Method and apparatus for controlling of soil erosion on slopes
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Method for restoration of contaminated soil, ground and water / 2243638 Method involves mechanical removal of excessive contaminants from surface and reducing toxicity of contaminated soil; sowing green manure crops and perennial grasses; preliminarily removing taking soil samples from contaminated surface and separating native contaminant destructors therefrom; after mechanical removal of contaminant from soil surface, providing sequential treatment of plot soil with water-soluble humates and at least double treatment with native contaminant destructors; mellowing soil; applying lime with mineral fertilizers such as saltpeter, double superphosphate and calcium chloride. Green manure crops are sown after application of fertilizers. Method further involves grinding green manure crops, plowing into soil and covering with soil by means of covering roll. |
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Method for restoration of contaminated soil, ground and water / 2243638 Method involves mechanical removal of excessive contaminants from surface and reducing toxicity of contaminated soil; sowing green manure crops and perennial grasses; preliminarily removing taking soil samples from contaminated surface and separating native contaminant destructors therefrom; after mechanical removal of contaminant from soil surface, providing sequential treatment of plot soil with water-soluble humates and at least double treatment with native contaminant destructors; mellowing soil; applying lime with mineral fertilizers such as saltpeter, double superphosphate and calcium chloride. Green manure crops are sown after application of fertilizers. Method further involves grinding green manure crops, plowing into soil and covering with soil by means of covering roll. |
 Method and apparatus for controlling of soil erosion on slopes / 2246807Method involves undercutting soil layer after harvesting of preceding crop; directing stubble remains under soil layer and covering with undercut soil layer. After being covered with undercut soil layer, stubble remains form along edge of said layer swath of soil layer of 4-6 cm width. Predetermined shape and parameters of swaths allow evaporation of moisture and silting to be inhibited and, accordingly, moisture retention to be increased. Apparatus has frame with carrier wheel and flat rack provided with front cutting edge and inclined with its lower end forward and to the side. Flat hoe is fixed on lower end of rack. Wing made curvilinear along direction of advancement of apparatus is positioned at rear edge of rack so that its convex part is extending upward and to the side. Load feeding belt conveyor is connected with frame through two pivot links. Flexible rods for picking up stubble remains from field are fixed on conveyor belt. Belt conveyor is positioned on tines of supporting rollers and is oriented with its feeding end under upper curvilinear edge of wing. One of pivot joints and tines of supporting rollers are equipped with individual length regulators. |
 Apparatus for forming of intermittent micro raised portions / 2246808Apparatus has frame and blade-type swivel connected with frame by means of free-motion mechanism. Blades of swivel are made concave and movably fixed thereon. Locking mechanisms for each individual blade are mounted on blade-type swivel. Locking mechanism switch is positioned on frame. Such arrangement and interconnection between said parts of apparatus allow micro raised portions to be provided within wide range of soil conditions. |
 Method and apparatus for extraction of deep-rootage medicinal plants, including licorice, growing on abandoned, dried out hard and stony soil / 2247483Method involves cutting surface layer of soil and forming narrow slits to 60-70 cm depth; during slitting, forming water-accumulating channels of different depth and supplying water therein at flow rate of 5-25 l/s; on expiration of 2-3 days, providing digging and extracting rootages. Apparatus has frame mounted on supporting wheels and provided with vertical knives. One knife is positioned in mid portion of frame. Two other knives are positioned at ends of additional beams. Each of vertical knives is made flat, with concave curvilinear cutting edge and chisel at lower end. Soil deforming device with gauged heads is positioned at rear cut of knives. Heads are communicated with pull-type vessel via channels formed in knives bodies and via flexible hoses. Water is supplied from vessel via gauged heads into vertical channels and water-accumulating channels. During 2-3 days water moistens and softens soil to allow simplified extraction of rootages. |
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Method for uniform distribution of moisture in soil on lands with uneven microrelief / 2250581 Method involves providing mulching of soil by laying mulch in windrows; performing surface cultivation of soil in direction intersecting with direction of laying of mulch windrows. |
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Method for accumulating moisture in soil / 2250584 Method involves providing autumn plowing; leveling field surface and cutting furrows in plowing and subsurface soil layers so as to form staggered cavities, with space between end of previous cavity and beginning of subsequent cavity in row being 50-150 cm. Cavities are made 1.5-4 m long and are arranged at 5-50 cm depth. Cavities are provided by means of rotating working tool. Method allows yield to be increased by 10-15%. |
 Method of creating on slopes licorice crop plantations suitable for mechanical harvesting, and machine for providing moisture accumulating micro terraces and simultaneously for preparing soil for planting cuttings of rootstocks of licorice of tidal, liman and dry steppe ecotypes / 2250587Method involves preplanting cultivation of soil on slopes in late autumn by providing rectangular-section 1.1-1.4 m wide and 0.45-0.60 m deep channels; mellowing soil and ground in zones within channel, with soil and ground in one zone being rotavated to agronomically valuable fractions and soil and ground in other zone being mellowed to lumps and crumbs with average diameter of 8-15 cm in order to provide for larger amounts of cavities (porosity); forming moisture accumulating micro terraces by laterally moving agronomically valuable soil fractions onto surface of lumps and crumbs; planting licorice rootstock cuttings in part of channel with preliminarily located lumps and crumbs to 12-18 cm depth at soil temperature of at least 18°C. During autumn-winter period, moisture is accumulated in said channel, and precipitation is aerated and redistributed in layers. Method allows stable licorice associations to be grown at productivity rate of at least 20 t/hectare of conditioned roots used as licorice raw material in pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Machine has frame bearing successively arranged digging-transporting device, grinding device configured as rotavator-type soil mixer, and rotary terrace-forming device equipped with profiling moldboard and positioned behind rotavator-type soil mixer. Digging-transporting device is made U-shaped, with soil layer lifting shares. Rotavator-type soil mixer is formed as sectioned drum. Each of said drums is positioned on single geometric axis and is equipped with various frequency drive. One of said drums having hollow shaft is mounted by means of roller supports on pivot of other drum. Drum teeth of rotavator-type soil mixer are fitted with replaceable inversion turning knives with blades at their working faces. Drive sprockets of toothed-drive chains are mounted on pivots of drums, which face frame. Said chains are linked with the help of drive sprockets and are connected through individual overtime clutches with reducer of grinding device drive. |
 Soil slitting tool / 2251235Proposed tool contains shank in form of side wall and inserts secured from inner side of each side wall. Inserts between side walls form slot. Detachable member is installed in slot on front part of shank for displacement and fixing. Lower part of detachable member is mated with longitudinal slot on upper face detachable chisel. The latter is mounted on lower cut of shank. Each wall of shank is provided with fin cutter made in form of curvilinear knife with cutting edge on front part and formed by local part of side wall. Fin cutter is bent towards side of shank with side wall and forms single part. Fin cutters on shank are installed opposite to each other. |
 Method for sowing on slopes / 2251239Method involves providing furrows and sowing seeds therein, with following embedding of sown seeds by transferring soil from adjacent intermittent furrows; providing sowing transverse to slope so as to form soil roll above sown ridge, with intermittent furrows being also formed transverse to slope; simultaneously providing slots arranged vertically and axially of adjacent furrows along the entire length of furrow and in spacings intermediate thereof, with slot pitch being equal in size to that of spacing so that total volume of furrows and slots be equal to average month precipitation in the given region minus average infiltration for the same period. |
 Deep plow / 2251832Deep plow has knife-shaped tine inclined to horizontal plane and to direction of advancement and equipped with sharpened front face and chisel fixed in lower part of tine. Chisel has tip arranged forward of tine front face. Chisel has wear-resistant coating on its working surface. Chisel is made in the form of part of hollow cylinder with axis of symmetry arranged at an angle to horizontal plane. Oval-shaped part in plane of symmetry of cylinder is horizontally fixed in lower part of tine to form tip with sides. Section plane of hollow cylinder defines elliptical cutting edge. Longitudinal slot is formed in upper part of hollow cylinder to define chisel in its end part by folding cylinder part in direction of advancement. Folded part of cylinder defines protective shield for preventing root remains from hanging on lower part of tine. Mounting holes are made in body of truncated part of hollow cylinder in parallel plane of oval-shaped part to join with sides in lower part of tine. Chisel is joined with lower part of tine through pairs of cylindrical pins. Pins are detachably arranged in mounting holes of chisel and tine sides. Sides have mated cylindrical surfaces. |
FIELD: agriculture, in particular, method and equipment for retention of thaw water on sloped lands.
SUBSTANCE: method involves undercutting soil layer after harvesting of preceding crop; directing stubble remains under soil layer and covering with undercut soil layer. After being covered with undercut soil layer, stubble remains form along edge of said layer swath of soil layer of 4-6 cm width. Predetermined shape and parameters of swaths allow evaporation of moisture and silting to be inhibited and, accordingly, moisture retention to be increased. Apparatus has frame with carrier wheel and flat rack provided with front cutting edge and inclined with its lower end forward and to the side. Flat hoe is fixed on lower end of rack. Wing made curvilinear along direction of advancement of apparatus is positioned at rear edge of rack so that its convex part is extending upward and to the side. Load feeding belt conveyor is connected with frame through two pivot links. Flexible rods for picking up stubble remains from field are fixed on conveyor belt. Belt conveyor is positioned on tines of supporting rollers and is oriented with its feeding end under upper curvilinear edge of wing. One of pivot joints and tines of supporting rollers are equipped with individual length regulators.
EFFECT: increased efficiency in retaining of thaw water and, accordingly, improved controlling of soil erosion on sloped lands.
3 cl, 3 dwg
The invention relates to methods of erosion control, tillage, and in particular to methods and means combined melt water, mainly on slope lands.
There is a method of conservation tillage on slopes, consisting in the creation of stubble rolls, the upper part of which is located above the ground surface and under side of earth roller. And stubble rolls are located above the loosened plow sole in the furrows created plow buildings with pochvouglubitelyami /1/.
The disadvantage of this method is low efficiency moisture capacity stubble rolls on slope fields due to the large content of the soil in them, which is silting up and compacted after heavy rains, resulting in enhanced surface runoff of rainwater. In addition, freezing dry loose soil in rolls leads to the formation on the surface of a thin layer of soil aggregates, which are involved in the processes of water and wind erosion.
The objective of the invention is the increased efficiency combined in sloping lands.
The problem is solved by the following set of features of the method.
The proposed method, as known, includes the creation of the field of the rolls for the binder. Unlike well-known in the suggested way to create the rolls of no-till crop the soil layer, under the raised edge which serves residue left in the field after harvesting of crops and cover crop residues clipped layer of soil. This serves such a volume of crop residues, after which the cover clipped soil layer provides education along the edge of this layer swath of crop residues width of 4-6 cm
The technical result of the invention is to increase the moisture capacity of the rolls, as the latter is formed of crop residues that do not contain soil. No excavation roller, whose role in the proposed method performs the raised edge of the undercut formation also promotes vlagonakopleniyu. This swath width of 4-6 cm, resulting feed crop residues under the cut layer of soil, retains moisture capacity within 3-4 years (not yet decomposed residue).
Thus, the set of features of the proposed method has a causal relationship with achievable technical result, which solves the problem - improving the efficiency of combined on slope lands.
After the decomposition of crop residues under the soil layer increases the humus content, strengthens walls cropped soil layer that prevents them from closing, ylibaetsa the activity of earthworms, increase the moisture permeability of the soil. Resulting in cropped soil layer partially retains a positive role even when crop residues are already fully decomposed, which is an additional technical result of the invention of the method.
Figure 1 shows in cross-section water-absorbing swath of crop residues.
The method is as follows.
In autumn across a slope on soil 1 with stubble background 2 and chopped straw 3 left on the surface of the field after the harvesting of crops, no-till crop the soil layer 4 of a width l equal 33-38 cm, depth h equal 17-20 cm, and under the raised edge of the undercut layer serves chopped straw, which served clipped layer of soil. This serves such a volume of chopped straw, which, after covering clipped layer 4 soil provides education along the edge of this layer of the roll 5 of chopped straw width b equal to 4-6 cm
Created swath 5 of chopped straw 3 is moisture element. As the cut soil layer is not exposed to intensive crushing and mixing with chopped straw, then a layer of this straw-facing surface of the soil from under the reservoir, will actively penetrate water. Thus, a roll 5 of a width not exceeding 6 cm and prevents the intensive blogospere and silting of the roll, and its width not less than 4 cm prevents the closing of the cut edges of the reservoir. In the winter compacted layer of straw under the soil layer creates an effective thermal insulation, which prevents the movement of water from underlying layers to samartaudio layer and thereby contributes to the increase of ground water level, as the air 10 times less thermally conductive than the snow, and 20 times than the mineral part of the soil.
To create moisture rolls in the known method known instrument containing a frame with a support wheel and located at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the gun beam, which is fixed to plow body, the back of which is made with a short blade, and adjacent - pochvouglubiteley storage battery located in front of the plough bodies mounted at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the gun, rear disc working body which is placed in front of the body with pochvouglubiteley /1/.
A disadvantage of the known tools is the inability to perform all actions for the implementation of the proposed method, namely in the subsurface cutting and pripodniatii soil layer and feed crop residues under this layer.
The objective of the invention implements the capability of executing the last action for the implementation of the proposed method.
The closest similar characteristics to appreciate the suggested device for implementing the method is the experimental set-up the chisel plow with an inclined working bodies |2|. The proposed device, as is known, contains a frame with a support wheel and attached to the chassis flat rail with a cutting front edge, the lower end rejected forward and sideways. Unlike well-known on the lower end of the slats of the proposed device is installed rake, and the rear edge of the fixed wing, made curved along the direction of motion of the device set by the bulge upwards and to the side, which rejected the lower end of the rail. In this frame the two articulated links connected protodude belt conveyor, a conveyor belt which is fixed elastic rods for the collection of crop residues on the field, mounted on racks road wheels, directional feed end below the upper curved edge of the wing, and one of the hinge links and rack track rollers have the regulators own length.
Figure 2. schematically shows the proposed device, a top view, figure 3 is a view along arrow a in figure 2.
The device consists of a frame 1, supporting wheels 2, flat slats with 3 cutting front edge, the lower end rejected forward and sideways at the lower end of which has a rake 4. On the rear edge of the fixed wing 5, made of a curved along the direction of motion of the device set by the bulge upward and lateral side is well, which rejected the lower end of the rail. With frame 1 two hinge parts 6 is connected protodude belt conveyor 7, one of the links which has a controller 8 own length, mounted on the uprights of the supporting rollers 9, directed feed end below the upper curved edge of the wing 5. Tape 10 of the conveyor belt 7 is an endless loop flexible gruzopodemnogo element, which is fixed to the elastic rods 11 for collection of crop residues left on the field after the harvesting of crops. The belt 8 is driven by two pulleys 12 mounted on the shafts and driven by the motor 13.
The device operates as follows. When driving the formation of a width equal 33-38 cm depth equal 17-22 cm, subsurface cut the rake 4 and cutting the front edge of the flat slats 3 and is directed to the convex surface of the wing 5, which raises layer, exposing its deformation, but mostly keeping the stubble and other crop residues. At this time, under concave surface of the wing 5 serves residue protodude conveyor 7 and is served these residue clipped layer of soil loosening from the convex surface of the wing. When supplied this amount of crop residues, after which the cover clipped soil layer provides the image is of along the edge of this layer swath of crop residues 4-6 cm wide By setting different angles of attack of the conveyor 7, and changes the length of the uprights of the supporting rollers 9 served the required amount of crop residues with regard to education along the edge of this layer of soil swath of crop residues width of 4-6 cm
Bibliographic data
1. USSR author's certificate No. 396101, class. And 01 In 49/02, 1971 (prototype method and analog devices for its implementation).
2. UDC 631.316.022.001.5 the results of the study chisel working body. Reznikov, MS - collection: Tillage machines and dynamics units. Scient. Tr. CHUMASH, Chelyabinsk, 1985, p.34-39. The experimental set-up the chisel plow with an inclined bodies (the prototype device).
1. The way to combat soil erosion on slopes containing formation on the field rolls for binder, characterized in that to create a swath of no-till crop the layer of soil under the raised edge which serves residue left in the field after harvesting of crops and cover crop residues clipped layer of soil, while serving such a volume of crop residues, after which the cover clipped soil layer provides education along the edge of this layer swath of crop residues width of 4-6 cm
2. The unit for combating soil erosion on slopes containing a frame with a support wheel and rublennuju flat on the frame rail with a cutting front edge, the lower end rejected forward and sideways, characterized in that on the lower end of the rail is installed rake, and the rear edge of the fixed wing, made curved along the direction of motion of the device set by the bulge upwards and to the side, which rejected the lower end of the rail, with frame two articulated links connected protodude belt conveyor, a conveyor belt which is fixed elastic rods for the collection of crop residues on the field, mounted on racks road wheels, directional feed end below the upper curved edge of the wing, and one of the hinge links and rack track rollers have regulators own length.