scattered laser radiation from each pair of diaphragms is received. Said signal is converted to an electrical signal which is then processed and analysed. Two curves of all possible locations of the object on the plane are determined based on the results of analysing the processed signal from each pair. The real location of the object on the plane, which passes through the object and the diaphragm, is determined from the point of intersection of the curves. |
 Perimetre and territory security system / 2447459Television monitoring system includes at least one remote television camera, having an optical system and a radiation detector. Electromagnetic radiation retroreflectors are placed along the secured zone. The retroreflectors are placed in the field of vision of the television camera such that an intruder moving in the secured zone crosses at least one radiation beam. The beam pattern of the electromagnetic radiation source covers all retroreflectors. The electromagnetic radiation source lies with respect to the television camera such that the condition s<(Dpr+Di)/2+Dr+βR, is satisfied, where s is the distance between optical axes of the television camera and the electromagnetic radiation source, Dpr is the diameter of the entrance pupil of the optical system of the television camera, Di is the diameter of the exit pupil of the optical system of the electromagnetic radiation source, Dr is the clear aperture of retroreflector, β is the angular spread of the beam reflected by the retroreflector in the direction of the axis of the television camera, R is the range to the retroreflector. |
 Coordinate-sensitive photodetector / 2444761Photodetector has four rectangular photocells lying equidistant from two intersecting coordinate axes. Outputs of two subtractors are the outputs of the coordinate-sensitive photodetector. Inputs of four more subtractors are connected to inputs of photocells lying on one side of each coordinate axis. Photocells lying on the diagonal to the coordinate axes are connected to like inputs of four subtractors. Inputs of the first two subtractors are connected to outputs of subtractors connected to pairs of photocells lying on different sides of the coordinate axes. |
 Device for single-position measurement of direction of electro-optical apparatus / 2444028Device has the following, connected in series and lying on the path of the received optical radiation: a mixing plate and a photodetector with a shaping optical system. The output of the photodetector is connected to the first input of the signal processing unit of the photodetector, the output of which is the output of the device. The following are connected in series on the path of the reference optical radiation: a heterodyne, a heterodyne signal phase front control unit and a mixing plate. The unit for generating heterodyne signal phase front parameters is connected by its first output to the input of the heterodyne signal phase front control unit, and by the second output to the second input of the photodetector signal processing unit. The optical output of the mixing plate is connected on the heterodyne radiation path to the optical input of a controlled reflecting plate. The third output of the unit for generating heterodyne signal phase front parameters is connected to the input of the reflecting plate control unit, the output of which is connected to the input of the controlled reflecting plate. |
 The method of operation / 2442188Method includes the launch of the controlled object, directing of sounding optical path to the reflector, receipt of the optical path from the object, localization of the object and control commands formation; the reflector is mounted on the object and executed in the shape of a triple prism or flat mirror located within the focus of the additionally applied lenses system; the receipt of the optical path is performed by the optical receiver; the object is localized by the reflected sounding optical path; the spatial location of the reflector including its distance from the optical path formation unit and the distance from the optical receiver is defined by application of modeling sounding optical path. |
 Method of identifying object with image frame construction / 2430418In the method, object search zones are predefined. The image is converted to a set of signals which is a matrix of signals. The signals are discretised and extended signals are picked up. The search zone is first formed using adjoining windows. The centre of each window is the pint on the perimetre of the adjoining window. Boundary points of the determined object are estimated using a luminance difference criterion function. An object of arbitrary shape is constructed between boundary points around the central point, as well as a strobe around that object. Dimensions of the formed object are constrained by dimensions of the strobe on the horizontal and (or) vertical coordinate. |
 Method for detection of sources of laser radiation and counteraction of their receiving systems / 2248587The device has a frequency-pulse laser with an objective lens secured on platforms rotating about the vertical axis, detection unit consisting of two detection sensors, and a control unit having k-flip-flops of the first and second detection sensors, k-AND gates of the first and second detection sensors, two NO gates two OR gates, two coding units, two permanent storage units, master oscillator, two arithmetic-logical devices, initial data input unit, azimuth computing unit, elevation angle computing unit and a laser radiation source height computing unit. |
 Method of detecting objects / 2250478Method comprises subtracting reference and current images, breaking the image series to be processed into fragments, and converting the characteristic features of the images into signals. The signals from one of the images are recorded as reference ones and are compared, e.g., by subtracting, with corresponding current signals, and, after the threshold processing, the difference signals obtained are converted into the binary signals for control of spatial filtration . As a result, the fragments of the current image, for which the control signals exceed the threshold, are transmitted, whereas the fragments, for which the signals are equal or less than the threshold value, are suppressed. |
 Method for one-positional measurement of laser emission source coordinates and device for realization of said method / 2269795In known method for one-positional measurement of angular coordinates of laser emission source, based on use of scanning optical systems and determination of angular coordinate of laser emission source on basis of angular position of scanning system at the moment when maximum value of useful signal is achieved, scanning of vicinity in selected observation sector is performed due to alternation of heterodyne signal phase front position, and angular coordinate of laser emission source is determined on basis of its angular position at the moment when maximum value of useful signal is achieved. Device for realization of method consists of photo-detector mounted on rotary platform with forming optics and of semi-transparent, held, mounted at an angle of 45° to optical axis, plate, block for processing signal at output of photo-detector, heterodyne, and also of serially connected block for forming parameters of phase front of heterodyne signal and block for controlling phase front of heterodyne signal, while second output of block for forming parameters of phase front of heterodyne signal is connected to second output of signal processing block, second input of block for controlling phase front of heterodyne is connected to output of heterodyne, and output - to second input of photo-detector. |
 Method for detecting optical and optical-electronic surveillance means and device for realization of said method / 2278399Method includes simultaneously receiving signals of natural background radiation in spectral range of reflected laser radiation, and receiving continuous optical signals in spectral range of natural background radiation from observed volume of space, after transformation of received optical signals to video signal from first video signal, appropriate for reflected laser radiation, video signal is subtracted element-wise, appropriate for optical signal of natural background radiation in spectral range of reflected laser radiation, threshold selection of difference video signal is performed, and from the number of video signals, exceeding the threshold, video signals are selected, appropriate for code-pulse modulation of laser radiation and if such signals are present, alarm signal is generated, simultaneously from difference video signal, exceeding the threshold, and video signal, appropriate for continuous optical signal in spectral range of natural background radiation with consideration of parallax, and after transformation of composite video signal to optical image, position of detected optical means is fixed relatively to characteristic objects on the map of local area. |
 Method for determining direction to source of optical radiation on basis of component, dissipated in atmosphere, and device for realization of said method / 2285275In accordance to method, second optical-electronic coordinator with matrix photo-receivers is additionally installed, field flatness of which is perpendicular to field plane of first optical-electronic coordinator, coordinate alignment of photo-elements of first optical-electronic coordinator is performed in coordinate plane x0z and of photo-elements of second optical-electronic coordinator in coordinate plane y0z, determining of angular coordinates of optical radiation source on basis of formulae where ε, β - tilt angle and azimuth of optical radiation source; d - distance between upper and lower lines of photo-elements of optical-electronic coordinator; Δx=x1B-x1H, Δy=y2B-y2H; x1B and x1H - coordinates of upper and lower photo-elements of lines of first coordinator, signal at output of which has maximal value; y2B and y2H - coordinates of upper and lower photo-elements of lines of seconds coordinator, signal at output of which has maximal value. Device for realization of method consists of first and second optical-electronic coordinators with matrix photo-receivers, first and second subtraction blocks, first and second square-law generators, first and second dividers, adder, square root extractor block, first and second arctg calculation blocks, outputs of which are outputs of device, while first and second outputs of optical-electronic coordinator are connected respectively to first and second inputs of first subtraction block, first output of which is connected to input of first square-law generator, second output - to first input of first divider, first and second outputs of second optical-electronic coordinator are connected respectively to first and second inputs of second subtraction block, first output of which is connected to input of second square-law generator, second output - to second input of first divider, output of first divider is connected to input of first arctg calculation block, outputs of first and second square-law generators are connected to appropriate inputs of adder, while output of adder is connected to input of square root extractor block, output of which is connected to first input of second divider, onto second input of which value d is fed, output of divider is connected to input of output arctg calculation block. |
 Instrument for daytime and night observation and aiming / 2310219The instrument has a front-view mirror with a system of stabilization and aiming of the sighting line optically linked with the sight channel, which includes an optical module including the daytime and night channels. The instrument has also a radiator unit, scanning unit, photodetector unit, the output of the photodetector unit is connected to the input of the analog-to-digital converter, whose output is connected to the control electronics unit. |
 Method of detecting objects / 2331084Invention pertains to optical methods of detecting foreign objects on a complex dynamic variable background in a surveillance zone. The technical outcome of the invention is the increased accuracy of detecting objects with simultaneous increase in speed and visibility. The method involves receiving and forming two images on two points spread in space and single registration of each fragment of the reference and compared digital images by two identical viewing systems. Each viewing system is made based on a multi-element high-speed light detector, for example, a CMOS - matrix, and contains an objective. Both viewing systems are fitted at a shorter, compared to the displacement from the presumed location of the object, distance between them, parallel each other and directed at the surveillance area. Analysis of the images is done by determining the displacement value Δ of characteristic fragments of the compared image with the corresponding fragments of the reference image with their maximum possible coincidence in the direction of parallactic shift with subsequent identification of the selected and background objects from the obtained displacements Δ. Based on the obtained displacements Δ, three dimensional images of objects can be formed and the distance to each one of them can be determined. |
 Method of object detection / 2338222High efficiency method of object detection is developed. It includes preliminary detection of object search zones, image scanning with the help of scanning window within the limits of the search zones, the size of the scanning window corresponds to the size of an object's image, quantity determination of amplitude intervals N by the square of the scanning window, taking into account the most significant amplitude intervals and choosing the coordinates with maximum value N as the coordinates of the object. The claimed invention increase probability of correct object detection within lower contrasts range of the object and higher contrast range of background. |
 Device for definition of angle coordinates of pulsed laser radiation source / 2352959Invention is related to instruments for determination of angle coordinates of pulsed laser radiation sources and may be used in protection of different objects against directed aiming. Device comprises control unit, photodetector on the basis of photodiode, two superwide-angle lenses, in focal plane of which two light-sensitive matrices are installed accordingly; time for accumulation of signal of every light-sensitive matrices, on the one hand, is so insignificant, that it provides for absence of day background, and on the other hand, it exceeds time for reset of accumulated signal by second matrix, which provides for continuity of space viewing; control unit connected to the first and second light-sensitive matrices and with photodetector device, provides for alternate accumulation of signal by light-sensitive matrices and determines angle coordinates of pulsed laser radiation source and time of signals appearance at the outlet of photodetector; light-sensitive matrix in mode of signal accumulation at the moment of signal appearance at photodiode outlet, on completion of accumulation mode transferring into mode of signal reading by control unit; at that analysis of time-pulse modulation of signal at the outlet of photodetector may be used for recognition of friend or foe. |
 Method of processing information in coherent laser locator with photodetector array / 2354994Present invention relates to measuring techniques and instrument making and can be used in laser Doppler location of stealth objects flying at low altitudes above water basins. The method of processing information in a coherent laser locator with a photodetector array is based on reception of laser radiation from glare of the sea surface, arising when probing radiation is scattered by the stealth object. The current location of an object and its velocity vector can be reconstructed through measurement of angle of arrival of radiation from the glare of the sea surface using a photosensitive reception matrix and through measurement of Doppler frequency shifts in a multi-channel unit for optimum filtration based on heterodyne reception methods using multi-channel dispersive delay lines using statistical averaging methods. Cutting on the number of information processing units is achieved due to creation of two- or three-dimensional groups of elements of a photodetector array, connected to information processing channels. In the processing channel, the signal is converted to a linear-frequency-modulated equivalent with subsequent amplification, spectro-time "compression" in the dispersive delay line, detection and minimum threshold cutting with a given threshold value, which allows for converting a signal with Doppler frequency shift to a short pulse, the time position of which, relative the strobe-pulse for the beginning of the measuring cycle, uniquely characterises the value of the given Doppler frequency shift. This time position of the pulse is coded in a digital code and stored in the corresponding buffer memory of a memory device, in the code of which there is also a code of the number of the measurement cycle and the code of the number of the channel, on which the signal from an element of the photodetector array was processed. From the set of such code records in the given measurement cycle, information is obtained on Doppler frequency shifts in signals of corresponding elements of the array and the position angle on the glare of the sea surface, detected by the locator in the given measuring cycle relative the optical axis of the receiving-transmitting objective of the locator, as well as scatter angles of the probing radiation of the stealth object, generating the said glares. If conditions are met for detecting an object and its bearing auto-tracking, where the inclined range line and the optical axis of the receiving-transmitting objective of the locator lie in the same plane, location of the object and measurement of its radial velocity is done through calculation, using a minimum of two different reflected radiation in a given measurement cycle, based on the method of overlapping circles. The radiation pattern of the locator is fan-shaped - wide on the position angle and extremely narrow on the azimuth. |
FIELD: radio engineering, communication.
SUBSTANCE: apparatus for imaging microwave fields employs an "open" type measuring chamber consisting of two horizontally arranged parallel copper discs, a probe antenna moved by two stepper motors controlled by a computer program, both on an arc of a circle and on the radius thereof, a reference channel connected in parallel to a measuring channel by two microwave power dividers.
EFFECT: obtaining a map of microwave field values in polar coordinates, high sensitivity and noise-immunity of the measurement process.
2 dwg
The invention relates to the field of visualization of spatial distribution of the electric fields of microwave range, which can be used in the design of antennas and other devices that interact in space with electric fields of high frequency.
The well-known works in foreign scientific literature, which describes how to get the paintings of the spatial distribution of the electric field of microwave around the various study products through a system of two flat parallel metal sheets, the gap between the feeder microwave power, floating antenna and the investigational product sample [1]-[3].
When forming the paintings of the UHF field authors use moving in space antenna-probe whose signal is sent to the vector network analyzer (VAC), fixing the amplitude and phase of microwave signals at each point in space where the measurements are made. Next, using a computer program, these results are converted into a color image (coded), where each color corresponds to the value of the electric field intensity microwave in this point of the picture field.
The authors [«Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies», D. Schurig, J.J. Mock, B.J. Justice, S.A. Cummer, J.B. Pendry, A.F. Starr, D.R. Smith, Science, V.314, 2006, p.977-980.] use aluminum sheets and pieces of material-microwave absorber for the formation of the measuring chamber - «plate waveguide» («parallel plate waveguide»), which is the object under study and the measurements are made and the end of the coaxial cable is inserted in a hole through the top aluminum sheet and forming surface slice one with the inner (bottom) surface of the upper sheet of aluminum as a measuring antenna probe.
Move the probing antenna is made using the «X-Y - robot», as it is called by the authors of publications [«Focusing by planoconcave lens using negative refraction», P. Vodo, P.V. Parimi, W.T. Lu, S. Sridhar, Applied Physics Letters, V.86, 201108, 2005, 3 p.] and [«Negative Refraction and Left-Handed Electro-magnetism in Microwave Photonic Crystals», P.V. Parimi, W.T. Lu, P. Vodo, J. Sokoloff, J.S. Derov, S.Sridhar, Physical Review Letters, V.92, N.12, 2004, p.127401-1-127401-4.]. Such a «robot» allows you to move the antenna of the probe in two mutually perpendicular directions to set him before the start of the measurement process program. However, nowhere in the articles are not disclosed details of the device and principle of action of such a «robot».
In one of his works [«Tadiran Microwave photonic crystal with tailor-made negative refractive index», P. Vodo, P.V. Parimi, W.T. Lu, S. Sridhar, R. Wing, Applied Physics Letters, V.85, N.10, 2004, p.1858-1860.] antenna-probe moves along the arc of a circle, like , taking the values of the amplitude and phase of microwave signals only depending on the angle at a constant value of the radius of the arc, which makes it impossible to obtain the picture of the spatial distribution of the UHF field. Also in this work as a measuring chamber used the anechoic chamber of the big sizes (584 metres).
The technical result, the achievement of which aimed claimed invention consists in the creation of device to obtain coded and paintings of the spatial distribution of electric field intensity microwave around the investigational product in polar coordinates with set before the start of the measurement process step.
To achieve the specified result device for visualization of the electric fields of microwave in space contains the measuring chamber of the «open» type of two horizontally parallel copper disks, flattened, rectangular brass horn antenna-probe from a thin semi-rigid coaxial cable, with the speaker at the end of the Central conductor, bent up at the right angle, and moving with the help of two stepper motors controlled by a computer program, as arc and radius support channel, included in parallel measuring with the help of two dividers microwave power, as well as the vector network analyzer (VAC), connected with the computer, on the screen which is formed color image of the electric component of SHF electromagnetic field in the space around the sample.
Thus, this measuring device allows to see on the computer screen spatial picture of the magnitude of the UHF field in the surrounding investigational product space displayed coded with some constant step size can be changed in each dimension in a certain interval.
Characteristic features of the proposed devices for visualization of microwave electric field in the space are the measuring chamber of the «open» type, made of two plane-parallel copper disks, placed horizontally, and the flat rectangular brass mouthpiece for the filing of the microwave power in the measuring cell, or sensitive measuring equipment (VAC)that allows the use of small power microwave signal to get the paintings field around the investigated products and gives a chance to make the measuring chamber «open» (without the use of absorbing SHF material) without any damage to the measuring process (no reflection from the walls of the premises and the surrounding objects), and health personnel (no risk of harmful exposure). Important distinctive features of the proposed installation for visualization of microwave electric field in the space is also the use of a reference channel switched on in parallel measurement in microwave circuit setup using two dividers microwave power, which provides higher sensitivity and robustness of the measurement process and the fact that the picture of the UHF field is not drawn in Cartesian (X, Y), and in polar (p, je) coordinates.
The proposed device for visualization of the electric fields of microwave in space allows to see on the computer screen picture of the spatial distribution of electric field intensity microwave around the products displayed coded in polar coordinates with some constant step size can be changed in each dimension in a certain interval.
The proposed device for visualization microwave electric field is illustrated by pictures presented on Fig.1-2.
1 shows a diagram of the device.
1 - two parallel copper disk; 2 - the bringing of microwave waveguide; 3 - radiant mouthpiece; 4 - antenna-probe; 5 - stove-base; 6 - tripod; 7 - hour-axis; 8 - stepper motor circular move the antenna of the probe; 9 - drive gear; 10 - system of radial movement of the antenna-probe; 11 - stepper motor radial movement; 12 - counterweight; 13 - holder of the upper drive; 14 - worm pair for manual vertical movement of the upper drive; 15 - handle for manual vertical move the top disk.
Figure 2 shows the microwave circuit imaging devices of the microwave fields.
The installation for visualization of microwave electric field is carried out as follows. Power microwave with built-in Vector network Analyzer 4-18 microwave generator is delivered via a coaxial cable to the power divider, where the signal is divided into two: reference and measurement. The measuring signal is delivered via a coaxial cable to the coaxial waveguide transition, and further along the segment of a rectangular waveguide on a flat radiant brass mouthpiece. Of brass horn UHF output goes to the measuring chamber - the space between two flat parallel copper disks arranged horizontally. In the centre of the measuring chamber, on the lower drive is investigated sample. Antenna probe analysing the value of the field of microwave in the space around the sample, made of thin semi-rigid coaxial cable, with the speaker at the end of the Central conductor, up curved angle, scans the space measuring chamber around the sample. This is achieved by moving the antenna using two stepper motors, controlled by the computer, as the arc and in the radial direction, and allows measurements of the microwave field in the measuring chamber around the investigational product in polar coordinates with the set step. The captured antenna-probe values of the UHF field act on the coaxial cable to the second power divider, where summed up and interfere with the signal of the reference channel. Further, the total signal is transmitted to a Vector network Analyzer 4-18 (VAC), connected with the computer, on the screen which, with the help of a special manufacturing program (also created by us in the language «Visual Basic 6.0») is formed color image of the electric component of SHF electromagnetic field in the space around the sample. Color of the image in a certain way corresponds to the magnitude of the field of microwave.
Device for visualization of the electric fields of microwave in space characterized by the fact that contains the measuring chamber of the «open» type of two grains horizontally parallel copper disks, flattened, rectangular brass horn antenna-probe from a thin semi-rigid coaxial cable with speaker at the end of the Central conductor, bent up at the right angle, and moving with the help of two stepper motors controlled by a computer program, as arc and radius support channel, included in parallel measuring with the help of two dividers microwave power, as well as the vector network analyzer (VAC), connected with the computer, on the screen which is formed color image of the electric component of the microwave electromagnetic field in the space around the sample.