Method of reconstructing sea-floor relief when measuring depth using hydroacoustic apparatus

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: depth is measured with determination of an adjustment which is determined by the point where the hydroacoustic apparatus is installed. Vertical distribution of sound speed in water is determined from reflected signals. The sea-floor relief is reconstructed. The boundary zone which separates the continental slope from the shelf is selected from the obtained measurement results. The planetary structure of the sea-floor in the transition boundary zones between the slope and the shelf is determined by probing the sea-floor with acoustic waves and measuring the magnetic field. A tectonic map of transition boundary zones is constructed from the measurement results, from which the boundary of the continental shelf is determined by comparing planetary structures in transition boundary zones and planetary structures on dry land. The tidal level is additionally varied when measuring depth.

EFFECT: broader functional capabilities.

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The invention relates to methods of spatial interpolation recovery of the seabed at discrete measurements of depths through sonar and can be used when performing interpolating meteorological, including analysis of the wind fields, the analysis of radiological and chemical contamination, topographic interpolation and others.

A device for detection of seabed by measuring parameters of the echo signal by probing the bottom of the rectangular pulses (inventor's certificate SU # 1103171 [1]).

Depending on the soil type echo at normal incidence to the bottom changes its shape in a wide range from theoretically undistorted rectangular pulse at the monoliths to a considerably wide pulse with a very flat front and a duration of a few times the duration of the parcel on the ground, representing the liquid mass. As an informative parameter is the steepness of the rise front of the echo, which is measured and compared with a pre-graduated grid coated with a boundary rigidity for different types of soil.

Since it is almost impossible to block the excitation signals of the entire study area, for further development of the surface topography or get relief some of the Torah-dimensional scalar geospatial characteristics apply methods of linear and non-linear interpolation (see, for example - the Problem of environment and natural resources. M, VINITI, 1999, No. 11, c.13). In addition to the primary disadvantage of low reliability of recognition of seabed due to the fact that the slew rate of the echo is determined mainly by the acoustic properties of the interface water/soil, not the entire thickness of the soil, in the presence on the surface of liquid soil roughness or stony deposits, the slew rate of the front of the echo is determined by the reflective properties of irregularities or sediments, resulting in overestimated values of stiffness of the soil, and in combination with the subsequent restoration of the terrain surface by interpolation of measurements can lead to unreasonable decisions, and therefore to significant losses in the implementation of specific tasks.

In the known technical solution (patent RU №2045081 C1 [2]), representing the sonar technology for detection of marine soils, due to the fact that the degree of the physical condition of the soil on the elongation of accompolish, based on the dependence of the elongation of the echo from the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soil, improved the accuracy of determining the parameters reflecting boundary and reliability of measurement results compared with the technical solution [1]. However, restored the e elevation across the sample surface is reduced to the formal application of the interpolation method on the measured values, which leads to substantial losses in the implementation of specific tasks.

In a known method of determining the depths of the waters phase side-scan sonar and phase of the side-scan sonar for its implementation (inventor's certificate SU # 1829019 A1 [3]), including radiation hydroacoustic signal toward the bottom and reception of the reflected signals at two points located vertically at a given distance, the measurement time delay common-mode signals, the angle of the pitching side of the carrier antennas and determining from the data areas of the ward in-phase signal and the desired depths of the waters of the calculations, which measure the time delay of arrival of the reflected sonar signal vertically, determine the time delay of arrival of the same common-mode signals in if reflection from a smooth bottom surface for each current direction in accordance with a mathematical expression with the definition of convergence of the calculated and measured values of time delay.

The definition of convergence of the calculated and measured values can reduce the error in determining the depth of the waters to survey the topography of the area. However, the implementation of this method requires a preliminary calculation to determine the estimated directions, provided that p and using the results of previously conducted surveys on the study area. Because over time the structure of the surface soil does not remain constant due to the variation of the hydrodynamic geophysical factors, using the calculated data is not always accurate and can lead to significant errors in the final results when shooting bottom relief.

In addition, recovery of bottom topography across the sample surface, as in the known technical solutions [1, 2], is to use a formal method of interpolation from the measured discrete values, resulting in significant losses in the realization of specific tasks, in particular at formalization of measurement results in cartographic products.

When using the known methods of solving the problem of recovery of a relief to be reduced to the construction of a continuous two-dimensional function that passes through the measured discrete values of depth. Thus the first step is triangulation of measurement points, i.e. the set of points of measure enter the relationship of "proximity" points, and the second stage is built the actual search function, as a composition of elementary weight functions (linear or nonlinear). When such processing source information property relief is not taken into account and in the process, artifacts can appear false ridges and troughs in the form of relief, and trace the educational, it is at this stage is broken morphological recovery method of relief.

Identified deficiencies deprived known method of recovery of the seabed in the measurements of the depths by acoustical means, installed on mobile offshore facilities, including depth measurement with the definition of the amendments, due to the installation location hydroacoustic equipment, determination of the vertical distribution of sound speed in water reflected signals by obtaining data on the triangulation of observations and their subsequent interpolation, shape recovery of bottom topography, building a bottom surface, in which when determining the amendments additionally measure the Doppler shift frequency of the reference signal hydroacoustic lag, determine the speed of the rolling sea object by diamondcutter radio and satellite navigation systems, and the determination of the vertical distribution of velocity of sound in water perform time series density of sound energy reflected from internal discontinuities of the aquatic environment and the bottom, by registering all incoming signals scattered from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment, from the moment of sending a sound pulse until the arrival of the reflected from the bottom of the signal formation time series density is Bokovoy energy, reflected from internal discontinuities of the marine environment and the bottom in accordance with addictions

U(Z=0,t),

where Z is the depth at time t, and the speed of sound in water C(Z) is determined by solving the inverse scattering problem, additionally register low-frequency waves through artificially induced high-frequency waves are pumping, recovery landforms perform relative changes in elevation in accordance with the inequality

|h(r₂)-h(r₁)|<A|r₂-r₁|^λ,

where h(r₂)-h(r₁the difference of the heights in two spatial points r₁, r₂; And (h older continuous), λ (indicator holder) is a positive number; 0<λ≤1, thus perform an assessment of the accuracy of reconstruction of the relief on the value of relative elevation changes depending on the spatial scale, the construction of the relief surface of the bottom data triangulation observations are interpreted as patterns undirected graph with the definition of the lengths (weights) of the edges of the graph, and the device for implementing the method, representing the sonar to determine the depths of the waters, containing functionally connected to the first and second antennas, one of which is radiant, and the second reception forming piemeslotie channels, the transmitter, the control unit is, in which the control unit is connected with priekaistaudami channels, transmitter, which introduced additional driver signals the pump, plotter, parametric radiating tract, whose output is connected with the radiating antenna and the input is connected to the output of the shaper pump, whose output is connected to the output of the control unit, plotter their inputs connected to the outputs of the transmitter and control unit (patent RU №2326408 C1 [4]).

In contrast to the known technical solutions [1, 2, 3], in which the definition of the amendments is performed by determining the average vertical velocity of sound propagation in water by determining the hydrological parameters by measuring the temperature and salinity at standard levels or by measuring the velocity of propagation of sound in water at different horizons through the installation of additional sensors in the aquatic environment, connected by a communication medium measuring apparatus depth, in the known technical solution [4] additionally measure the Doppler shift of the reference signal and the speed of movement of the carrier on external sources of information, which determine the average vertical velocity of propagation of sound in water environment, on the received values which define an amendment that provides the capability is there continuous monitoring of the change in the average vertical velocity of propagation of sound in sea water in the process of monitoring of the World ocean, simplifies the process of determining the average vertical velocity of sound propagation in the water environment with the required accuracy for determining the corrections of the measured values of depth, and also eliminates the need for additional special equipment.

When using this method are accuracy requirements determine the depth at surveying the works of established existing regulations in terms of navigation, due to the possibility of measuring the Doppler shift of the reference signal hydroacoustic lag and speed of movement of the carrier instrumentation depth on external sources of information, which determine the average vertical velocity of propagation of sound in the aquatic environment.

Shape recovery of bottom topography on discrete measurements performed by the integral transformation, which does not increase the error of the observations in the original data when processing in contrast to known methods, with the differential character.

Methods of processing sets of homogeneous polynomials are the most developed methods in computer algebra, and combinatorial analysis method geospatial field spot measurements allows to solve applied problems taking into account the spatial and temporal dynamics of these field is.

Application of a known method of recovery of the seabed in the measurements of the depths by acoustical means, installed on mobile offshore [4] mainly limited by two technical challenges is the shooting of the bottom relief and subsequent mapping for navigation and determination of the average vertical velocity of sound propagation in water at different horizons for studying the processes of moving water layers.

At the same time, there are a number of tasks, including conducting environmental status of marine waters in the vicinity of offshore oil and gas terminals and defining the boundaries of the contaminated waters and continental shelves and the definition of biological resources.

Determination of the parameters of the limits of the continental shelf requires work on the inventory and preparation of coastal inventory of the coastal zone, including the mapping of cadastral survey and topographic maps.

The absence of maps, cadastral survey and topographical plans for marine waters of the continental shelf from the legal point of view makes it difficult coastal hydraulic engineering, which is associated with defining the boundaries of the coastal zone. In addition, there are possible conflicts when defining the boundaries of the marine vodoohda the different zones and coastal protective strips, in accordance with the Water code of the Russian Federation 2006, as amended by Federal law dated 14.07.2008 No. 118-F3, counted from the line of maximum tide.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is to expand the functional capabilities of the known method of restoring the shape of the seabed at discrete measurements of depths through sonar technology.

The problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of recovery of the seabed in the measurements of the depths by acoustical means, installed on mobile offshore facilities, including depth measurement with the definition of the amendments, due to the installation location hydroacoustic equipment, determination of the vertical distribution of sound speed in water reflected signals, by obtaining data on the triangulation of observations and their subsequent interpolation, shape recovery of bottom topography, building a bottom surface, when defining the amendments additionally measure the Doppler shift frequency of the reference signal hydroacoustic lag, determine the speed of the rolling sea object by diamondcutter radio and satellite navigation systems, with determination of vertical distribution of sound speed in water perform time series sound energy density, reflected the internal heterogeneity of the aquatic environment and the bottom, by registering all incoming signals scattered from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment, from the moment of sending a sound pulse until the arrival of the reflected from the bottom of the signal formation time series density of sound energy reflected from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment and the bottom in accordance with addictions

U(Z=0,t),

where Z is the depth at time t, and the speed of sound in water C(Z) is determined by solving the inverse scattering problem, additionally register low-frequency waves through artificially induced high-frequency waves are pumping, recovery landforms perform relative changes in elevation in accordance with the inequality

|h(r₂)-h(r₁)|<A|r₂-r₁|^λ,

where h(r₂)-h(r₁the difference of the heights in two spatial points r₁, r₂; And (h older continuous), λ (indicator holder) is a positive number; 0<λ≤1, thus perform an assessment of the accuracy of reconstruction of the relief on the value of relative elevation changes depending on the spatial scale, the construction of the relief surface of the bottom data triangulation observations are interpreted as patterns undirected graph with the definition of the lengths (weights) of the edges of the graph, characterized in that the obtained re is ulttam measurement depths distinguish the boundary zone, separating the continental slope from the shelf, which is established by the coefficient of correlation between the patterns of the obtained results with measured depths in the transition boundary zones between the slope and shelf of the transition boundary zones between slope and shelf, through the sensing of seabed acoustic waves and magnetic field measurement reveal the planetary structure of the seabed, according to the measurement results build tectonic scheme of transitional boundary zones, which set the boundary of the continental shelf, by comparing planetary structures in transitional boundary zones and planetary structures land in measuring depths additionally measure the level of the sea tide.

Novel features of the proposed technical solution, namely, that the results of measurements of the depths distinguish the boundary zone separating the continental slope from the shelf, which is established by the coefficient of correlation between the patterns of the obtained results with measured depths in the transition boundary zones between the slope and shelf of the transition boundary zones between slope and shelf, through the sensing of seabed acoustic waves and magnetic field measurement reveal the planetary structure of the seabed, according to the measurement results build tech is onicescu scheme transitional boundary zones, which set the boundary of the continental shelf, by comparing planetary structures in transitional boundary zones and planetary structures land in measuring depths additionally measure the level of the sea tide.

Novel features of the prior art have been identified that allows to make a conclusion on the conformity of the proposed technical solution the condition of patentability "inventive step".

The essence of the proposed method and device for its implementation is explained in the drawing (figure 1).

Figure 1. The block diagram of the device includes the imaging unit signals the pump 1, intended for the formation of dual-frequency probing signal pump with a given length and a given modulation, generation of pulses of the synchronization signal and Gating the receiving channel, parametric radiating tract 2, designed to enhance the pumping signals on both frequencies to the nominal level (in separate channels may be phase correction amplitudes), the emitting transducer pump 3, which is designed to convert electrical signals into acoustic signals required directivity, the receiving antenna signal of the difference frequency of 4 intended for the formation of features napravlennos the admission and education of acoustic waves differential frequencies into electrical signals, the receive path 5 that is designed for pre-processing the received signals and amplifying them to the level required for registration of received signals, the plotter 6, the control unit 7, the transmitter 8, sonar lag 9, multibeam sonar 10, high-frequency profilograph 11, the low-frequency parametric profilograph 12, block penetrometer 13, block tide gauge 14, a multichannel pulse generator 15, the multichannel receiver of the echo signals 16, the second side-scan sonar 17, block imaging 18.

Concept and principle of operation of the devices 1-9 similar concepts and principle of operation of the device prototype [4].

Multibeam sonar 10 is designed to profile the bottom at the operating frequency 204 kHz, with a width of directivity 6×10 C and 12×20 degrees and pulse duration of 50, 200, 500 microseconds in the range of the depth of 5,10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 m

The second side-scan sonar 17, as the first (device prototype is designed for the capture of bottom topography on the second Board. Operating frequency of the Pinger is 286 and 320 kHz, the width of the directivity of 1.5×50 3×50 degrees when the pulse duration of 50, 100 μs and 1 MS in the range of depths of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 m

High frequency profilograph 11 is designed for accurate profiling of the bottom relief.

Multichannel pulse generator 15 includes emitting paths multibeam echosounder 10, the first and second side-scan sonars, generators, pumping bass parametric profilograph 12.

Multi-channel receiver echo 16 contains reception paths multibeam echosounder 10, the first and second side-scan sonars, high-frequency profilograph 11, the low-frequency parametric profilograph 12, four signal processor, designed for converting analog signals into digital form and initial processing of these signals, the communication interface, the control circuit, the driver signals, the circuit time automatic gain control and signal transducer sensors.

The penetrometer 13 is intended to determine the undisturbed soil structures in terms of its natural occurrence and is a conical shell, equipped with sensors, which are under the influence of gravity or by using borax penetrate into the soil. The measured coefficients soprotivlenie friction are determined by the strength characteristics of the soil. Depending on the working depth in the range of 0.5 to 2000 m using a set of sensors with depth of penetration into the soil at a distance of 3 to 20 meters Analog is penetrometry type TM-153 and CPT. A tidal gauge 14 is intended for registration of sea level fluctuations. Depending on the depth of the water environment are automatic tide gauge type AMB-20 and MMA-200.

To receive daily information on the nature of the fluctuations of the sea level tide gauge installed in different points of the marine environment in the direction from the shoreline. Information recorded by the tide gauge, is used to correct the measured depths during the shooting of the bottom topography on the areas where level positions normal types do not provide sufficient accuracy or using them is difficult, and to determine the nature of the tide and its harmonic components when solving problems related to safe operation of the marine terminal, including oil and gas deposits. The measurement results are transmitted to the ship by radio and sonar communication channels.

Block imaging 18 is a hardware computing and

video tools software to display the selected information (underwater peaks, troughs, pipelines, pollution, sections of soil) in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional the second view.

The method is implemented as follows.

When the vessel is on a given area of the shooting of the bottom topography, tacks spaced from the coastline towards the sea performed by the first and second side-scan sonars installed from the right and left sides of the vessel are shooting bottom relief, search and quantitative assessment of the products of the biosphere (as clusters and single copies)by multibeam echosounder 10 perform profiling of the bottom and search for the products of the biosphere, through the high-frequency profilograph 11 perform profiling of the bottom, through the low-frequency parametric profilograph 12 perform profiling of the bottom sediments. Synchronously with the sensing surface of the bottom and the process of determining depths to determine the vertical velocity of sound propagation in the water environment through hydroacoustic lag 9 through tide gauge block 14 fluctuation of sea level and through regular marine receiver-indicators or satellite radio navigation systems determine position and speed of the ship.

The data define an amendment to the depths on the known dependencies and algorithms, and introduce it into the computer 8. The measured values of the depths treated by known algorithms, as in the prototype.

The measured value is the s sound velocity in water vertical plane define a field speed of sound. Determination of vertical distribution of sound speed in water time series density of sound energy reflected from internal discontinuities of the aquatic environment and the bottom, perform, as in the prototype, by registering all incoming signals scattered from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment, from the moment of sending a sound pulse until the arrival of reflected from the bottom of signals forming the time series density of sound energy reflected from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment and the bottom. The speed of sound in water is determined by solving the inverse scattering problem with the registration of low-frequency waves pumping through artificially induced high-frequency waves are pumping, they will judge the relative orientation of the interacting waves and the magnitude of the parameter of nonlinearity of the medium.

Further processing of the time series and the procedure of determination of parameters of hard-inhomogeneous medium according to the algorithms proposed in the prototype. According to the received discrete measurements of depth values, and taking into account the coefficients of the scattering of sound bottom, define the class of functions, which belongs to the terrain.

Studies landforms at different spatial scales (as per prototype) showed that the relative elevation changes power is way related to the spatial scale in the form

|h(r₂)-h(r₁|<A|r₂-r₁]^λwhere

h(r₂)-h(r₁the difference of the heights in two spatial points;

r₁, r₂And (h older continuous), λ (indicator holder) is a positive number; 0<λ≤1.

With the search function H(r) is expressed as the inverse Fourier transform

N(x,y)=ℑ(F(ζ), where ζ is the operator inverse Fourier transform,

Here i is the imaginary unit, ξ=(cosφ, sinφ),

Here

- Radon transform of a function

N(x,y) to (x,y)∈R×R=Ω, i.e. the integral transform relating the function H(x,y) on Ω its integrals over all direct (relative to the Euclidean length)

x=-t sinφ+pcosφ; y=R cosφ+psinφ.

For a compactly supported function H(x,y) in a simply connected domain Ω. the accuracy of the estimates will be better than the accuracy of traditional treatments interpolation.

Determine the error in Θ(N) recovery relief in the form of the maximum value of the absolute value of the difference between the true surface and restored

where K is the total number of first moments, top accuracy. Accuracy assessment points δ(I_k) will be determined by the location of measurement points.

For optimal distributed points (measurements)that can be defined on the same set of points (see, for example, Sobol I.M. Multidimensional quadrature formulas and Haar functions. M., Nauka, 1969, s) with an accuracy evaluation point for the normalized functions in accordance with the expression δ(I_k)≤2/Nk.

Shape recovery of the seabed can be performed after each series of discrete measurements.

In the study of underwater objects, such as marine sections of pipelines, the registered signals, underwater objects are distinguished by their frequency characteristics and estimate their size in the frequency range between the minimum and maximum values of target strength on the frequency dependency (see, for example, Glue K., Medvyn, Acoustical Oceanography. Fundamentals and applications. M.: Mir, 1980, - 580 C.). The value of the target strength is analyzed depending on the works of ka, where a is the radius of the target, k=2π/λ is the wave number. For acoustically hard spherical objects the value of target strength in the intermediate region between the Rayleigh and geometric scattering, i.e. in the region where 1<ka<10 varies, asymptotically approaching its constant value when ka>>1 (see, for example, Urik R.J. Fundamentals of hydro-acoustics. Leningrad: Sudostroenie, 1978. - 448 C.). The reason for these fluctuations, as shown by theoretical and experimental studies, is the re-emission surface and diffracted waves, to whom that contribute to the formation of the echo along with the mirror. The resulting interference between these two types of waves with sufficient duration of pulses leads to oscillations in the frequency dependencies of target strength. The level of these oscillations, the number, spacing between them is determined by the physical parameters of the object, its geometrical size, which allows it to be used as a simple and quite informative features classification and frequency dependence of target strength. Evaluation of the sizes of objects in the aggregate taking into account the absolute value of the target strength is quite sufficient to distinguish objects based on their size and, based on this, decide on belonging to a particular class.

In experimental studies the problem of scattering of sound in acoustically hard elastic sphere, outside the area of effective nonlinear interaction of the waves was solved in accordance with known methods (see, for example, Uketsuke, Aisles, Nuder. The echo signals from elastic objects. Tallinn: Academy of Sciences of the ESSR, 1974, 214 C.), which allows you to explore with a sufficient degree of accuracy of the sound field of a reflecting object in a homogeneous environment when we can neglect the effect of nonlinear interaction reflected from the object pump waves. These cases include a variant of the races is eania from bodies located in the far zone of the parametric antenna or scattering from spheres arranged in a homogeneous environment with considerable absorption for pump waves, for example, in water-saturated homogeneous silt.

Analysis of experimental results showed that for objects made of solid steel sphere, the shape of the reflected signal depends on the ratio between the diameter of the sphere and the length of the acoustic wave. In the case of spheres of acoustically soft material (foam) or hollow and the air-filled sphere with a thin wall shape of reflected pulses in places lows on the frequency dependencies of target strength is different from the shape of the pulse reflected from a solid sphere, which allows the envelope

echo to distinguish spheres made of acoustically hard and soft materials.

The measured drag coefficients and friction through block penetrometer 13 determine the strength characteristics of the soil. Penetrometry are conical shells, equipped with sensors, which under the action of gravity or by using borax penetrate into the soil and are installed with the vessel in the direction from the shoreline into the depths of the sea. This measures the drag coefficients and friction, which determine the strength characteristics of gr the NTA at several horizons in the depth of the soil in the range from 3 to 20 m along the entire length of the waters from the shoreline. Subsequent analysis establish the structure of the soil and make a judgment about the facilities of a particular structure of the underwater soil structure soil of the continental shelf.

The mapping information is carried out by applying the geodesic coordinates of the reflection of hydroacoustic signals from the seabed on the tablet, which is constructed by pairing topographic raster maps and navigation in the following sequence:

- raster navigation map in Mercator projection is subjected to vectorization shoreline navigation maps;

- sampled area, the relevant Maritime area, on which the picture is taken of the bottom topography given vectorization shoreline navigation maps;

- an entry is made in the final raster navigational charts;

- raster topographic maps in the projection of the Gauss-krüger is to scale the navigation map;

- convert the coordinates of the projection of universal transverse Mercator geographic coordinate;

- converts geographic coordinates Mercator projection;

- selection is part of the raster corresponding to the land (coastal) region;

- writes in the final raster topographic maps;

- according to the results of the records in the resulting rasters is avigational and topographic maps constructed final raster map combined navigation and topographic information in Mercator projection;

- in the final raster map to be displayed on the display device also displays the path of the vessel.

When mapping results characteristics of soils of the continental shelf put the geodetic coordinates of the points penetrometer display of sections of soil. The distance between sections does not exceed half the minimum diameter of the inhomogeneities and the registration of inhomogeneities measurement frequency sections is more than 1/8÷1/10 of the diameter of the inhomogeneities.

Processing and visualization of the registered areas of the bottom topography, ground, and underwater objects is done by the computer 8, the plotter 6 and block visualization 18.

According to the obtained results of measurements of the depths distinguish the boundary zone separating the continental slope from the shelf, which is established by the coefficient of correlation between the patterns of the obtained results with measured depths in the transition boundary zones between the slope and shelf of the transition boundary zones between slope and shelf, through the sensing of seabed acoustic waves and magnetic field measurement, and the measured drag coefficients and friction through block penetrometer 13 determine the strength characteristics of the soil, reveal the planetary structure of the seabed, the results of metering the deposits build tectonic scheme of transitional boundary zones, which set the boundary of the continental shelf, by comparing planetary structures in transitional boundary zones and planetary structures land.

When rendering a registered area of the bottom relief and planetary structures land use block rendering, built on the basis of the basic modules of geographic information systems (GIS) type "Neva" and "Ocean" (the newsletter. // Log M: GIS Association 1997, №2(4), 2(9), 4(9). The annual review. Issue 2 (1995). The Annex to the "newsletter of the GIS-Association". - M.: GIS-Association, 1996. - 372 S. Konovalova N. Kapralov, EVGENIY Introduction to GIS. The tutorial. Publisher Petrozavodsk University, 1995. - 148 C. fundamentals of GIS: theory and practice. WinGIS user guide. Martynenko A.I., Bugaevskaya UL, Shibalov S.N., Fadeev, V.A. second Edition. Publishing environmental Engineering, M., 1995. - 232 S.).

Main (GIS capabilities "Neva" are:

- create (update) and processing of vector maps using satellite imagery, aerial photography, limited edition prints, bitmaps, text data describing the terrain objects, the results of field measurements;

- the creation and use of a hierarchical database structure of electronic card having levels: project, map tiles, the layer of interest, individual interest areas;

- visualization of the contents of the database in conventional signs adopted for the topographic survey geographic, cadastral and other types of cards;

- support standard classification systems, coding of objects and their characteristics in accordance with the requirements and cartography;

- support for custom symbols, layers, objects and their characteristics.

- execution of payment transactions: determination of area, length, perimeter. build clipping zones, statistics on the characteristics of the objects;

- output to an external device printing an image of the electronic map in the adopted conditional trademarks; changing the composition of objects and map scale when printing;

- preparation of vector maps for publication in accordance with applicable regulations or requirements of the customer for printing on the printing.

GIS Neva allows you to display the created (updated) vector, raster, matrix cards in a variety of formats to prepare the maps for publication and to solve applied problems, by showing the results as a vector topographic maps and three-dimensional terrain models. GIS Neva includes a number of applied problems, the list is constantly expanding.

GIS Neva allow yet to automate many of the processes of creating and editing objects which leads to save time on creating and updating maps.

The main features are:

- information can be presented in different types of projections (more than 30 projection: conformal Gauss-Kruger, Mercator conformal (UTM), cylindrical, Mercator, conic conformal conic Lambert conformal conic equidistant conic equidistant (FFP Cartography), polyconic simple azimuthal normal, oblique azimuthal equidistant of the Bed, oblique azimuthal equal area Lambert and others) and ellipsoids (Krasovsky, Clark, Bessel, Everest, other); survey maps at scales of 1:500000-1:10000000 have a unified mathematical basis;

- formation without frame registration card with the legend on the language of the Customer;

electronic cards can be combined in the framework of the sheets of scale 1:1000000 or area of any number of sheets;

the same digital maps may be available for processing in a local network with an arbitrary number of users;

- automatic contouring of relief and tracing the contours of the terrain on the stereo model;

the connectivity features on a digital map with FactorySuite objects by stereo model and with any external database, and that the same have the ability to simultaneously view the map in the editor window and track its position relative to all downloaded maps;

establishing thresholds (levels) display determines what scale the map starts or stops displayed on the screen of a particular object, layer or map. Levels enable you to control the map view at different magnifications and to avoid over-saturation of images smaller or excessive details;

- description of the types of objects topographic and thematic vector maps, semantic characteristics of the layers, in which are combined the objects stored in the library of symbols;

- creation of a dem-based relief in the form of regular digital models of the points with the elevation of the (may be given in ASCII format);

- build three-dimensional terrain models for various applications, the display of a relief cut in any direction, creating a terrain profile;

- show dem relief in the form of hypsometric spatial terrain model with the selection of different color palettes; the combination of hypsometric spatial model and a vector map;

- calculation on a vector map distances, azimuths, perimeters, areas of interest;

- ability to determine the heights of objects (e.g. buildings) mode stereo model;

- print any selection of a vector map or all maps on various device is wah o including the conclusion to the film layers to issue cards on cattabriga;

- basic exchange format system "Neva" - DM. There are converters to other formats: DBF, SXF, MapInfo MIF/MID, integrated file and others.

Complex creation of relief maps provides training on vector topographic map cartographic basis, meeting the requirements of the printing industry, required scale and getting Dems terrain for receipt of forms of relief, joint review framework and the calculated topography on the computer screen for quality control and refinement of the vertical scale.

The procedure of transformation vector maps provides conversion of digital data to the specified scale, projection, electronic transfer cards in the projection and coordinate system of the Customer on the available parameters, or using ground control points.

Procedure summaries adjacent sheets e-card allows for the automation of process control and proofs of identity of objects facing the adjacent frame plates, to reduce the time on an electronic map.

The procedure of the project allows you to organize simultaneous operation of many electronic cards to combine electronic cards in a single area, for example within the framework of the map sheet, scale 1:1000000 volume of denite electronic map of scale 1:50000.

- Procedure slicing sheets enables you to change the layout, including numbering, projection, scale of the electronic map.

Geographic information system allows you to combine topographic map on the coastal strip with sea card.

GIS Neva adopted in the Topographic service of the Armed forces of the Russian Federation and cartography.

Based on the basic program module "Neva" DMW.EXE technology "Ocean" allows you to create nautical charts for various purposes the whole range of scale in both traditional and in an arbitrary scale. Maps are created with a strong mathematical basis of all projections and systems of the altitudes prescribed in nautical charts.

Complex software technology "Ocean" was adopted in the Main Department of navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Implementation of the proposed technical solution the technical difficulties does not represent, as it can be implemented on the basis of the computer means and standard shipboard meters depth, technical means of navigation and navigational software.

Sources of information

1. Inventor's certificate SU # 1103171.

2. Patent RU No. 2045081 C1.

3. Inventor's certificate SU # 1829019 A1.

4. Patent RU No. 2326408 C1.

Method of recovery of the seabed when measuring g the Ubin by acoustical means, installed on mobile offshore facilities, including depth measurement with the definition of the amendments, due to the installation location hydroacoustic equipment, determination of the vertical distribution of sound speed in water reflected signals by obtaining data on the triangulation of observations and their subsequent interpolation, shape recovery of bottom topography, building a bottom surface, when defining the amendments additionally measure the Doppler shift frequency of the reference signal hydroacoustic lag, determine the speed of the rolling sea object by diamondcutter radio and satellite navigation systems, and the determination of the vertical distribution of sound speed in water perform time series density of sound energy reflected from internal discontinuities of the aquatic environment and bottom, by registering all incoming signals scattered from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment from the moment of sending a sound pulse until the arrival of the reflected from the bottom of the signal, to form a time series of the density of sound energy reflected from the internal heterogeneity of the marine environment and the bottom in accordance with the dependence of U(Z=0,t), where Z is the depth at time t, and the speed of sound in water C(Z) is determined by solving the inverse scattering problem, workin the register on the low-frequency waves through artificially induced high-frequency waves are pumping, recovery landforms perform relative changes in elevation in accordance with the inequality |h(r₂)-h(r₁)|<A|r₂-r₁|^λwhere h(r₂)-h(r₁the difference of the heights in two spatial points r₁, r₂; And (h older continuous), λ, (indicator holder) is a positive number; 0<λ≤1, thus perform an assessment of the accuracy of reconstruction of the relief on the value of relative elevation changes depending on the spatial scale, the construction of the relief surface of the bottom data triangulation observations are interpreted as patterns undirected graph with the definition of the lengths (weights) of the edges of the graph, wherein the results of measurements of the depths distinguish the boundary zone separating the continental slope and shelf, which is established by the coefficient of correlation between the patterns of the obtained results with measured depths in transient boundary zones between the slope and shelf of the transition boundary zones between the slope and the shelf through sensing of seabed acoustic waves and magnetic field measurement reveal the planetary structure of the seabed, according to the measurement results build tectonic scheme of transitional boundary zones, which set the boundary of the continental shelf by comparison is possible planetary structures in transitional boundary zones and planetary structures sushi, in measuring depths optionally change the level of the sea tide.