Solar module with concentrator and method of its production. RU patent 2520803.
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Solar module with concentrator and method of its production / 2520803 Invention relates to the field of solar engineering, in particular, to solar modules with concentrators for the generation of electric and heat energy. In a solar module with a concentrator comprising transparent focusing prisms with triangular cross section, with beam entry angle β0 and total internal reflection angle α = arcsin 1 n , where n stands for the refraction coefficient of the prism having an entry face and a radiation re-reflection face forming a common dihedral angle φ, a face of concentrated radiation output with a radiation detector and a reflection device in the form of a mirror reflector which together with the re-reflection face forms an acute dihedral angle ψ being placed unidirectionally with the acute dihedral angle φ of the focusing prism. The concentrator is made from two symmetrical transparent focusing prisms having a common line of contact of the entry and output faces which is oriented in the North-South direction. The reflection device consists of a set of mirror reflectors with the length L0 with equal acute angles ψ installed at some distance from one another, with a device for turning in respect to the re-reflection face, the entry face surface is fitted by additional mirror reflectors inclined to the entry face surface at the angle of 90°-δ and made in the form of louver with a device for turning in respect to the entry face surface, angle of the additional mirror reflectors' inclination to the entry face surface is directed differently from the acute angle φ of the focusing prism, axes of the turning device for the additional mirror reflector on the entry face surface and axes of the turning device for the mirror reflector on the re-reflection device with the re-reflection face are in one plane perpendicular to the entry surface, and the angles φ, ψ, δ, β0 and α are interconnected by certain ratios. Method of manufacturing the solar module with the concentrator involves manufacturing of the focusing prism from optically transparent material, installation of the radiation detector, radiation re-reflection device with mirror reflectors and additional mirror reflectors on the working surface with turning devices. According to the invention cavity walls of two focusing prisms with an acute dihedral angle at vertex 2-15° are produced from hardened sheet glass or other transparent sheet material and are pressurised, the focusing prisms are installed so that the faces of entry and output of each prism at vertex have a common contact line oriented in the North-South direction, and afterwards the obtained cavity is filled by optically transparent medium, the radiation detector is mounted hermetically and the additional mirror reflectors with the turning devices are assembled on the working surface of the focusing prism as well as the turning device for the radiation re-reflection device. |
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Solar module with compound parabolic concentrator included in stirling engine / 2522376 Photoelectric module of solar concentrated emission relates to solar engineering and refers to creation of solar modules with photoelectric and thermal receptors and concentrators of solar emission in the form of paraboloids. The solar module with the compound parabolic concentrator with Stirling engine includes a cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine, which is installed in a focal area with a cylindrical cooling device located below the compound parabolic concentrator; according to the invention, the concentrator is composite and made in the form of a rotation body with mirror inner reflection surface consisting of three zones a-b, b-c, c-d; with that, shape of reflecting surface of concentrator X(Y) is determined by a system of equations, which corresponds to the condition of illumination of different parts of the surface of the photoelectric receptor in the form of a cylinder with H length and radius ro, and values of coordinates X, Y in the zone of the working profile of concentrator a-b are determined by the following equation: ( X + r o ) 2 = 4 f 2 ∗ ( Y + Δ Y ) , in which Δ У = X b 2 4 f 1 − ( X b − r 0 ) 2 4 f 2 , where focal distance f2 is calculated by the following formula: f 2 = ( H 1 − Y b − h 0 2 ) ( 1 ± 1 sin ζ ) , with that, angle ζ in the zone of the working profile of concentrator a-b between the cylinder surface and a beam reflected from the surface at coordinate point Xb, Yb or coming down onto the surface of the compound parabolic concentrator, which reaches the focal area of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine at level H1-h0/2, which is located on radius ro, is calculated by the following formula: t g ζ = H 1 − Y b − h 0 / 2 X b − r 0 , where focal distance f1 is calculated by the following formula: f 1 = m R t g β + H 1 − r 0 t g β 1 + 2 t g β values of coefficient m changing within 0 to 1, height H1 between coordinate axis OX and end surface of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine, radius of midsection of concentrator R, angle β between a beam reflected from surface at coordinate point XC, YC of the compound parabolic concentrator coming at level h0 to the focal area located on radius r0 of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine, and normal to the incident beam are chosen in compliance with boundary conditions; with that, values of coordinates X, Y in the zone of the working profile of concentrator b-c within values of angle α+β are determined in compliance with the following equation: X = 2 f 1 [ 1 cos ( α + β ) − t g ( α + β ) ] , where α - angle in the zone of the working profile of concentrator b-c between the perpendicular to the incident beam and the beam reflected from the surface at coordinate point X, Y of the compound parabolic concentrator, which changes within 0 to ho and comes at level h to the focal area located on radius ro of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine and is determined by the following formula: t g α = H 1 − Y − ( h 0 − h ) X , γ - angle in the zone of the working profile of concentrator c-d between the beam reflected from the surface at coordinate point Xd, Yd of the compound parabolic concentrator and coming to the centre of the end part of the focal area of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor and height level H of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor of Stirling engine is determined by the following ratio: t g ( γ − β ) = Y − f 1 X = r 1 + r 0 H 1 + f 1 , with that, values of coordinates X, Y in the zone of the working profile of concentrator c-d are determined in compliance with the following formula: X2=4f1*Y, geometrical concentration of illumination of the photoelectric receptor K is determined by the following expression: K=(X-r1)2/ro(ro+2ho), where ro - cylinder radius, r1 - distance between symmetry axis 0, Y of the cylinder and focal distance f1, ho - size of the focal area on side surface of the cylindrical photoelectric receptor. |
FIELD: heating.
SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of solar engineering, in particular, to solar modules with concentrators for the generation of electric and heat energy. In a solar module with a concentrator comprising transparent focusing prisms with triangular cross section, with beam entry angle β0 and total internal reflection angle where n stands for the refraction coefficient of the prism having an entry face and a radiation re-reflection face forming a common dihedral angle φ, a face of concentrated radiation output with a radiation detector and a reflection device in the form of a mirror reflector which together with the re-reflection face forms an acute dihedral angle ψ being placed unidirectionally with the acute dihedral angle φ of the focusing prism. The concentrator is made from two symmetrical transparent focusing prisms having a common line of contact of the entry and output faces which is oriented in the North-South direction. The reflection device consists of a set of mirror reflectors with the length L0 with equal acute angles ψ installed at some distance from one another, with a device for turning in respect to the re-reflection face, the entry face surface is fitted by additional mirror reflectors inclined to the entry face surface at the angle of 90°-δ and made in the form of louver with a device for turning in respect to the entry face surface, angle of the additional mirror reflectors' inclination to the entry face surface is directed differently from the acute angle φ of the focusing prism, axes of the turning device for the additional mirror reflector on the entry face surface and axes of the turning device for the mirror reflector on the re-reflection device with the re-reflection face are in one plane perpendicular to the entry surface, and the angles φ, ψ, δ, β0 and α are interconnected by certain ratios. Method of manufacturing the solar module with the concentrator involves manufacturing of the focusing prism from optically transparent material, installation of the radiation detector, radiation re-reflection device with mirror reflectors and additional mirror reflectors on the working surface with turning devices. According to the invention cavity walls of two focusing prisms with an acute dihedral angle at vertex 2-15° are produced from hardened sheet glass or other transparent sheet material and are pressurised, the focusing prisms are installed so that the faces of entry and output of each prism at vertex have a common contact line oriented in the North-South direction, and afterwards the obtained cavity is filled by optically transparent medium, the radiation detector is mounted hermetically and the additional mirror reflectors with the turning devices are assembled on the working surface of the focusing prism as well as the turning device for the radiation re-reflection device.
EFFECT: invention is to increase optical efficiency factor due to reduced losses of radiation in a module and increased coefficient of solar radiation concentration.
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The invention relates to the solar engineering, in particular to solar modules with concentrators to produce electrical and heat energy.
Known solar module hub containing transparent focusing the lens, with forming an acute angle of the line of input and reflections radiation and the face of the output of concentrated solar radiation, and the device reflection located relative to the focusing of a prism with a clearance from the brink reflections radiation. The device reflections made in the form of at least one prism with a triangular cross-section, having forming an acute angle of the face of the entrance through focusing the lens of radiation and face mirror reflection of radiation and located its acute angle with unidirectional acute angle focusing prism (ed. mon. THE USSR # 108365, BI).
Execution reflecting devices in the form of a prism allows you to enter the reflected radiation in focusing the lens at an angle greater than the angle of total internal reflection.
The disadvantage of the PV module is a large mass of hub and high costs associated with large volume of its production, and the complexity of the design.
Known solar module hub containing the hub, made in the form of focusing prism of optically transparent material with refractive index n with acute form dihedral angle Phi, the working surface of the unit that receives the radiation angle β 0 , and face multiple reflections can switch the photoconverters, installed at an angle to the above faces and surfaces, and reflection of radiation, made in the form of a mirror set with a gap relative focusing prism from the brink reflections radiation, the specified device reflection in the mirror reflector form sharp dihedral angle Phi to a face-reflections and angle Phi+ & psi with the working surface of the module, and a corner entrance β 0 and dihedral angles & psi Phi and are related by:
β 0 = ± arcsin { n sin [ arcsin ( 1 n sin ( arcsin ( n sin ( arcsin 1 n - ' ) ) ) - 2interval
) - ' ] } ,where n is the refractive index, Phi - acute dihedral angle at the top of the prism, interval - the angle between the line reflections and mirror reflector.
To reduce losses of solar radiation on the part of the face-reflections focusing prism at the verge of going installed photoconverters with bilateral working surface, and in the face surface of the output from the working surface focusing prism to the device reflection installed mirror reflector (RF patent №2154778, BI 2000, №23).
Known solar module hub has a low weight and low cost. The disadvantage of solar module with the hub is a low coefficient of concentration and low optical efficiency due to radiation losses in the device reflection of the module.
Object of the present invention is to increase the optical efficiency by reducing radiation losses in the module and the increase of the coefficient of concentration of solar radiation. As a result of use of the invention is increasing the optical module efficiency, decrease of optical losses in the reflection of radiation and increases the coefficient of concentration of solar radiation.
The above result is achieved by that solar modules in the hub containing transparent focusing the lens with a triangular cross-section, with the entrance angle rays β 0 and the angle of total internal reflection
α = arcsin 1 nwhere n is the refractive index of the prism, have a face logon and face-reflections radiation, forming a common dihedral angle Phi, the line output of concentrated radiation detectors, and the device reflection in the mirror reflector, which forms the boundary reflections acute dihedral angle interval, which is unidirectional with acute dihedral angle Phi focusing prism. The hub is made of two symmetric transparent focusing prisms that have a common line of touch faces of entry and exit, oriented North-South. The device reflection consists of a set of installed at some distance from each other mirror reflectors length L 0 with the same sharp corners & psi, with the device of rotation about the verge reflections on the surface of the face of the additional mirror reflectors that are tilted to the surface faces the entrance 90 angle Delta and made in the form of blinds with the device of rotation relative to the surface of the face entry, tilt additional mirror reflectors to the surface faces the entrance is located opposite directions with acute dihedral angle Phi focusing prism, the axis device rotation additional mirror reflector on the verge of entry and axis device rotating mirror reflector on the device reflections with a face reflections are in the same plane perpendicular to the surface of the entrance, and the corners & Phi;, & psi, δ,? 0 and II are linked together by relationships:
arcsin = sin { arcsin [ n x sin ( arcsin sin β 0 n + Phi ) + 2interval
] } n + Phi > α δ ≤ 1 2 arcsin = sin { arcsin [ n x sin ( arcsin sin β 0 n + Phi ) + 2interval
] } n , arcsin sin 2 δ n + Phi > α .In the variant of design of the solar module to the hub transparent focusing prism form a spatial optical structure, which is made in the form of roof solar houses, genitalica or winter garden.
In the variant of design of the solar module to the hub as radiation detector in each focusing prism is installed hybrid photovoltaic module with co-generation of electric and thermal energy.
In another embodiment, the solar module to the hub as radiation detector in each focusing the lens used a heat absorber for production of hot water and heating.
In the method of manufacturing solar module to the hub by means of producing of focusing prism of optically transparent material, installation of detectors, devices reflections with mirror reflectors made of tempered sheet glass or other transparent sheet material made and sealed wall cavity two focusing prisms with acute dihedral angle at the vertex 2-15°, set the focusing prism so that the verge of entry and exit of each prism at the top had a common line of touch, oriented North-South, and then fill the resulting cavity optically transparent environment, establish hermetically detector and assemble additional mirror reflectors with devices turn on the working surface of focusing prism and devices turn for the device reflections.
In a variant of the method of manufacture solar module to the hub as optically transparent environment using distilled water with additives to prevent flowering and freezing of water.
In other variant of the method of manufacture solar module to the hub as optically transparent environment of the use of silicone fluids, e.g. on the basis polimetilsiloxan compositions.
Another way of making solar module to the hub as optically transparent environment using structured polysiloxane gels.
The essence of the invention is illustrated in figure 1, which shows the cross-section of the solar module to the hub and rays path in it.
Solar photoelectric module hub contains two focusing prism 1 and 2, each of which contains the line input 3, which coincides with the working surface of 4, and a face-reflections 5, 6 and reflection additional mirror reflectors 7 on the working surface of 4. Acute dihedral angle Phi is the angle between a working surface of 4, which falls radiation, and face-reflections 5. The entrance angle (decrease) of solar radiation on the working surface 4 is the angle β 0 between the beam and the vector
n 0perpendicular to the surface, which falls radiation.
Acute dihedral angle interval is the angle between the face-reflections 5 focusing prism 2 and device reflection 6. The device reflection 6 contains the mirror reflectors 8, which is inclined at an angle interval to a face-reflections 5 and made in the form of blinds with your device, turn 9 on the verge reflections 6. Mirror reflectors 7 tilted to the work surface of 90 angle Delta, where d is the angle between the plane of the mirror reflector 7 and the normal
nto a working surface of 4 and made in the form of blinds with your device, turn 10 on the working surface of the module. Receiver 11 installed on the verge of going 12 focusing prism 2.
In the variant of a design of solar module on the verge of going 12 focusing prism 2 installed mirror reflector and the receiver 11 bilateral working surface is on the verge reflections 5 focusing prism 2 in close proximity to the edge of exit 12.
Receiver 1 is made in the form of connected solar cells. In the variant of a design of the receiver module 1 is a heat absorber for heat energy. The most promising is the use of hybrid receiver 1, containing connected solar cells mounted on a heat absorber with disposal and recycling of heat energy.
Solar photoelectric module works as follows. Solar radiation - beam L 1 falls on a working surface of 4 focusing prism 1 or 2 angle β 0 (figure 1), is the prism of 1 or 2 at an angle β 2 , hits the face-reflections 5 angle β 2 out of the prism 1 or 2 angle β 3 , hits the mirror reflector 8 at an angle β 4 , reflected and gets a face-reflections 5 under angle β 5 , refracted in focusing the lens of 1 or 2 at an angle β 6 and falls on the working surface of the prism 1 or 2 from the inside angle β 7 , which must be greater angle of total internal reflection β 7 >arcsin 1/n, where n is the refractive index of the material prism 1 or 2. After total internal reflection radiation hits the receiver 11.
For ray L-1 corner of the fall in the line of input 3 β 0 >0, which is equal to the angle between the direction of the ray and the normal n to the surface, in the course of the rays of the angles between the normal to the surface and ray are the following:
β 0accepted
0, β 1 = arcsin ( sin β 0 n ) , ( 1 ) β 2 = arcsin ( sin β 0 n ) + ' , ( 2 ) β 3 = arcsin { n x sin [ arcsin ( sin β 0 n ) + ' ] } , ( 3 ) β 4 = arcsin { n x sin [ arcsin ( sin β 0 n ) + ' ] } +interval
, ( 4 ) β 5 = arcsin { n x sin [ arcsin ( sin β 0 n ) + ' ] } + 2interval
, ( 5 ) β 6 = arcsin { { sin { arcsin [ n x sin ( arcsin sin β 0 n + ' ) ] } + 2interval
n } } , ( 6 ) β 7 = arcsin { { sin { arcsin [ n x sin ( arcsin sin β 0 n + ' ) ] } + 2interval
n } } + ' . ( 7 )For beta 0 >0
Angles & Phi;, & psi,? 0 and II connected by the relation:
arcsin { { sin { arcsin [ n x sin ( arcsin sin β 0 n + Phi ) ] } + 2interval
n } } + Phi > α . ( 8 )The corners δ,? 0 and j are connected ratio:
δ & GE; 1 2 arcsin { n x sin [ arcsin sin β 0 n + ' ] } + 2interval
. ( 9 ) , arcsin ( sin 2 δ n ) + ' > α . ( 10 ) .In the absence of additional mirror reflectors 7 appear broken zone 13 on the working surface of 4 that arise when returning rays from the mirror reflector 8 to focusing the light (ray β 5 figure 1), reduce the optical efficiency of a solar module to the hub. The proposed solar modules in the hub of optical losses because of non-performing areas 13 not available, as the entire area of these non-performing areas 13 on the working surface of 4 installed additional mirror reflectors 7, guides rays at an angle 2?=β 5 to a working surface 4 focusing prism 2. The length mirror reflectors 7 is chosen from the condition that the beam reflected from the end of the reflector 7, was on a working surface of 4 focusing prism 2 at the base of the nearby mirror reflector 7 and sink 11.
For the manufacture of solar modules in the hub of hardened glass with thickness of 3 mm is made and sealed wall cavity two focusing prisms 1 and 2 with a dihedral angle Phi at the top, set the focusing prism so that the verge of entry and exit of each prism at the top had a common line of touch, oriented North-South, and then fill the resulting cavity optically transparent medium.
When used as optically transparent medium distilled water current decrease of the solar cell I (X) with increasing thickness of water layer x is described by the equation:
I ( x ) = I 0 l - to 0 x ,where I 0 - current solar element in the surface layer of water to 0 is the absorption coefficient.
The absorption coefficient of water to 0 , measured silicon solar cell, is 0.025 cm-1 , the average thickness of a layer of water in which the current from the solar cell decreased in l=2.73 times, is 40 see If the length of focusing prism 2 figure 1 0,5 m length of the beam path L 1 inside focusing prism 2 is 24 see the Flow of photoactive radiation on the receiver
I = I 0 l - 0.6 = I 0 1,82decreased by 1.82 times. Thus, the receiver goes 55,5% of the energy of radiation, and 45, 5% of solar radiation is absorbed within focusing prism 2. Absorbed energy, mostly in the far end of the spectrum, is used to raise the temperature of water. Solar radiation in the shortwave spectral range is concentrated in focusing the lens, is absorbed in the receiver 11 and converted into electrical energy in solar cells. This ensures energy-efficient conversion of solar energy into electrical and thermal energy in hybrid receiver or only in thermal energy for hot water and heating in the receiver with a heat absorber.
If you use polymethylsiloxane fluid, more than 90% of solar radiation will be absorbed in the receiver due to the low coefficient of absorption of radiation in a liquid. When used as optically transparent medium structured polysiloxane gel pour it into the cavity of focusing prisms 1 and 2 in liquid form, and then spend his cure - structuring. In this case, high transparency polysiloxane gel and leak gel accidental depressurization cavity focusing lens provides high optical efficiency and long service life of the solar module to the hub.
The volume of optically transparent medium inside the cavity focusing prism depends on the size of the solar module and angle Phi. For solar module to the hub size length 0,5, width 1.2 m volume optically transparent environment will angle Phi=8 degrees 22,5 l, for Phi=3 degrees of 8.4 L.
Solar module hub operates as follows. In the morning after sunrise works focusing prism 1 on the East side of the module, and in the second half of the day working focusing prism 2 on the West side. At noon simultaneously both focusing prisms without the help of mirror reflectors 5 and 7, with additional mirror reflectors 7 oriented parallel to the solar radiation. When the angle of inclination faces the entrance to the horizontal surface 60 degrees solar module starts at the height of the sun above the horizon of 30 degrees and works as the sun moves over 120 degrees, which corresponds to 8 hours of sunshine 22.03 and 22:09.
Plane mirror reflectors are oriented in the direction North-South, and daily motion of the sun is compensated by the rotating mirror reflectors in accordance with formulas (8) and (9).
When turning the beam to + 24 degrees from normal position mirror reflectors are rotated by + 12 degrees. Figure 1 shows the progress of rays in focusing prisms 1 and 2 at? 0 =0. Geometric concentration coefficient k=ctgφ for one focusing prism 1 or 2 with the sensor 11. When m=31,5°, Phi=8 degrees and interval=25oC, geometric concentration coefficient is k=ctg8°=7,15.
Solar module hub can be used as solar roof of the house, genitalica or winter garden.
Design and technology of manufacturing of solar module hub allows 5-10 times to reduce the consumption of metal for absorbers in comparison with the known solar collectors and 5-10 times to reduce the area of solar cells compared with planar solar modules without concentrators.
Solar module hub has a low weight, high efficiency, low cost, easy to manufacture and can be used to generate heat and electricity in standalone installations with observation of the sun and active buildings as part of photovoltaic facade of a building or a sun roof.
3. Solar module hub according to claim 1, characterized in that as radiation detector in each focusing prism is installed hybrid photovoltaic module with co-generation of electric and thermal energy.
4. Solar module hub according to claim 1, characterized in that as radiation detector in each focusing the lens used a heat absorber for production of hot water and heating.
5. A method of manufacturing solar module to the hub by means of producing of focusing prism of optically transparent material, installation of the receiver radiation devices reflections radiation with mirror reflectors and additional mirror reflectors on the working surface with devices turn, wherein of tempered sheet glass or other transparent sheet material made and sealed wall cavity two focusing prisms with acute dihedral angle at the vertex 2-15°, set the focusing prism so that the verge of entry and exit of each prism at the top had a common line of touch, oriented North-South, and then fill the received optical cavity transparent environment, establish hermetically detector and spend the Assembly additional mirror reflectors with devices turn on the working surface of focusing prism and devices turn for the device reflections radiation.
6. A method of manufacturing of solar module hub according to claim 5, wherein as optically transparent environment using distilled water with additives to prevent flowering and freezing of water.
7. A method of manufacturing of solar module hub according to claim 5, wherein as optically transparent environment of the use of silicone fluids, e.g. on the basis polimetilsiloxan compositions.
8. A method of manufacturing of solar module hub according to claim 5, wherein as optically transparent environment using structured polysiloxane gels.