Method nd device for measuring electron concentration at specific region of ionosphere |
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IPC classes for russian patent Method nd device for measuring electron concentration at specific region of ionosphere (RU 2251713):
                          
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 Radiometer / 2211455
The invention relates to a passive radar and can be used for the measurement of weak noise signals
 The method of determining the electron concentration in a given region of the ionosphere and the device for its implementation / 2208814
The invention relates to radar systems, in particular to radio measurements of the ionosphere by incoherent settlement using the Faraday effect, and can be used to determine the concentration of electrons in a given thin layer ionospheric plasma, which depends on the presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in the observed area of the atmosphere, for example over a nuclear power plant
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The invention relates to the field of electronic meteorological equipment of aircrafts
 Method nd device for measuring electron concentration at specific region of ionosphere / 2251713
Method and device can be used for measuring concentration of electrons in specific region of ionosphere plasma which depends on presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in the region of atmosphere to be observed. Device has synchronizer 1, transmitter 2, transmitting aerial, time delay unit, two receiving aerials, right and left circular polarization wave receivers, two switches, heterodyne, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, five multipliers, narrow band filter, amplitude limiter, phase meter, computing unit, comparison unit, indicator, phase shifter, scaling switch, subtracter and adder.
 Method for determination of location of lightning discharge and multiple-point system for its realization / 2253133
The multiple-point system for determination of location of a lighting discharge has a data transmission network and sensors, central computing unit, control unit and user computers (according to the number of users) connected to it, superlong-wave independent lightning direction finders - range finders are used as sensors.
 Method for measuring thickness of snow cover / 2262718
Method is based physically on different penetrability level of snow by electromagnetic waves of different frequencies ranges, which is connected to dielectric snow characteristics. Method for measuring thickness of snow covering includes irradiation of snow cover at the same time by electromagnetic waves of centimeter range on bearing frequency f1, on which reflection occurs from limit between snow and soil, and electromagnetic waves of optical range on bearing frequency f2, on which reflection occurs from limit of separation of environments troposphere-snow, and determining of appearing difference of distances, passed by proving signals.
 Mode of sounding of atmosphere or ocean / 2267139
The technical result: simplification of realization of measuring, increasing their precision and also securing possibility of independent definition as the profile of the speed of the sound, so the profile of the index of reflection in atmosphere or in ocean. The essence: in the environment a movement of a sounding object is set up, a modulated acoustic or electromagnetic wave is directed on this object. The wave holds frequencies f1 and f2 and f1≥C/h and f2≤C/H, where C - a medium speed of the wave in the investigated environment, h - required space permission, H - a maximum distance of measuring, reradiated by the object. Corresponding relative Doppler shifts at various locations of the object are defined for frequencies f1 and f2 reradiated by the object. Attitude for these shifts is found. According to this attitude the vertical profile of the speed of the propagation of the wave is computed. Particularly an acoustic wave packet is chosen in quality of sounding object and a vertical profile of the speed of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is computed. The profile of the speed of the sound is defined along the profile of the shift of the frequency f1 with taking into account the profile of the speed of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. Particularly for various moments of time an integral shift of the phase of the wave reradiated by the object on the carrier frequency is found and along this shift a slant distance till sounding object is defined. Particularly along the parameters of received signals an azimuth and an angle of the place of the sounding object are found.
 Storms coordinates accumulator and a variant thereof / 2269792
Kinematic communication equations are solved not for aircraft-lighting flashes, but for aircraft-storm, and because storm coordinates are generated by averaging coordinates of all registered lightning flashes during several minutes, volume of computational operations is decreased manifold.
 Panoramic radar method of determining condition of ocean's layer surface from satellite / 2274877
Method can be used for measuring parameters of sea storm; it can be also used in meteorology and oceanology for distant probing of surface layers of oceans from board of satellite. Microwave range probing pulses are irradiated by Doppler radar. Probing pulses are directed to surface of ocean in nadir; any pulse irradiates spot with sizes of 14x355 km on water surface. When receiving reflected pulses, time and Doppler range selection is used simultaneously inside spot of 14x355 km for elementary dissipating particles with sizes of 14x14 km. Then cross-sections of back dissipation σ0(θi) and σ0(θi+1) are determined for any two sequent "I"-th and "i+1"-th elementary dissipating particles. The cross-sections correct and determine dispersion of inclinations σ2 i(φj). The total dispersion of inclinations σ2 i for "i"-th elementary dissipating particles is determined and direction of propagation φwi of large-scale storm in "i"-th elementary dissipating particle is found. Speed V of surface wind is found by means of algorithm f V=F[σo, σ2 i(φj), σ2 i(φj+90°)] calculated by standard regression method.
 Combined inbuilt control system and a variant thereof / 2277716
Combined inbuilt control system and its variant for storm locators, working in area of very low frequency electromagnetic fields, provides automatic, continuous control with given frequency of electric and magnetic antennas and storm detector channels appropriate for these by creating electric and magnetic fields, distributed in time, to make it possible to perform selection of lightning discharge pulse in two variants of selector circuit construction and to block control circuit automatically for time of lightning discharge pulse processing. Utilization of combined inbuilt control system in equipment makes it possible to increase fullness of storm locator control due to controlling through space of both magnetic and electric antennas, while preventing miss or distortion of lightning discharge processing pulse results when it coincides in time with control pulse.
 Super regenerative transceiver / 2291467
The super regenerative transceiver has a generator of superior impulses, a master oscillator, a source of feeding and an antenna. At that there is introduced in it a diode and in series introduced a line out of a constant resistor, an alternate resister and a condenser. At that the input of the line is connected with the output of the generator of superior impulses, the output - with the input of the launching of the main oscillator, and the common point of the constant and the alternate resistors is connected with null volt of the source of feeding through directly switched diode, the generator of superior impulses and the main oscillator are connected with the plus and the null of the source of feeding, and the output of the main oscillator through antenna is the output of the super regenerative transceiver.
 Method of measuring size of hail's particles / 2292565
Sizes of hail particles are measured by means of two-wave meteorological radar. Radio location probing of atmosphere is carried out within area of precipitation. Radio location reflectivity is determined at wavelengths of 3,2 cm and 10 cm, which equals to η3,2 and η10. Sizes of hail particles is calculated by relation of d3=4,54(η3,2/η10) -0,502, where 4,54 and -0,502 are empiric coefficients. Path of melting of hail particles is determined by radio location method when particles move in atmosphere from zero isotherm level down - H (km). Sizes of hail particles to be found is determined by multiplication of calculated value d3 by correcting multiplier K, found from relation of K=Ha(η3,2/η10)bH, where a=-0,247 and b=0,055.
 Mode of definition of the width of the spectral density of power of radio signals of coherent meteorological radar / 2293351
According to the mode it is necessary to radiate periodically radio impulses into the researched field of atmosphere, to receive radio signals reflected from meteorological particles, to separate coherent and quadrature components of received radio signals reflected from meteorological particles, to form a complex signal uniting coherent and quadrature components of received radio signals reflected from meteorological particles, to calculate the correlation function of the complex signal. The indicated function is calculated in time points the intervals between whom are multiple to the period of repetition of radio signals. The width of the spectral density of power of the radio signals of the coherent meteorological radar reflected from meteorological particles is defined according to the relation:
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FIELD: radiolocation. SUBSTANCE: method and device can be used for measuring concentration of electrons in specific region of ionosphere plasma which depends on presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in the region of atmosphere to be observed. Device has synchronizer 1, transmitter 2, transmitting aerial, time delay unit, two receiving aerials, right and left circular polarization wave receivers, two switches, heterodyne, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, five multipliers, narrow band filter, amplitude limiter, phase meter, computing unit, comparison unit, indicator, phase shifter, scaling switch, subtracter and adder. EFFECT: improved precision of measurement. 2 cl, 1 dwg
The proposed method and device relate to radar systems, in particular to radio measurements of the ionosphere by incoherent scattering using the Faraday effect, and can be used to determine the concentration of electrons in a given layer ionospheric plasma, which depends on the presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in the observed area of the atmosphere, for example, over a nuclear power plant. Known methods and devices remotely determine the status of the monitored area of the atmosphere [1-15]. The closest analogue to the proposed method and device is the patent of the Russian Federation [15]. E concentration in a given region of the ionosphere by a known method is determined by the formation of directional pulsed radiation plane-polarized electromagnetic wave with carrier frequency fC. When plane-polarized electromagnetic wave reflected from the ionized zone affected by an external magnetic field of the Earth, it is divided into two independent components, which generally have an elliptical polarization with opposite directions of rotation. At frequencies UHF two components, which are called the ordinary and extraordinary wave with circular polarization. Other with Awami, ordinary wave with a circular rotation of the polarization vector clockwise is the wave of the right-circular polarization, and the extraordinary wave with a circular rotation of the polarization vector counterclockwise is a wave with left circular polarization. Both waves propagate in the ionized medium with different speeds, resulting in the phase relation between the waves constantly change. This phenomenon is usually called the Faraday effect, which reflected signal experiences a rotation of the polarization plane. The rotation angle of the polarization plane, which is determined by the different speeds of propagation of waves with right and left circular polarization, is the ratio
where ϕ1that ϕ2phase lag waves with right and left circular polarization, respectively. The presence of radioactive impurities and their concentration in a given zone of the atmosphere measured by the phase difference Δ ϕ between components of the reflected signal with right and left circular polarization, which is measured with high accuracy. This is achieved by the fact that this phase difference is measured at a stable frequency fglo 10. Therefore, the measurement process is invariant to the instability of the amplitude and frequency of the reflected signal is, occurs when the incoherent scattering of the probing signal of the linear polarization of the ionized region of the atmosphere. The disadvantage of the closest analogue is the low sensitivity in the measurement of small phase shifts. An object of the invention is to increase the sensitivity in the measurement of small phase shifts corresponding to small concentrations of radioactive impurities in the specified area of the ionosphere. The problem is solved in that a method of determining the electron concentration in a given region of the ionosphere, including directional pulsed radiation plane-polarized electromagnetic wave with carrier frequency fCand component signal with left and right circular polarized incoherent scattering of the ionosphere, the transformation of the components of the reflected signal with left circular polarization frequency, the selection voltage intermediate frequency, multiplying it with the component of the reflected signal with circular polarization, the allocation of harmonic voltage at a frequency fglo, limiting its amplitude, measuring the phase difference Δ ϕ stable frequency fglo calculate the electron concentration by the formula
where M(r) is known longitudinal component Geomagn the private field; r - range; C is the speed of light; Δ ϕ =ϕ2-ϕ1the phase difference between the components of the reflected signal with left and right circular polarization; t1, t2- moments of time corresponding to the delay of the signal reflected from the front and the far borders of the ionized zone, comparing the calculated values of the electron density NC(r) with the reference value of the electron concentration Ne(r), and the results of the comparison, the decision about the presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in the specified area of the ionosphere, before calculating the electron concentration of the low-frequency voltage proportional to the measured phase shift Δ ϕ , shift phase by 90° low voltage, double-Peremohy on themselves, the original and shifted in phase low voltage of the second degree Peremohy between a using the scaling factor Km=6, subtract the received voltage from a source of low frequency voltage to the fourth degree and summarize the resulting voltage with shifted in phase by 90° low-frequency voltage to the fourth degree. The problem is solved in that the device for determining the electron concentration in a given region of the ionosphere, including on sledovatelno United synchronizer, the transmitter and transmitting antenna ploskopolyarizovanny waves, connected in series, the first receiving antenna and the receiver wave of right-circular polarization, the first key, the second input is via the unit time delay connected to the second output of the synchronizer, the first multiplier, notch filter, peak limiter and a phase meter, a second input connected to the second output of the local oscillator, connected in series, a second receiving antenna, the receiver wave left circular polarization, a mixer, a second input connected to the first output of the local oscillator, and intermediate frequency amplifier, the output of which is connected to the second input of the first multiplier, connected in series computing unit, the unit of comparison, the second key, a second input connected to the output of the computing unit, and an indicator provided with a phase shifter 90° , second, third, fourth and fifth multiplier products, scaling multiplier, vycitalem and the adder and to the output of the phase meter connected in series, a second multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the phase meter, the third multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the second multiplier, myCitadel and the adder, the output of which is connected to the input of the computing unit, to the output of the phase meter follower is connected to the phase shifter 90° the fourth multiplier, a second input connected to the output of futurestates 90° and the fifth multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the fourth multiplier and the output is connected to the second input of the adder, a second input vicites through the scaling multiplier connected to the outputs of the second and fourth multiplier products. The essence of the technical solution is to "strengthen" phase shift Δ ϕ four times in accordance with the expression cos4Δ ϕ =cos4Δϕ-6cos2Δϕ·sin2Δϕ+sin4Δϕ The structural scheme of the device that implements the proposed method, shown in the drawing. The device comprises a cascaded synchronizer 1, the transmitter 2 and the transmitting antenna 3 plane-polarized waves cascaded first receiving antenna 5, the receiver 7 waves right circular polarization, the first key 9, the second input is through the block 4 time delay is connected with the second output of the synchronizer 1, the first multiplier 13, a narrow-band filter 14, the amplitude limiter 15, the phase meter 16, the second multiplier 22, a second input connected to the output of the phase meter 16, the third multiplier 23, a second input connected to the output of the who, the multiplier 22, myCitadel 27, an adder 28, the computing block 17, block 18 comparison, the second key 19, a second input connected to the output of the computing unit 17, and the indicator 20, connected in series to the output of the phase meter 16 Phaser 21 90° the fourth multiplier 24, a second input connected to the output of the phase shifter 21, and the fifth multiplier 25, a second input connected to the output of the fourth multiplier 24, and the output connected to the second input of the adder 28, the second input vicites 27 through the scaling multiplier 26 is connected to the outputs of the second 22 and fourth 24 multiplier products. The device operates as follows. Synchronizer 1 forms a stable rectangular videospussy with a known repetition period TCand duration τAndthat periodically trigger the transmitter 2. The latter forms vysokochastotnyi sounding signal with flat polarized uc(t)=Uccos(2π fct+ϕc), 0≤ t≤ τAnd where Ucfcthat ϕcthat τAnd- amplitude, carrier frequency, initial phase, and the duration of the probing signal through the transmitting antenna 3 is radiated in the direction of the predetermined zone of the atmosphere. The reflected signal is received by receiving antennas 5 and 6. The reception antenna 5 is receptive only is about to signal the right-circular polarization (common component), and the antenna 6 is only to the signal from the left circular polarization (extraordinary component). At the output of the receivers 7 and 8 are formed signals: uo(t)=Uo(t)cos[2π (fc±Δ (f)t+ϕ1], uN(t)=UN(t)cos[2π (fc±Δ (f)t+ϕ2], 0≤ t≤ τAnd, where the index “O” and “H” refer respectively to the ordinary and extraordinary waves: Uabout(t), UH(t) - envelopes of ordinary and extraordinary wave; ±Δ f - instability of the carrier frequency due to incoherent scattering of the ionized environment. The signal uo(t) from the output of the receiver 7 through the key 9 is supplied to the first input of the multiplier 13. To the measured phase difference corresponded to a pre-selected range g multiplier 13 strobiles time by means of a key 9, a control input which receives a short rectangular pulses from synchronizer 1 through unit 4 time delay. The time delay of the pulses is determined by the set duration. When changing the range changes and time delays. The signal uH(t) from the output of the receiver 8 is supplied to the first input of the mixer 11, the second input of which is applied the voltage of the local oscillator 10 with a stable frequency fG uG(t)=UGcos(2π fGt+ϕG). At the output of the mixer onresults voltage Raman frequencies. The amplifier 12 is allocated to the intermediate voltage (differential) frequency uCR(t)=UCRcos[2π (fCR±Δ (f)t+ϕCR], 0≤ t≤ τAnd, where K1the gain of the mixer; fCR=fwith-fg- intermediate frequency; ϕCR=ϕwith-ϕg, which comes to the second input of the multiplier 13. The output of the last formed garmonicheskoe voltage: u1(t)=U1(t)cos[2π fgt+ϕg+Δ ϕ ], 0≤ t≤ τAnd, To2- transfer coefficient multiplier;
Δ ϕ =ϕ2-ϕ1, given a narrow-band filter 14 and is fed to the input of the amplitude limiter 15. The output of the last formed voltage u2(t)=UOGREcos[2π fgt+ϕg+Δ ϕ ], 0≤ t≤ τ where UOgrethe threshold limit, which is supplied to the first input of the phase meter 16, the second input of which a voltage ug(t) lo 10. As phase meter 16 phase detector is used. At the output of the phase meter 16 is formed following voltage u3(t)=U3·csΔ ϕ , where ToC- gain phase meter. This voltage is fed to two inputs of the multiplier 22, the output of which produces a voltage u4(t)=U4·cos2Δ ϕ, where which is supplied to two inputs of the multiplier 23. The output of the last formed voltage u5(t)=U5cos4Δ ϕ, where Simultaneously, the voltage u3(t) from the output of the phase meter 16 to the input of the phase shifter 21, the output of which is formed a voltage U6(t)=U3cos(Δ ϕ +90° )=-U3·sinΔ ϕ . This voltage is applied to two inputs of the multiplier 24, the output of which produces a voltage u7(t)=U7·sin2Δ ϕ, where This voltage is fed to two inputs of paramnesias 25, the output of which is formed a voltage u8(t)=U8sin4Δ ϕ, where Voltage u4(t) and u7(t) are fed to the two inputs of the scaling multiplier 26, the scaling factor which is chosen equal to 6 (KM=6). The output of the scaling multiplier 26 is formed voltage u9(t)=6u4(t)· u7(t)=6U9·cos2Δ ϕ·sin2Δϕ, where The voltage u5(t) and u9(t) are fed to the two inputs of vicites 27, the output of which is formed a voltage U10(t)=U5·cos4Δ ϕ-6U9·cos2Δ ϕ·sin2Δ ϕ. Voltage u8(t) and u10(t) are fed to the two inputs of the adder 28, the output of which produces a voltage u11(t)=u8(t)+u10(t)=U5·cos4Δ ϕ-6U9·cos2Δ ϕ·sin2Δ ϕ+U8·sin4Δ ϕ. If we choose U5=U9=U8=U, then we obtain u12(t)=U(cos4Δ ϕ -6cos2Δ ϕ·sin2Δ ϕ+sin4Δ ϕ )=U· cos4Δ ϕ . The measured value of the phase difference Δ ϕ1=4Δ ϕ from the output of the adder 28 is fed to the input of the computing unit 17, where e is determined concentration of the studied zone of the atmosphere by the formula
where M(r) is known longitudinal component of the geomagnetic field of the Earth; r - range to the ionized zone of the ionosphere; C is the speed of light; Δ ϕ1=4#x00394; ϕ =4(ϕ2-ϕ1- the phase difference between the components on the right and left circular polarization of the reflected signal; t1, t2- moments of time corresponding to the delay of the signal reflected from the front and the far borders of the ionized zone. In block 18 of the comparison by comparing the calculated electron density NC(r) with the reference electron concentration of NE(r), above which is a sign of presence in a given zone of the atmosphere of radioactive impurities. When NC(r)>NE(r) in block 18 of the comparison is generated DC voltage is supplied to the control input of the key 19, opening it. In the initial state, the key 19 is always closed. When this calculated electron concentration of NC(r) through public key 19 is fixed to the indicator 20. Consequently, the presence of radioactive impurities and their concentration in a given (investigational) zone of the atmosphere is estimated by the phase difference Δ ϕ1=4Δ ϕ =4(ϕ2-ϕ1between ordinary and extraordinary components of the reflected signal, which is measured with high accuracy. This is achieved by the fact that this phase difference is measured at a stable frequency fUlo 10. Therefore, the measurement process is invariant to the instability of the amplitude and frequency of neg is a negative signal, occurs when the incoherent scattering of the probing signal of the linear polarization of the ionized region of the atmosphere. Thus, measuring the phase shift Δ ϕ1=4Δ ϕ =(ϕ2-ϕ1between ordinary and extraordinary components of the reflected signal is four times more than the input of the reflected signals. Thus, the proposed method and the device in comparison with the known ensured a significant increase in the sensitivity in the measurement of small phase shifts corresponding to small concentrations of radioactive impurities in a given (investigational) zone of the atmosphere. Sources of information 1. Inventor's certificate SU # 809020. 2. Auth. mon. SU # 836611. 3. Auth. mon. SU # 1027661. 4. Auth. mon. SU # 1107079. 5. Auth. mon. SU # 1111582. 6. Auth. mon. SU # 1128211. 7. Auth. mon. SU # 1146616. 8. Auth. mon. SU # 1608597. 9. Auth. mon. SU # 1661701. 10. Auth. mon. SU # 1679426. 11. Auth. mon. SU # 1679426. 12. RF patent № 2018872. 13. RF patent № 2020512. 14. RF patent № 2020513. 15. RF patent № 2161808. 1. The method of determining the electron concentration in a given region of the ionosphere, including directional pulsed radiation plane-polarized electromagnetic wave with carrier frequency fcthe reception component of the reflected signal with left and right circular polarizer is her incoherent scattering of the ionosphere, the conversion component of the reflected signal with left circular polarization frequency, the selection voltage intermediate frequency, multiplying it with the component of the reflected signal with right-circular polarization, the allocation of harmonic voltage at a frequency fglo, limiting its amplitude, measuring the phase difference Δϕ=(ϕ2-ϕ1respectively between the components of the reflected signal with left and right circular polarization at a stable frequency fglo calculate the electron concentration by the formula
where M(r) is known longitudinal component of the geomagnetic field; r - range to the ionized zone of the ionosphere; C is the speed of light; t1, t2- the points in time corresponding to the delay of the signal reflected from the front and the far borders of the ionized zone, comparing the calculated values of the electron density Nc(r) with the reference value of the electron concentration of PE(r) and the results of the comparison, the decision about the presence and concentration of radioactive impurities in a given region of space, characterized in that before the calculation of the electron concentration of the low-frequency voltage proportional to the measured phase difference Δϕ, is driven in phase by 90° original and shifted in phase by 90° low voltage, double-Peremohy on themselves, the original and shifted in phase by 90° low-frequency voltage of the second degree Peremohy between a using the scaling factor Km=6, subtract the received voltage from a source of low frequency voltage to the fourth degree, summarize the received voltage with shifted in phase by 90° low-frequency voltage to the fourth degree, with e the concentration of Nc(r) determine when Δϕ=4(ϕ2-ϕ1). 2. A device for determining the electron concentration in a given region of the ionosphere, comprising sequentially the United synchronizer transmitter and transmitting antenna plane-polarized waves, connected in series, the first receiving antenna, the receiver wave right-hand polarization, the first key, the second input is via the unit time delay connected to the second output of the synchronizer, the first multiplier, notch filter, peak limiter and a phase meter, a second input connected to the second output of the local oscillator, connected in series, a second receiving antenna, the receiver wave left circular polarization, a mixer, a second input connected to the first output of the local oscillator and the power amplifier Prohm is filling frequency, the output of which is connected to the second input of the first multiplier, connected in series computing unit, the unit of comparison, the second key, a second input connected to the output of the computing unit, and a display, characterized in that it is provided with a phase shifter 90°, second, third, fourth and fifth multiplier products, scaling multiplier, vycitalem and the adder and to the output of the phase meter connected in series, a second multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the phase meter, the third multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the second multiplier, myCitadel and the adder, the output of which is connected to the input of computing unit, to the output of the phase meter connected in series Phaser 90°fourth multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the phase shifter 90°and the fifth multiplier, a second input connected to the output of the fourth multiplier and the output is connected to the second input of the adder, a second input vicites through the scaling multiplier connected to the outputs of the second and fourth multiplier products.
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