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IPC classes for russian patent Method of determining damage of mountain valley by mudslide (RU 2519807):
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Method comprises phytoindication on age of woody vegetation. Determination of the upper limit of affection of a mountain valley with avalanche stream, at which avalanching no vegetation is left on the slopes of the valley, is carried out by measuring the difference in height between the bottom of the valley and the lower limit of the phytometer - autochthonous birch forests, which grow over the affected slope; assessment of date of affection is determined by measuring the amount of annual rings on wood cores drilled by the age-related borer, or on transverse saw cuts at the base of trunks at the level of root collar of the largest trees in the newly formed growing stocks, renewable in the affected area lower the autochthonous birch forests.
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FIELD: physics.
SUBSTANCE: in the method, damage is evaluated from absence of trees and shrubs at the bottom of a valley and the presence of native old-age tree strata on upper-lying slopes. Later - from the presence, at the bottom of the valley, of even-age, young trees and shrubs, and subsequently, with aging thereof, - from the numerical dominance of trees in the old age group over any other age group; and from the presence of mass damage to the bark and woody tissue on trunks of trees growing on the foot of the slop of the valley. The width of the zone of damage of the valley is measured from the distance between peripheral damaged trees on the cross-section of the valley; the height of damage on the valley sides is measured from the top level of damages on tree trunks. The date of the disaster is determined using the formula: n=n2-n1, where: n is the number of annual rings which corresponds to the number of years since the valley was damaged by the mudslide; n2 is the number of annual rings on a radius passing through undamaged parts of the tree trunk; n1 is the number of annual rings on a radius passing through the damaged area of the tree trunk.
EFFECT: method simplifies evaluation of hazardous natural phenomena when monitoring areas for construction and forming agricultural ecosystems in recreation.
3 dwg
The invention relates to a method of detecting signs of natural disasters and can find application in assessing hazard areas.
There is a method of forecasting, which uses the method of phytoindication on old sick trees (application No. 99107239 published 20.01.2001,, IPC A01G 7/00).
However, in the known method is not sufficient indicators to determine defeats by mudflows mountain valley.
There is a method of identifying valleys, potentially dangerous lesions avalanche flows (Vaskov IM, Goncharov V.I. TO a question about the signs and the possibility of forecasting of natural disasters type Healthsci in mountain Ossetia // Proceedings of the North-Caucasian mining and metallurgical Institute. 2006. VIP. S-252: source No. 1, attached), which can be used as a prototype. The authors provide a number of features that are characteristic of areas of possible defeat avalanche threads:
- presence in the Alpine zone of modern thrusts and reverse faults, the front of which is constantly looming on the valley, on the bottoms of which are glaciers;
- pereslaivaniya hard and plate rocks in the impending (vbrasyvaemye) block, causing more frequent slope failure;
- presence inside and on the surface of the glacier is a large number of stone region is mcov, especially if their source is one of framing the slopes, directly pointing to the instability of the slope and the constant accumulation of such instability;
- frequent repetition of small-focus and especially near-surface seismic shocks in the rear part of the modern thrusts and reverse faults, the centers of which coincide with the surfaces of the offset of modern fault structures upthrust-thrust type.
The disadvantage of this method is the considerable complexity of its implementation, and the fact that it allows you to identify only the most General regularities on the basis of which one can judge about the possibility of the defeat of the valley avalanche flows. At the same time, beyond the scope of this method are easily identified natural features, allowing you to more accurately and specifically to recognize the signs of the considered phenomenon.
The technical result is a simplification of the method of detecting signs of dangerous natural phenomena.
The technical solution of the declared object is that unlike the prototype method is a method of determining electric mud mountain valleys by estimating the absence of trees and shrubs at the bottom of the valley, in the presence of indigenous old-growth stands on the upper slopes, and later the presence at the bottom of the valley odnovozrastny the th (young) trees and shrubs, and later, as it grew, - numerical dominance of trees in the older age group above any of the other age groups; and the presence of massive damage to the bark and wood of the trunks of trees growing at the foot of the slopes of the valley; however, the measurement of the width of the affected area of the valley is the distance between the boundary of injured trees on the transverse profile of the valley; height measurement defeat the sides of the valley is on the upper level of damage on the trunks of trees, the assessment date preceding the accident is calculated by the formula: n=n2-n1where: n is the number of annual rings corresponding to the number of years after the defeat of the valley is rural; n2the number of annual rings on the radius passing through the intact section of the trunk; n1the number of annual rings on the radius passing through the damaged section of the trunk.
The method is as follows.
In the context of geo-ecological monitoring of the valley Renaldo conducted a search of phytoindication, marking the landscape consequences of the vanishing of the Kolka glacier and previous glacial disasters. The possibility of effective use of certain plant communities to phytoindication of the consequences of the defeat mountain valleys catastrophic debris flows. Was the neck is divided by two signs, describing the defeat of the valley catastrophic debris flows.
1. Clear evidence of the recent passage of a catastrophic debris flow is the absence of trees and shrubs (or presence only young trees and shrubs) on the valley floor in the presence of indigenous old-growth stands on the upper slopes. The reason for this disproportion in the distribution of vegetation is that the trees and bushes that grew before the crash at the bottom of the valley, were demolished down the valley recently passed by the mudslide. Evaluation of vegetation dynamics before and after the accident shows that the lack of trees and shrubs is a Testament to the passage of a catastrophic mudslide in the current year or not more than one year ago. Floodplain forest, emerging at the bottom of the mountain valley after passing catastrophic debris flow, represented mainly by grey alder - Ainus incana (L.) Moench. Assessment of the age structure of this vegetation community has shown that it is represented exclusively by the young stand: age of trees in 2012 did not exceed ten years (Appendix 1). A similar age pattern is not typical for naturally (for many decades) formed a community, which is characterized presets is of trees of different ages from seedlings to old age. This age structure (mass young seedlings in the complete absence of trees in older age groups) indicates that in the recent past was the defeat of this valley catastrophic flood that destroyed the entire floodplain vegetation, after which the settlement of the floodplain began with the initial stages of the formation of the vegetative cover. As a result of the measurements revealed a characteristic feature of this abnormal age structure of the stand is its extremely high density, resulting in the young forest has become impassable.
This regularity allows not only to record the fact of the defeat of the valley catastrophic mudflow in the past, but to date the time of his passing. Valuation date preceding the accident is established by counting the number of annual rings in the wood cores, drilled age borer, or on the transverse cuts in the trunks of the largest living trees. The measurements may be made with the aim of Dating the passing of the last catastrophic debris flow will be possible, at least for several decades. It will persist until the current young trees, alders their age limit: the age structure of these stands, voznikshikh process postcatastrophe succession, will be different from the structure of the naturally formed communities numerical predominance of trees in the older age group above any of the other age groups.
2. The presence of massive damage to the bark and wood of trees growing at the foot of the valley slopes, is an indicator pointing to a passage in the past through the valley of catastrophic debris flow. These injuries due to the presence of mudslides in the flow of solid components, which have hurt the bark and wood of tree trunks found in the marginal zone of the lesion catastrophic mudflow (Appendix 2). This floodplain vegetation, located down the slope and at the bottom of the valley, in the immediate area of the lesion was completely destroyed by a catastrophic flood.
Identified phytoindication (damage bark) allows not only to record the fact of the defeat of the valley by flooding in the past, but also to measure the width of the damaged zone of the valley (on the boundary injured trees on the transverse profile of the valley and the height of the defeat of the valley edges (at the top level of damage on the trunks of trees) these mudflows. A more detailed study of typical damage it is possible to estimate the date of passing of the last catastrophic debris flow by counting the number of annual rings in the wood cores, drilled age Boer is m, or on the transverse cuts in the trunks of living trees. Counting the number of annual rings is carried out by two radii passing through the damaged (R1) and undamaged (R2) parts of the trunk (Appendix 3).
The calculation time of the last after passing the last catastrophic debris flow, is calculated by the formula n=n2-n1where: n is the number of annual rings corresponding to the number of years after the defeat of the valley is rural; n2the number of annual rings on the radius R2passing through the undamaged section of the trunk; n1the number of annual rings on the radius R1passing through the damaged area of the trunk.
Therefore, the method of phytoindication allows us to simplify the method of assessment of natural hazards monitoring plots for the construction, establishment of agro-ecosystems, recreation.
Method for determination of electric mud mountain valleys, characterized in that the evaluation of lesions lead to lack of tree and shrub vegetation on the valley floor in the presence of indigenous old-growth stands on the upper slopes, and later by the presence at the bottom of the valley, even-aged, young trees and shrubs, and later, as they grow older, according to the numerical dominance of trees in the older age group on any of the OST is selected age groups; and the presence of mass lesions of bark and wood on the trunks of trees growing at the foot of the slopes of the valley; however, the measurement of the width of the affected area of the valley is performed according to the distance between the boundary of injured trees on the transverse profile of the valley; the height measurement of the defeat of the valley edges is carried out on the upper level of damage on the trunks of trees, and the date of the earlier disaster set according to the formula: n=n2-n1where: n is the number of annual rings corresponding to the number of years elapsed after the defeat of the valleys by debris flows; n2the number of annual rings on the radius passing through the intact section of the trunk; n1the number of annual rings on the radius passing through the damaged section of the trunk.
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