Method of ceramic ballast production. RU patent 2513949.
 Oxydation catalyst / 2505355Described is oxidation catalyst, which includes extruded solid material, containing: 10-95 wt % of, at least, one matrix-binding component; 5-90 wt % of synthetic alumosilicate zeolite molecular sieve or mixture of any two or more of such sieves, each of which has 10-ring pore structure or larger than 10-ring pore structure as its largest structure of pore holes, and has ratio of silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide constituting from 10 to 150; and 0-80 wt % of optionally stabilised cerium dioxide, with catalyst containing, at least, one precious metal and, optionally, at least, one non-precious metal, in which (1) main mass of, at least, one precious metal is located on the surface of extruded solid material; (ii) at least, one precious metal is applied in one layer or several layers on the surface of extruded solid material; (iii) at least, one metal is present in volume of extruded solid material and is present in higher concentration on the surface of extruded solid material; (iv) at least, one metal is present in volume of extruded solid material and is applied in one layer or several layers on the surface of extruded solid material; or (v) at least, one metal is present in volume of extruded solid material, is present in higher concentration on the surface of extruded solid material, and is applied in one layer or several layers on the surface of extruded solid material. Described are method of claimed catalyst manufacturing, method of processing emissions of waste gases of combustion engines, and system of discharge of gases and vehicle. |
| Method to manufacture light-weight heat insulation items for lining of thermal aggregates / 2487102 Method may be used to manufacture light-weight silica-alumina items of normal dimensions and simple cuts, designed for lining of thermal aggregates in zones with temperature of up to 1250°C, not exposed to action of melts, wear forces and mechanical shocks. The method includes preparation of a charge from chamotte, a binder and additives, shaping, drying and baking of items. |
| Mixture for producing decorative facing material / 2479508 Invention relates to production of compositions of decorative facing materials which can be used in construction. The mixture for producing decorative facing material contains, wt %: crushed glass 65.0-75.0, ground tuff 10.0-15.0, chamotte 15.0-20.0. |
| Raw material mix for obtaining facing ceramics / 2476405 Invention relates to production of construction materials and is intended for manufacturing facing ceramic tiles. Raw material mix for obtaining facing ceramics contains quartzite with fractions 0.5-0.315 mm and 0.08-0.056 mm, with their ratio 1.25-1:1, mixed with mix of refractory clay and glass breakage with ratio of clay and glass breakage 1:1.2-1 with mixture fraction not larger than 0.056 mm. Components of raw material mix are in the following ratio, wt %: quartzite - 60-65, mix of refractory clay and glass breakage 35-40. |
 Method of making boards from ceramic material / 2469007Invention relates to making ceramic boards. Proposed method comprises making initial mix containing ceramic sand with grain size not exceeding 2 mm, preferably smaller than 1.2 mm, binder and filler, settling said mix onto temporary substrate for vacuum compaction, drying and annealing. Said binder consists of water dispersion of silicon oxide colloid, referred to as silica sol, mixed with organic binder selected from water solution of polyvinyl alcohol, water soluble cellulose, or sugar. Said filler represents mineral powders selected from feldspars, nephelines, syenites mixed with clays and/or kaolin. Note here that, after annealing, said powder produce solid ceramic matrix. |
| Ceramic mass for brick production / 2466956 Brick contains refractory clay, quartzites. At the same time ceramic mass additionally contains liquid potassium glass and spongolite at the following ratio of components, wt %: refractory clay 76.8-82.7; quartzites 15.0-20.0; liquid potassium glass 0.2-0.3; spongolite 2.0-3.0. |
| Crude mixture for making facing tiles / 2444498 Invention relates to production of facing tiles. The crude mixture for making facing tiles contains coal ash and glass cutting mud, with the following ratio of components, wt %: coal ash 49.0-51.0; glass cutting mud 49.0-51.0. |
| Wollastonite-based ceramic mixture / 2422402 Invention relates to the ceramic industry and more specifically to making wollastonite-based lining for assemblies and foundry equipment for metallurgy of aluminium alloys. The ceramic mixture contains wollastonite, oxalic acid and water, with the following ratio of components in wt %: wollastonite 38-42; oxalic acid 2-5; water - the rest. Wollastonite contains a 70-100 mcm or 100-200 mcm or 200-300 mcm monofraction. |
| Crude mixture for making facing tiles / 2413696 Invention relates to production of facing tiles. The crude mixture for making facing tiles contains the following components in wt %: coal ash 49.0-51.0, dry sludge, glass cuttings 49.0-51.0. The crude mixture is moistened to moisture content of 9-11%, pressed under pressure of 20 MPa and roasted at temperature 630-660°C. |
| Method of producing glass-ceramite / 2413685 Invention relates to production of glass-ceramite used for external and internal facing of walls of buildings and other structures. The method of producing glass-ceramite involves preparing and batching crude components, mixing said components, moulding a substrate from the obtained mixture, forming a decorative layer on the substrate and roasting. The substrate is moulded from a mixture which contains the following in wt %: crushed glass 45.0-50.0; clay 10.0-15.0; pearlite 35.0-45.0. Pearlite is first expanded and saturated with 3-5% solutions of cobalt, nickel, manganese or copper nitrate solutions and dried to moisture content of not more than 9%. The decorative layer is obtained by surface glasing the roasted substrate until formation of a glass film. |
| Raw mix for manufacture of wall ceramics / 2254308 Raw mix contains 50.69-51.4% of flue ash from brown coal combustion, 41.17-42.06% of microsilica from crystalline silicon production, and 6.54-7.84% of electrofilter dust from aluminum production. |
| Raw mix and a method for manufacturing wall ceramics / 2254309 Raw mix contains 52. 7-56.3% of microsilica, 42.5-46.5% of flue ash, and 0.8-1.2% of electrofilter dust from original aluminum production. Wall ceramic products comprises preparation of blend, molding, drying, and firing at 800°C, and additional steaming of fired products. |
| Raw mixture and method for making wall ceramic article / 2255919 Invention is designated for manufacturing wall ceramic articles. The raw mixture comprises the following components in the ratio, wt.-%: microsilica in manufacturing crystalline silicon, 33.9-54.5; ash fly after combustion of brown coals, 44.5-63.5, and electrofilter dust in basic manufacturing aluminum, 1.0-2.6. Electrofilter dust represents brown color waste and comprises calcium, magnesium and aluminum fluorides, cryolite and organic substances. Method involves preparing the charge, molding, drying, roasting at 800°C and moistening ready articles by keeping in water for 24 h. Invention provides enhancing resistance to cold, reducing average density and roasting temperature of material. |
 Raw mixture and method of producing cellular ceramic materials / 2263087Raw mixture comprises, in mass%, 8.81-9.37 of micro-silicon dioxide, 50.0-53.3 of ash-priming, 3.12-8.6 of carbon lining, 0.06-0.072 of aluminum powder, 0.02-0.31 of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and 33.8-35.07 of water. The method comprises preparing the mixture, molding, swelling by vibration, drying at a temperature of 100°C, and roasting at a temperature 800°C. |
 Raw material mixture and method of manufacture of ceramic materials of high-porous structure / 2263088Proposed mixture includes the following components, mass-%: microsilica, 8.06-8.31; fly ash, 56.30-58.20; aluminum powder, 0.40-0.42; detergent, 0.40-0.42; carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.81-0.98; calcium chloride, 0.17-0.19; water, 32.20-33.54. Method of manufacture of ceramic materials of high-porous structure includes preparation of mixture, molding, vibration bulging, drying at temperature of 100°C and roasting at temperature 900°C. |
| Refractory foamed carbon-containing material / 2263648 Invention relates to manufacturing light porous carbon-containing refractory materials. Invention proposes material showing inorganic cellular structure prepared by foaming and hardening the slip composition prepared from ground charge with a gas-forming agent - finely divided crystalline silicon mixed with water glass in the following mass ratios of components in the slip composition: water glass : silicon = (3-6):1 and charge : water glass = (1.0-1.5):1. Charge comprises components in the following ratio, mas. p. p.: mineral filling agent, 45-53; calcined shungite, 15-22; aluminum powder, 10-15. Quartz sand, quartzite, perlite, vermiculite, dinas, cement fly ash and slags are used as a mineral filling agent, Foamed material comprises 12-20 wt.-% of silicon carbide and 25-51 wt.-% of kyanite prepared by exothermic reaction at 1400-1700°C carrying out in volume of hardened porous material. Material shows porosity 60-81% and heat conductivity 0.08-0.18 Wt/m x K at 20°C and shows high mechanical indices and stability in oxidizing medium. Material can be prepared without large energy and labor consumptions. |
| Raw mixture for production of wall ceramic articles / 2267471 Claimed mixture contains as starting components (mass %) microsilica from crystal silicium production 51.9-52.9; fly ash from brown coal combustion 43.3-42.4; electrostatic cleaner from aluminum production 0.9-1.0, and detergent 2.9-4.7. |
| Raw materials mixture for production of wall ceramic products / 2268866 The invention is pertaining to the field of construction industry, in particular, to production raw materials mixture for production of wall ceramic products. The technical result of the invention is an increased frost resistance of the products at reduction of a shrinkage and temperatures of the material roasting. The raw materials mixture contains (in mass %): microsilica of production of crystalline silicon - 30.43-31.82, a fly ash from incineration of brown coals - 56.52-59.09 and a prorash from bucking of the spent carbon lining of electrolytic baths - 9.09-13.04. |
| Raw mixture for making wall ceramic article / 2269500 Invention proposes a raw mixture and composites for making wall ceramic articles. Proposed raw mixture for making wall ceramic articles comprises as raw components microsilica from manufacture of crystalline silicon, fly ash after combustion of brown coals, spills after crushing the depleted coal fettling of electrolyzers and detergent "Taiga" taken in the following ratio of components, wt.-%: microsilica, 30.4-31.0; fly ash, 56,3-57.5; spills after crushing the depleted coal fettling of electrolyzers, 8.8-9.0, and detergent "Taiga", 2.7-4.3. Invention provides enhancing strength and resistance to cold, decreasing shrinkage and the roasting point. |
 Method of manufacturing products based on silica-containing binder / 2283818Invention relates to manufacture of a variety of different-destination building products such as bricks, wall blocks, footway materials, face wall and floor tiles as well as various heat-insulation and structural heat-insulation units like slabs, blocks, shells, and segments showing elevated strength and heat-insulation characteristics based on silica-containing binder using non-expensive mineral raw material and production wastes. Method involves preparing silica-containing binder with density 1.1-2.1 g/cc from mixture composed of inorganic bonding material, silica-containing component, and water under vigorous stirring in high-speed mixer at stirring speed 1500-2500 rpm, stirred particle vibration frequency2000-35000 Hz, and heating to 80-90°C followed by cooling at stirring with speed 40-100 rpm for 10-12 h to 15-25°C. Preparation of molding blend is accomplished by blending 9.0-13.5% of silica-containing binder with silica-containing aggregate, homogenizing the blend, and heat treatment of molded products at 400-950°C. When combustible aggregates are used heat treatment is carried out at 90°C. |
FIELD: process engineering.
SUBSTANCE: this invention relates to construction, particularly, to production of ballast to be used in construction of roads, bridges, airfields, railway tracks, etc. Proposed method comprises preparation of stock, its grinding, compaction, drying and thermal treatment. Raw mix is produced from natural sand and metallurgical slag admixtures or those of thermal electric power station slag and ash, said mix being ground and compacted at 35-150 MPa to obtain 50-150 mm deep boards. After drying, said boards are cut to cubic shape and annealed at 1100-1180°C.
EFFECT: high quality cube-shaped ballast, higher hardness zero flakiness.
2 tbl
The invention relates to the production of crushed stone used in the construction of roads, bridges, airfields, building of Railways, production of concrete, at a laying of the Foundation of buildings to strengthen weak soils.
Many inventions (as the USSR №1286556, A.S. the USSR №1691342, patents EN 2005106 C1, EN 2197444 C2, EN 2200717 C2, EN 2355660 C1, EN 2355661 C1) and the publications, dedicated to the creation of methods of production of crushed stone.
The most common way is the extraction of rocks (gabbro-diabase, granite, limestone and so on), their crushing and screening. As a result of crushing formed particles of various shapes and sizes. One of the criteria in determining the quality of rubble, is its flakiness, showing the number of those present unwanted particles of lamellar-and needle-shaped forms. According to GOST macadam is divided into 4 groups, the flakiness of which varies from 15 to 50%. The closer the particles of gravel to the cubic shape, the better the rubble, but for crushing hard to adjust the shape of the particles. Another important parameter in determining the quality of crushed stone, are its strength characteristics (in particular, the compressive strength). To enhance the strength characteristics of broken stone, many enterprises use solid rock, with an increasing deterioration of the working elements of crushers and screens and increases the output of screenings. In addition, many rocks, in particular granite, radioactive.
In this regard appeared patents, which provides a way of manufacturing of ceramic gravel, and produce macadam of slag melts.
According A.S. The USSR №1286566 method of manufacturing artificial ceramic aggregate includes the preparation process of the weight of the clay raw materials, its bursting through the matrix with holes star-shaped cross-section, forming of bundles by pressing under the pressure of 2.0-2.2 MPa and subsequent firing. The main disadvantages of this method are low density and strength of the resulting product.
A method of obtaining ceramic filler for use in road construction (A.S. The USSR №1691342 A1), according to which as the main raw materials used fusible clay and chalk. The method involves drying of the raw materials supply to a residual moisture content of 6-7%, grinding, pressing, heat treatment on the mode: temperature rise to 1120-1140°C with constant speed 4-6 degrees C/min, the holding at that temperature 1-1,5 hours, cooling with constant speed 5-6°C/min, and the subsequent fragmentation of burnt material. The resulting rubble has a mark on the strength of 1200, i.e. compression strength not exceeding 120 MPa.
In the patent RU 2355660 C1 method of manufacture ceramic artificial crushed clay material for road construction, including the preparation and processing of clay raw materials to the optimum humidity and homogeneous structure, the formation of the raw clay jacking weight through forming a lattice with his cross-cutting, drying, the firing of semi-finished product, crushing and sieving fractions, characterized by the formation of the raw produce in the form of block adjacent to each other hollow bars with longitudinal, uniformly distributed on the surface grooves cross-cutting raw lead in the subsequent separation of the hollow the boards in blocks, drying and firing semi-finished carried out after single-laying spread of hollow bars.
The main disadvantages are presented analogues are the use of clay as the main raw material component that does not provide a high strength characteristics of broken stone, the presence in the technological scheme crushing baked cake mix, reducing the strength of obtained crushed stone, improved Limagnole and the need fractionation of rubble because of differences in its size.
The closest analogue of the claimed invention is a method of making ceramic products for construction purposes (patent RU 2374206 C1), including the preparation of the raw material mixture, forming products and firing, wherein the pre conduct joint grinding the raw mix up dispersion 20-50 microns, pressing is carried out at a pressure of 35-150 MPa, firing is carried out at the following mode: temperature rise to 500°C with a speed of 150-200°C/hour, next to 1050-1150°C with a speed 65-150°C/hour, holding at 1150c - 1-2 hours, cooling with the speed of 100-150°C/hour.
The main task of the present invention is development of a method of manufacturing high quality ceramic gravel used as the main raw materials of natural quartz sand and technogenic waste blast furnace and steel slag, ash and slag from TPPs); the aggregate should be nonfractional, with increased strength properties, with zero flakiness, sothat is, with a complete absence in its composition of particles outstretched and irregular forms, with no variation in the properties from batch to batch, typical of broken stone, produced by the technology of crushing of natural rocks. Gravel polyfractional composition will be made by mixing the obtained mono fractions that are selected to meet all customer requirements to the rubble.
The technical result is achieved by the fact that the proposed method for the manufacture of ceramic gravel includes preparation of raw materials, its crushing, compacting, drying and thermal processing and differs to enhance the strength characteristics of broken stone and achieve zero Limagnole raw material mixture is produced from natural sand and additives metallurgical slag or slag and ashes from TPPs, conducting joint grinding all the raw mix pressed by the semi-product in the form of plates with thickness of 5-150 mm at a pressure of 35-150 MPa, dried, subjected cutting on the sample of the cubic form with length edges equal to the thickness of the plate, and spend fired at a temperature 1100-1180 C.
As raw material is used a mixture of natural sand with the content of SiO2 at least 93% and technogenic waste - blast furnace and steel slag, ash and slag from TPPs vitreous nature.
The choice of metallurgical slag, slag and ashes from TPPs due to the fact that in the course of sintering in obtaining ceramic gravel glassy slag and ash provide liquid-phase mechanism of sintering, through which you can obtain dense high-strength products with residual porosity less than 1%.
A joint grinding all the raw mix ensures its uniform mixing and helps lower temperature firing.
The range of the pressure of pressing 35-150 MPa provides the necessary strength of semi-finished product, during the extrusion of semi-finished product in the form of a plate with subsequent sharp on the dice higher pressure is required, but not more than 150 MPa, at higher pressures noted the phenomenon of overclamping.
The selected interval of temperatures of burning ensures the participation of the liquid phase in the processes of sintering, which gives the final material ceramic and high strength properties.
When using blast furnace slag and ashes from TPPs burning temperature should not be above 1180°C, at higher temperatures (1200 degrees C and higher) observed the expansion and the melting of the samples. At temperatures below 1100 & deg C does not fully sintering and σ compression does not exceed 80 MPa.
The achievement of the proposed technical result of the following examples.
For the preparation of the raw mix use of natural sand and blast furnace slag steel plant. Dosed components in a 60/40 split and conduct their joint grinding in planetary mill corundum balls to the specific surface area of 1.5 m2 /g, with a predominance of particles 20 microns. The resulting mix is humidified with water up to a humidity not more than 3% and by the method of moist pressing at a pressure of 100 MPa molded plate of thickness 25 mm Drying is carried out at a temperature of 70 C, then a plate metal strings cut into the sample of the cubic form with the edge of 25 mm, which are fired at finite temperature 1150c and subsequent cooling. The resulting rubble has a cubic shape, zero flakiness, compressive strength 280 MPa. Gravel has nonfractional, and all the particles of a homogeneous in structure and physical-chemical properties.
Other examples of implementation of the invention disclosed in the table 1.
Table 1Conditions for obtaining and properties derived ceramic gravel
No.Raw materials
Pressure, MPa
Firing temperature, C
Properties of ceramic gravel
Compressive strength, MPa
Bending strength, MPa
Porosity, %
Flakiness %
1Quartz sand, blast furnace slag in the ratio of 60/40
150 1180 300 100 0,1 0 2Quartz sand, ashes from TPPs in the ratio of 60/40
35 1100 160 80 0,5 0 3Quartz sand, blast furnace slag in the ratio of 60/40
100 1150 250 90 0,3 0 4Quartz sand, blast furnace slag in the ratio of 60/40
100 1200Samples foam
The achievement of the proposed technical result is confirmed by the results of comparative tests of the crushed rock obtained by crushing technology solid rock of granite, crushed stone, consisting of particles of cubic form with the size of the edge of 15 mm produced in accordance with the requirements the proposed method.
Tests were carried out by representatives of the Technical Expert of ZAO "Institute Stroyproekt" in accordance with GOST 8267-93 GOST 8269.0-97, on the devices tested and certified in due order.
The values obtained in the tests presented in table 2.
Table 2The results of tests of crushed rock obtained by the proposed method in comparison with the crushed rock obtained through the granite rock crushing
Name of indicators
The actual value of indicators
Requirements GOST 8267-93
Gravel, obtained by the proposed method and consisting of particles cubic form
Gravel, obtained by the technology of crushing of granite
Weight loss, %
Brandweight loss, %
brandweight loss, %
brandThe strength of drobnosti, at compression in the cylinder, weight loss, %
1,1 2400 9 1400up to 9 inclusive
1400The contents of the plate particles (flakiness) and needle-shaped forms, %
no 10up to 10 inclusive
- provides reception of cube-shaped crushed stone, zero Limagnole, homogeneous on structure and properties;
- ensures the receipt of rubble with application of non-deficient natural sand local fields and industrial wastes;
- opens the possibility of synthesis of the crushed lower temperatures, kiln with high mechanical strength (compression strength not lower than 230 MPa, the best samples of 300 MPa), which exceeds 3-5 times the strength of the existing gravel;
- get crushed stone is not radioactive unlike broken stone, produced by crushing of rocks, particular granite;
- the inventive method of obtaining allows the Customer to prepare high-quality polyfractional mixture of gravel based on the required applications;
- opens the possibility to create the production of ceramic granite in regions, poor raw materials, in particular regions of the far North of Russia, which eliminates costly transportation.
A method of manufacturing of ceramic gravel, including the preparation of raw materials, its crushing, compacting, drying and heat treatment, wherein to enhance the strength characteristics of broken stone and achieve zero Limagnole raw material mixture is produced from natural sand and additives metallurgical slag or slag and ashes from TPPs, conducting joint grinding all the raw mix pressed by the semi-product in the form of plates with thickness of 5-150 mm at a pressure of 35-150 MPa, dried, subjected cutting on the sample of the cubic form with edge length, equal the thickness of the Board, and conduct fired at a temperature 1100-1180 C.