Method and apparatus for erosion-preventive autumn tillage of soil

FIELD: agricultural engineering.

SUBSTANCE: method involves shallow plowing, deep basic tillage and surface tillage (cultivation) of soil by cutting furrows; after harvesting of cereals, performing simultaneously shallow plowing, surface tillage of soil to depth of up to 16 cm, crushing of soil lumps, compacting, leveling and mulching of soil top layer; in September, providing deep tillage of soil on fields arranged on slopes with gradient exceeding 5 deg while forming vertical slits to depth of 40 cm and inclined slits; simultaneously with slitting procedure, forming water-accumulating vessels, holes and intermittent furrows. Apparatus has hitch, carrier wheels, bearing system and replaceable working tools in the form of disk batteries, flat narrow hoes, rippers with chisel, ring-and-serrated roller, and leveling drum. Blades of leveling drum are arranged at an angle α=30 deg relative to drum axis.

EFFECT: reduced soil erosion and provision for retention of moisture in soil root layer.

3 cl, 9 dwg

The invention relates to agricultural production and the agricultural industry, in particular to methods autumn treatment and tillage combined units.

There is a method of erosion control autumn tillage [1], including shelling, the main deep processing to a depth of 20-22 cm with simultaneous rolling, the cultivation of the harrowing, and then autumn cultivation to a depth of 12-14 cm with simultaneous crafts vadodaria tanks on slope fields up to 5°.

Known set of machines and tools for the implementation of the known method [2], including disk lumiline LDH-15, plow PLP-6-35 and devices for intermittent furrow PPB and 0.6, which are mounted on the cultivator.

The disadvantages of this method of erosion control autumn tillage should be considered a violation of largely vegetative cover. On fields treated with this method, develops not only wind erosion, and water, namely in the fields located on slopes with a gradient of 1-3°manifest undulated planar nature of erosion in sloping fields. Runoff flowing water does not prevent even intermittent furrow. This is due to the fact that ordinary chernozems in the autumn-winter period samoletnaya, the absorption capacity of the soil snigees is, particles of the soil of the furrow walls and bridges fall to the bottom, reducing their vadodaria ability. Therefore, the water of precipitation overwhelms the capacity, blurs jumpers and flows down the slope. Herewith submitted nutrients from the root of the horizon. On such slopes, depleted fields, processed in a known manner, there is a negative balance of nitrogen and organic matter decreases soil fertility.

The disadvantages of the known machines and tools to perform erosion autumn treatment should include the fact that:

when using disk lumilikha LDH-15 not only damaged the stubble on the surface of the field increases the number of erosion-prone soil particles and to dry the soil is not provided the required treatment depth of 6-8 cm;

when performing moldboard plowing plow PLP-6-35 stubble damaged by the plough, together with other residue discharged blade housing plough in the furrow and covered with a layer of soil. The treated surface of the field is obtained by "open" without crop residues, therefore, develops wind erosion. In addition, such surfaces occur unproductive loss of moisture, which leads to the decreasing amount of moisture in the root zone of the horizon;

when using steam cultivator KPS-4 borough the AMI is not created water conservation soil which leads to intense evaporation;

when using the cultivator KPS-4 device GSB-0.6 for education discontinuous furrows, to some extent, reduced water erosion on slopes up to 5°but wind erosion on the treated in this way, the field is manifested in a significant way. In addition, intermittent furrow it difficult to conduct pre-treatment in the spring.

There is a method of erosion control autumn tillage [3], including shelling, deep core processing, small-scale processing (cultivation), with intermittent cutting of furrows and Assembly for erosion autumn tillage, including hitch, a frame, supporting wheels, working bodies.

The disadvantages of this method of erosion control autumn tillage should be attributed that in fields with a slope of more than 5 shows the process of subsurface runoff as on hard-soled water does not penetrate deep into the root of the horizon.

With long-term use of this method increases the density of soil more than 1.4 g/cm³at a depth of 35 cm

This not only reduces the permeability of the soil, but also complicates and slows down the spread of the root system to a depth of 35 cm

A vertical slit is formed in a known manner, is not only directing analyst the water deep into the soil to molehills, but has the disadvantage associated with the fact that during the snowless period lasting frost the soil freezes to a depth of 35 cm due to the presence of vertical cracks.

The disadvantages of the unit for the implementation of the known method include the fact that the wedge-shaped paw works in such a way that it carries out the cutting of soil layer horizontally and with the high impact firms the sole soil. The cost of this seal is not completely justified, which reduces the effect of application of the known method of processing soil at a depth of more than 35 see Unit unevenly distributes moisture precipitation in depth (vertical) and width (horizontal) loosened soil layer, since the hack vertical slots concentrated moisture in the area around the crack.

To eliminate these disadvantages and to obtain a positive result after harvesting grain and other S. agricultural crops on fields with a slope of more than 5°, shelling and small-scale processing of produce at a depth of 16 cm with simultaneous screenium blocks, compacted subsoil layer, mulching and alignment, and in September - November, to conduct in-depth primary processing in the fields, while cutting vertical slots to a depth of 40 cm, meats inclined cracks formation in the subsurface layer odonatoptera tanks and form pits on the surface is, moreover, intermittent beards are connected with vertical slits, and a unit for erosion autumn tillage has interchangeable working elements in the form of disk batteries, uzkozahvatnoj paws, rod-toothed drum with a trimmer, the blade is set at an angle α>30° to the axis of the drum and the rippers with a chisel for forming vertical and inclined cracks and odonatoptera capacity.

Sequential operations include, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, seal the subsurface layer of the soil, mulch the upper layer and the alignment surface of the processed field is carried out after harvest of the preceding culture, forms blogoncherry, water conservation soil layer, which for a long time (from the moment of execution of these operations prior to the deep core processing) retains and accumulates moisture, eliminates the manifestation of water and wind erosion on cultivated field and contributes to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil.

Performing these operations simultaneously reduces compaction and pulverization of the soil structure propulsion tractors and tillage machines.

The deep primary tillage with simultaneous formation of vertical, inclined cracks up to 40 cm, in nakopitelya tanks with the formation of holes and discontinuous furrows on the surface of the field allows not only to reduce moisture loss, but to produce the packing fractions of the soil layers, the upper of which addresses the manifestation of water and wind erosion.

Installation on the frame of the unit disc batteries, uzkozahvatnoj paws, rod-toothed drum-equalizer allows for a single pass unit to execute four or more unit operations to reduce the number of passes tillage machines on the field, before the main deep processing.

Rippers with a chisel for forming vertical and inclined cracks and odonatoptera capacity - provides an in-depth treatment of the soil to a depth of 40 cm at the same time with the formation of holes and discontinuous furrows on the surface of the soil, increasing werowocomoco treated layer.

Technological combining operations for deep processing crafts holes on the surface of the discontinuous grooves communicating with a vertical slit is provided rod-toothed drum-equalizer, the blades of which are installed at an angle α>30° to the axis of the drum. This combination of operations provides quality autumn conservation tillage in fields with a slope of more than 5°.

Figure 1 shows the process of shallow tillage to a depth of 16 see

Figure 3 shows the process of the deep is the first treatment of the soil with the formation of inclined cracks up to 40 cm subsurface reservoirs and the formation of holes and discontinuous furrows on the surface of the slope field for over 5° .

In figure 2, and 4 are sections of the reservoir a-a,-B, 1, 3.

Figure 5 presents the unit, the frame of which is equipped with interchangeable working elements for shallow tillage (perspective view).

Figure 6 depicts the Ripper with a chisel (top view).

Figure 7 presents the drum equalizer.

On Fig, 9 shows the fastening removable working bodies: uzkozahvatnoj paws, cultivator drill, on the skid with a single hollow stand.

The proposed method of erosion control autumn processing is performed in the following sequence.

For processing slope fields with a slope of more than 5°. After harvest of cereal and other crops shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, which run at the same time (see figure 1) shallow plowing to a depth of 6-8 cm, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, crushing boulders and seal the subsurface layer of the soil, mulch the top layer and leveling the soil surface. The thus treated soil is capable of a long time to retain moisture in the lower layer and successfully to resist the negative influence of wind and water on the soil as mulch top layer freely pass water, precipitation, and stubble and crop residues reduce the wind speed in the surface layer. Then, in September - November, with the recession in the high temperature, when the rate of evaporation approaches the minimum, make a deep primary tillage to a depth of 40 cm with the formation of subsurface reservoirs (see figure 3, 4) with the simultaneous formation of vertical and inclined cracks and the formation of holes and discontinuous furrows on the surface of the soil.

Unit for implementing the method of erosion control autumn handle includes a portion 1 (see figure 5), supporting wheels 2, a frame 3 on which the sequential location of the replaceable working bodies: disk battery 4, uzasadnienie feet 5, the rod-gear and the drum-equalizer 6, 7. In addition, the kit of the working bodies of the Assembly includes a Ripper 8 (see Fig.6), including the working body, bit 9 and inclined and vertical xelerate. It should be noted that one feature of the drum equalizer is that the blade 10 is installed at an angle α to the axis of the drum (see Fig.7), depending on the operation type, angle α can be adjusted from 0 to 90°: when mulching is at an angle of 90°when the work is intermittent furrow angle α≤30°. The left and right of the blades 10 of the drum-equalizer on the rods 11 are the teeth 12. Uzasadnienie paws, cultivator drill 9, attached to the frame 3 of the unit by means of strut 13 (see Fig, 9), optionally equipped with Ripper shift the paw 14.

Removable rippers, made according to form, as shown in Fig. 6. Replaceable Ripper has the mounting part 15, passing in the vertical saleres 8, at an angle which is inclined saleres 16, and at an angle thereto has a second saleres 17 and rigidly connecting them together working body-the bit 9 for crafts closed subsoil blagonamerenny capacity. In addition, the first and second xelerate 16, 17, and bit 9 is set at an angle of crumbling to the plane of the cut 18, 19.

When performing techniques of how erosion autumn processing on the skid mounted removable disk battery 4 (see figure 1), removable uzasadnienie feet 5, and then boom-toothed rink 6 and the drum-equalizer 6, 7. The aggregate of these working bodies performs shelling, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, leaving the greater part of the crop residues on the soil surface, crumbling blocks, compaction of subsurface soil and leveling the surface of the field with mulching the top layer. After shallow tillage is the dismantling of the working bodies (4, 5, 6), and bearing system Assembly install two rows of rippers 8 bit 9 (see figure 3, 6, 9), and the drum 6, 7 blades 10 are moved from position α=90°position α=30° (see Fig.7). When driving on predvaritelnaya slope field for over 5° vertical xelerate 8 cut vertical slits 20 (figure 4). From the vertical slots 20 at an angle inclined rippers-seeretary 16, 17 are cut oblique slit 21 and a chisel are formed at a depth of 40 cm closed odonatoptera capacity 22, at an angle to the plane of the bottom which xelerate 17 cut into the second slit 23, not facing the surface of the treated field. These cracks are communicated through the subsoil blagonamerennye capacity 23, sloping 21 and 20 vertical slit open water-holding containers in the form of discontinuous grooves 24.

This method of erosion autumn processing and Assembly with interchangeable working bodies for its implementation ensured preservation of the greater part of the crop residues on the surface of the field. This part, together with the sealed part of the crop residues securely covers the soil surface, reduces the temperature difference across the layers of the treated layer and protects the soil from water and wind erosion. This eliminates the need for a mass burning of crop residues, which are released into the atmosphere to 350 thousand tons of pollutants, including dioxins, nitrogen, sulfur, oxides of carbon, benzopyrene, soot and other harmful substances. Therefore, the application method and the new unit has a positive effect on the environment and on the health of the people.

Literature

1. The main activities in conservation agriculture in the Rostov region // Recommendations JNIOSH: - Publishing “Voroshilovgrad Truth.” - Voroshilovgrad - Rostov-on-don. 1982. - 34 S.

2. Typical process maps for the cultivation of C. agricultural crops on erosion-dangerous lands of the North Caucasus / Recommendations of the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Federation: M: Rosselchozizdat. - 1978. - 74, 78, 82.

3. The way erosion autumn tillage and Assembly for its implementation. P. No. 2200378 (Rykov V.B. have been, Taranin VI, Syrov V.N., Jankowski N., Chernov YA), stated 22.12.2000. Publ. 20.03.2003. Bull. No. 8.

1. The way erosion autumn tillage, including shelling, deep core processing and fine processing (cultivation), with intermittent cutting grooves, characterized in that after the harvest of cereals and other crops on fields with a slope of more than 5° shelling and small-scale processing of produce at a depth of 16 cm with simultaneous crushing of rocks, compacted subsoil layer, mulching and alignment, and in September-November, to conduct in-depth primary processing in the fields with simultaneous cutting vertical slots to a depth of 40 cm, meats inclined cracks formation in the subsurface layer odonatoptera tanks and form a hole on the surface, the rich discontinuous furrows do the communicating with the vertical slits.

2. Unit for erosion autumn tillage, including hitch, a frame, supporting wheels, working bodies, characterized in that it has interchangeable working elements in the form of disk batteries, uzkozahvatnoj paws, rod-toothed drum with a trimmer, the blade is set at an angle of 30° to the axis of the drum, and rippers with a chisel for forming vertical and inclined cracks and odonatoptera capacity.