Latticed image and method of obtaining said image

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: latticed image includes latticed patterns defined by a lattice constant and angular orientation, and/or at least partially includes latticed patterns which form a lustreless pattern. The latticed patterns which contain a latticed drawing, consisting of a plurality of lattice lines arranged in a certain manner and acting on electromagnetic radiation, form a flat region of a half-tone image with constant level of brightness when illuminated.

EFFECT: creating a halt-tone image of high quality.

35 cl, 9 dwg

The present invention relates to a lattice image to obtain at least one halftone image, and the method of production of such lattice images.

Know the use of holograms, holographic grating images and other diffraction patterns like holograms to protect the authenticity of the credit cards, securities, packaging products, etc. As a rule, such a diffraction pattern generated by an impact on the photosensitive layer superimposed coherent radiation. These holograms are created due to the fact that the object is irradiated with coherent laser light while the laser light scattered by the object, is formed in the photosensitive layer is not changed reference beam.

If the superimposed light beams in the light-sensitive layer composed of elongated space uniform coherent wave fields, the holographic diffraction pattern will be created on completion of the overlay. When exposed to a superimposed wave fields on the photosensitive layer type film or photoresist is formed holographic diffraction grating, which may be stored, for example, in the form of bright and dark lines on the film or in the form of peaks and dips in the photoresist. Because in this case SV is preset rays are not scattered by the object, holographic diffraction grating to form a common optically variable color imprint, not a drawn image.

Having a holographic diffraction grating, it is possible to obtain a holographic grating image instead of to cover the entire area of the light-sensitive material of uniform holographic diffraction grating, to use special masks (templates), which will allow in each case to close only the desired part of the recording area of one of the many different uniform lattice patterns. As a result of such a holographic grating image will consist of a number of lattice fields with different diffraction grating patterns. Having such a holographic grating image, we can create many different ornamental elements by choosing proper placement of lattice fields.

The diffraction grating patterns holographic grating images are usually linear grating of parallel lines, which are located at a slight distance from each other. Diffraction gratings, each grating field or each area grid image are characterized by parameters such as the lattice constant and Uglova the orientation of the lattice pattern, as well as the shape or contour area. The angular orientation of the lattice pattern is described, as a rule, the azimuthal angle, i.e. the angle between the parallel lines of the grid and some arbitrarily specified reference direction. Holographic diffraction gratings of the lattice constant and the azimuthal angle are usually through the wavelength and the direction of the impinging wave fields, as well as the outlines of the fields created by using photomasks.

In General, we can say that the lattice constant lattice pattern in a certain field grid image is a crucial factor for the color of this area in its view, while the azimuthal angle determines the visibility of the image area with some areas. Thus, based on this technology, you can create all sorts of optically variable image - such as striped, movable or look three-dimensional.

Halftone lattice image is traditionally carried out using the so-called "method, dot-matrix, which is described in particular in document EP 0423680 A2. Here halftone lattice image is composed of many smaller almost spot areas with a diameter of usually from 10 to 200 μm. In these spot areas GoLoG epicheskie diffraction gratings are formed using the so-called "machine for forming tacheometric holograms". However, such machines are now commercially available, and therefore available to potential manufacturers of fakes.

Given all the above, in the present invention the goal was to obtain a lattice image of the considered type, which would be better protected from fraud and allowed to create a grayscale image of high optical quality. In addition, the invention provides for the development of the method of obtaining such lattice images.

The mentioned problem is solved by creating a grid image, which has the features stated in the main claim. In the relevant paragraphs below the claimed method of obtaining this image and the object image, and in dependent clauses - specific variations and modifications of the invention.

According to the invention, it is proposed lattice image of a General nature which is designed for receiving at least one continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple brightness levels, and the specified lattice image has many lattice fields. Lattice field include in each case acting on the electromagnetic radiation of the grating pattern consisting of a set of lattice lines. Being lit, lattice field formation which have in each case a local region of a halftone image with a constant brightness level.

The invention is based on the concept of increasing the degree of protection against forgery halftone lattice images by eliminating even the slightest screening. While the system with dot matrix to obtain a screened lattice images available and therefore accessible to the public, to cover the lattice patterns of the local area with uneven edges is much more difficult, and given it's not for everyone. When viewing the halftone lattice image with a magnifying glass, you can distinguish the existing rasterization, so check the authenticity of the halftone lattice image, which is known that it is a continuous-tone, turns out to be quite easy.

In addition to the mentioned functions, increasing the degree of protection against counterfeiting, the breakdown point of the matrix leads to the formation of the lattice image of intervals and points section that are not defined pattern. As a result, when the creation of a continuous-tone image can achieve a higher optical quality, in particular, greater luminosity and lighter colors or higher brightness level.

It was found that to achieve a clear difference from rasterized images appropriate for continuous-tone grayscale image had only a few brightness levels is, in particular, less than ten. Especially qualitative indicators showed a continuous-tone grayscale image with three, four, or five levels of brightness.

It is advisable to lattice field at least partially comprised of a lattice patterns defined by the lattice constant and the angular orientation, as described in detail below. In accordance with alternative or additional feature, lattice field can also include grating patterns, forming a matte pattern, which in the view does not show diffraction effects. As a result of matte-local scope can easily embed in lattice image obtained by electron-beam lithography.

For the formation of the opaque pattern appropriate to the lattice lines in the grating fields are oriented relative to each other randomly. In particular, the orientation of the grating lines varies random and intermittent. More detailed information about obtaining and properties of such opaque patterns contained in document PCT/EP 2005/000659, the disclosure of which in relation to this issue are included in this application.

To recreate the desired brightness of the illuminated lattice lattice field field, it is preferable to fill the corresponding lattice patterns in the local is blasti, which corresponds to the created brightness level. For this lattice field should preferably be in accordance with the new brightness level, nested regions, which are filled with grating patterns, and non-fillable field.

In accordance with one of the preferred embodiments, at least one measurement value of the filled and unfilled regions is less than the limit of resolution of the naked eye. In particular, the filled and unfilled region can be formed in the form of narrow strips, the width of which is less than the resolution limit of the eye, or in the form of small local elements of any shape, smaller than the resolution limit of the eye.

In accordance with some other options, the structure of filled and unfilled areas may be visible. In this case, the shape and size of areas are selected so that they did not destroy the perception of the image, and Vice versa, it is preferable contributed to its perception as, for example, carving or engraving on copper.

Lattice field forming opaque pattern may be entirely filled lattice lines, and density, which will correspond to the generated brightness level.

Lattice patterns are preferably formed, at least partially, from the continuous the main grid lines and are created using any lithographic tool. In this case, it is advisable to lattice lines were connected through swivel sections at their ends, at least one lattice line, which is in the form of a meander.

In accordance with one of the preferred embodiments, with different orientations of the grating image is in each case as any painting, in particular, continuous-tone grayscale image, as, for example, a striped image, moving image, the stereoscopic image, background image or lattice image with a permanent imprint of the image when it is created in the movement for the observer. In addition, at least one of the continuous-tone grayscale images created using the grid image may be an image in natural colors.

The invention also covers a method of obtaining a grid image that looks like at least one continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple levels of brightness. According to the proposed method, creates a lattice image with many lattice fields, which in each case include influencing electromagnetic radiation grating pattern consisting of a set of grating lines, and which, when lit, formed the comfort in each case, the local region is a halftone image with the same brightness level.

Based on the rasterized black-and-white halftone image, in accordance with one of preferred embodiments of the method

a) pre-set rastrirovano black-and-white grayscale image with many pixels, and the pixels in each case have a value of brightness of gray,

b) pixels, the brightness values which lie in a specified interval, in each case combine, forming the image in such a way as to create a continuous-tone image with brightness levels with a pre-selected number of discrete brightness levels,

c) determine the lattice lattice field image, which designate the combined fields of images and placing them inside the grid image corresponds to the placement of image fields in a given grayscale image, and

d) fill in lattice field lattice patterns, which, when lighted, form in each case a local area with the same level of brightness within a continuous-tone image with brightness levels.

Based on the rasterized color halftone image, in accordance with the following preferred embodiment of the method

a) pre-set rastrirovano color halftone image with many pixels, when the eat the pixels in each case have the brightness values for some of the major colors,

b) for each primary color pixels, the brightness values for the base color lie in a given interval, combined in each case, thus forming the image field so that for each primary color has created a continuous-tone image with levels separations having a pre-selected number of discrete brightness levels,

c) determine the lattice lattice field image, which designate the combined fields of images and placing them inside the grid image corresponds to the placement of image fields in the specified color halftone image, and

d) divide the lattice field base sub-region for the basic colors and fill these colored subregions lattice patterns, each of which being lit, creates a local scope with the same level of brightness of the primary colors within a continuous-tone image with brightness levels for the base color.

It is advisable to as primary colors were selected spectral colours, in particular red, green and blue. In this case, the value of the color sub-regions, at least in one dimension, it is advisable to choose such that it is smaller than the resolution limit of the naked eye. For this colored sub-region can be formed, for example, in the form in which such strips with a width less than the resolution limit of the naked eye or with the help of a small local elements of any shape with a size smaller than the resolution limit of the naked eye.

Flat or curved image type described above can easily be created megalograptus by so first for lattice image was set orientation in space, in which a continuous-tone grayscale image should be visible. Then, in stage d), within each grating field, you specify one or more subdomains, and each subdomain is set based on a specified orientation grid image and the brightness values of the lattice fields, lattice pattern with some lattice constant and the angular orientation using dependencies

whererepresents the original control point in the subregion of the grid image,,and- normal vector, the vector view vector and the lighting in the original control pointm - infracciones order and- vector of a lattice for a given sub-region.

In the above dependencies (L) is a vector lightingand it is a vector of length 2π/λ, the direction of which is defined by the connecting line between the point light source and the reference point of the subregion in each case. Here λ is chosen the wavelength spectrum of the incident light, required to create a natural color. Vector reviewis a vector with length 2π/λ, the direction of which is defined by the connecting line between the source control point of the subregion in each case and point-of-view. The lattice pattern is characterized by a vector latticethat is a vector with length 2π/andoriented in the direction parallel to the grating lines. Hereandis the lattice constant, i.e. the step of the grid lines. Position in space (in General) warped grid image and sets the normal vectorthat is a vector with length 1, located vertically on the local plane of the grating.

Formula (L) sets the ratio between the lattice constant and difragirovavshej wavelength that determines the angle between the direction of illumination, direction of view and the grid position in space. Vector formula (L) does not depend on the coordinate systems. Vectors can be placed in the space as you wish. The ratio of (L) can be described in different ways, depending on the choice of coordinate system and the specific variables used for the description.

Local dependence (L) describes in General terms the relationship between lo is real, depending on the geometric space vectors. In many practical cases, the local vectors can replace constant, global vectors, allowing simplified calculations. In particular, in some circumstances, the local dependence (L) can be replaced by more simple, global dependence

More detailed information on this subject can be found in document PCT/EP 2004/011497 and in the patent applications DE 10 2004 006 771.6 and 10 2004 060 672.2, the disclosure of which in relation to this issue are included in this application.

If a predefined grayscale image is a color image, it is advisable that after the job step d) orientation of the grid image in the space you were given one or more additional sub-regions within the color of the subareas of each lattice fields and that for each of the additional sub-regions was determined lattice pattern with some lattice constant and the angular orientation based on a specified orientation of the grating image, a foreground color and the brightness values of the color sub-region with the use according to (L), whererepresents the original control point in the subregion of the grid image,,and - normal vector, the vector view vector and the lighting in the original control point, m is the diffraction order and- vector of a lattice for the next subdomain.

At different orientations of the lattice image may look like a lot of paintings, in particular many continuous-tone grayscale images, and the above steps are performed for each of the multiple images. Then lattice field multiple images it is advisable to invest in one another, for which lattice field preferably divided into narrow strips, and a narrow strip of lattice fields, belonging to different images, have alternately next to each other. The width of the narrow strips are preferably chosen in such a way that it is smaller than the resolution limit of the naked eye, and a narrow strip preferably oriented parallel to the axis of proper rotation (spin axis) and the axis of tilt of the grid image.

In accordance with another variant, lattice field can also be divided into a small fractional area of any shape, and these small fractional area of lattice fields are nested in each other. In this case, it is advisable that at least one characteristic size of a small fractional who was chosen so it was lower than the resolution limit of the naked eye.

The subject invention is also an object containing lattice image obtained using the above method. According to one of the preferred embodiments, this object is a protective component, applicable in the media, in particular, security thread, label security level or the conversion element. It preferably also be used in cases when the object is a storage medium, in particular a banknote, a valuable paper, passport, identity card or certificate. In particular, in the field of grid image object may be curved, for example cylindrically curved.

Additional model options for implementation and advantages of the invention are described below with reference to the attached drawings. In these drawings, where for clarity the scope and actual proportions are not observed,

figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a banknote with the grating image according to one of preferred embodiments of the invention,

figure 2 is a detailed view of a lattice image of figure 1,

figure 3 a - preset rastrirovano grayscale image; (b - a continuous-tone polut the new image, obtained by combining pixels and has three levels of brightness; C is a contour line of one of the local areas fig.b,

figure 4 is covered with the grating lines of the cross-section lattice field continuous-tone grayscale grid image,

5 is a geometrical ratio in the overview grid image for jobs arising variables

6 on figa and 6b, in each case of lattice fields that contain active electromagnetic grating pattern and the grating lines are oriented relative to each other completely random.

Below the invention is explained with reference, in particular, to the bill. Figure 1 is given a schematic diagram of a banknote 10, which on the front side provided with a lattice image 12 according to the invention. For this purpose, in accordance with a typical embodiment, the lattice image 12 generated on the bill of the element attached to the substrate banknotes.

It should be obvious that the invention is not limited transferable elements and bills and can also be used in all cases where applicable grid image, for example, on the dials of watches, decorative jewelry, on the labels of products and packaging, in the security features of documents, identity cards, passports, the loan cards, insurance policies, etc. On the notes and similar documents, in addition to, for example, switch elements can be used to create them lattice images also security threads, and in addition opaque graphic elements, transparent elements, such as transparent Windows. Their detailed description is provided in the application PCT/EP 2004/11497, the disclosure of which in relation to this issue are included in this application.

Being lit, the lattice image 12, shown in detail in figure 2, looks like a continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple brightness levels, which are lattice fields 22-1, 22-2 and 22-3, covered with different lattice patterns. The following describes the procedure that is used in accordance with the invention to obtain such a continuous-tone grayscale image.

First, figa demonstrated a predefined grayscale image 30 formed dot matrix R, which contains a two-dimensional matrix of pixels specified in each case through their coordinates within the image and the brightness value of gray. Dot matrix R forms, as a rule, the graphics fine figure type W portrait shown for this option.

Dot matrix R can be represented in digital f is RME, for example, in any format, lattice graphs of type GIF (Graphics Interchange Format graphics interchange), JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group file Format of the joint expert group on pictures), TIFF (Tagged Image File Format - the file Format of images with labels) or PNG (Portable Network Graphics Format mobile reseteo graphics).

For simplicity, explain below the nature of the review process, taking black-and-white grayscale image. However, it goes without saying that the proposed method is also suitable for obtaining a color image in which each pixel is specified vector color space type RGB color model (Red-Green-Blue - Red-green-blue) or CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-black - Cyan-Magenta-yellow-black). In this case, instead of the described black-and-white halftone image used tri-color division, which includes the brightness values, for example, for the basic colors red, green, and blue.

If we refer now to the drawings, shown in figure 3, one can see that all possible values of brightness of pixels dot matrix R are divided into pre-selected number of brightness levels. For example, in a halftone image having brightness values from 0 (darkest gray value) to 255 (lightest gray value), can split into three levels I have bones so to the brightness values from 0 to 85 were assigned to a brightness level 1 ("black"), values from 86 to 171 the brightness level 2 ("gray") and values from 172 255 - brightness level 3 ("white").

Then those pixels dot matrix R, the brightness values which are within one of the predefined intervals, combined with obtaining local image fields 32-1, 32-2 and 32-3, as seen on fig.3b, so this creates a continuous-tone image 34 with three levels of brightness.

Contour lines 36-1 local field image 32-1, that is assigned to a brightness level 1 ("black"), again shown separately on figs. As you can see, the shape of the image field 32-1 (as form fields, images, 32-2 and 32-3) is determined only by the picture that is displayed after combining pixels, while the original rasterized image is completely removed.

As shown in figure 2, then in lattice image 12 ask lattice field 22-1, 22-2 and 22-3, who appoint the fields of image 32-1, 32-2 and 32-3 and placing them inside the grid image corresponds to the placement of image fields in the pre-grayscale image.

In accordance with the brightness level in each case, the lattice field 22-1, 22-2 and 22-3 cover lattice patterns, which, when lit, creates ineach case, the local region with a constant brightness level.

4 shows the cross-section of 40 region 22, which includes the area 42, filled with grating patterns, and unfilled region 44. The filled area 42 and a blank region 44 is formed in each case in the form of narrow strips with a width of 42-and 44-In, while the ratio of the width 42 In lattice strips to the total width of the grating strips and strips with a space, B_total=42-In+44, and determines the desired value of brightness region 22.

In order not to deteriorate the optical perception of the halftone image, the total width of the grating strips and strips with a space, B_totalchoose so that it is smaller than the resolution limit of the naked eye. In accordance with other model variants of implementation, the total width can also be selected so that it was larger, so that the structure of the bands contributed to the perception of the image as carving or engraving on copper.

It is clear that the number of brightness levels can be selected and other than three. However, the number N of levels of brightness preferably should not be too large, in particular, it should be less than ten. To get the picture with clear contours and clearly perceptible difference from traditional bitmaps almost suitable, it has been found that the conversion of bitmap images in the image is to be placed with different brightness levels, namely, three, four, or five levels of brightness.

To ensure the smooth megalograptus create a flat or curved grating image, which looks like at least one continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple levels of brightness, it is possible to calculate the lattice parameters, as described, for example, in document PCT/EP 2004/011497, the disclosure of which in relation to this issue are included in this application.

In a nutshell, each lattice pattern 50 (figure 5) is characterized by two lattice parameters, namely step and lattice lines, which was called "the lattice constant, and the azimuthal angle ω, which grating lines form reference/reference destination Ref. These two designations can also be expressed through the vector latticethat is a vector with length 2π/andoriented in the direction parallel to the grating lines.

Figure 5 schematically illustrates the geometric relationships involved in the review of lattice pattern 50, for the purposes of the tasks arising variables. The lattice orientation of the field in space is defined by the normal vectorthat is a vector with length 1, located vertically on the plose the spine of the lattice. Incident light is characterized by one or more vectors lightingwhich are in each case a vector of length 2π/λ, oriented in the direction from the light source to the lattice image. Here λ is the wavelength of light, so that monochromatic light is characterized by the vectors lighting of equal length, and white light - vectors lighting of different lengths. Vector reviewis a vector with length 2π/λ, oriented in the direction of the grid image to the eye of an observer.

Now the field of flat lattice lattice image becomes visible to the observer at the exact moment when the above ratio (G)

begins to be observed for some integer m, since only at this point really is constructive interference of reflected light rays in the direction of view.

In addition to the flat lattice images using the proposed method can also be created and warped grid image. In contrast to the flat lattice images, in the case of a curved lattice images of the normal vector is not some constant, but varies as the square lattice image. Therefore, for the calculation and krivienog lattice images of each area of the grid image is divided into small sub-regions, within which the normal vectorfor the original control point P with coordinatesmay be adopted, in good approximation as a constant. Then perform the above calculation of the lattice constant ofandand the azimuthal angle ω with respect to each of these sub-regions using locally constant normal vector.

In the most General case, the calculation can also be noted that when the value of the grid image and the final distance between the source of the sieve and the observer as a vector of the lighting, and the vector of the review will be dependent on the position of the corresponding sub-region in the lattice image, whereupon they will be determined locally changing vectorsand. The global dependence (G) is represented in a more General local form

.

This dependence (L) you can also, of course, be used to calculate the flat lattice images, and in this case, the normal vectorbe constant, and only the vector of the lighting and the vector of the review will vary according to the square lattice image.

After defining the required visibility conditions on n the boards lighting and review the desired geometry of the grid image and the desired perception of brightness and color for each lattice field, you can proceed to the calculation of the lattice parameters for each lattice field using dependency (G) or (L). The details of this calculation are presented in the publication PCT/EP 2004/011497.

If the lattice image should look like the image in natural colors, you should use the following procedure. On the basis of images in natural colors, which can be preset, for example, in the RGB color space, prepare three color separation images for red, green and blue colors, which, as described above, then turn in the local scope with the given number of brightness levels. For example, each of the color separated images can be converted into an image with levels of output, which has five levels of brightness.

After that, the three images with levels of separations divided into narrow strips, in each case passed two of the three bands of each of the color separated images. Next, the remaining bands are investing in each other so that one strip from the second and one band of a third color separation image got there where missing strips of the first color separation image. The further procedure is described on the example, in document PCT/EP 2004/011497 in considering it figure 13. It is obvious that instead of the three color separation images for red, green and blue colors can be applied and other colorimetric systems with other separations. Here, in each case as spectral colors appear the main color.

Another possibility of obtaining images in natural colors by using the lattice images are discussed in the patent application Germany 10 2004 060 0672.2, the disclosure of which in relation to this issue are included in this application.

In accordance with the following typical embodiment, it is necessary to obtain a striped image, that is, depending on the view direction, visible should be the first or any other image. To do this, each image transform, as described above, from a predefined bitmap in a local image, consisting of land, covered with one of the N levels of brightness. After that, use the same procedure as described in document PCT/EP 2004/011497 in considering it figures 6, that is, break the image into stripes, skipping in this case, each second strip of each image. Then the strips are put against each other so that one lane of the second image have got missed one Polo is as the first image. These bands cover different arrays so that they were highlighted in the right direction. Within each band the ratio of the area covered by the grating, to the total area of the strip corresponds to the brightness value. Width, composed of band width and the width of the gap should preferably be less than the resolution of the eye or is selected such that the band structure is not destroyed the perception of the image, and Vice versa, it is preferable helped him, as it happens when carving or engraving on copper. Data screening is advisable to calculate the manner as described above.

In accordance with other model variants of implementation, from different directions should be alternately visible more than two, for example m images. These m images are in the form of dot matrices in digitized format. As mentioned above, first generate a local image. They are broken down into strips. From each image to retain only the m-th band, while in between (m-1) bands are removed. The remaining strip m images vidvigayt each other so that after a proper cover grilles these m images became alternately visible from different directions. The width of the m-fold strip should preferably be less than the permit is her ability eyes or her chosen such that to structure the band did not destroy the perception of the image, and Vice versa, it is preferable helped him, as it happens when carving or engraving on copper. Data screening is advisable to calculate the manner as described above.

In accordance with one of the preferred embodiments, m images mentioned in relation to the previous option, create, for example, of two pre-defined images by means of transformation of a computer program. For example, you can pre-set the portrait of the man and the image of a lion's muzzle. Using transformational program, compute (m-2) intermediate images that show the slow transformation of a human face in the lion's muzzle. Now we have m raster images. They are subjected to further processing as described above so that ultimately was obtained tilted image so that when it is tilted sideways in front of the observer, the man slowly turned into a lion, and when tilted back was returning a human face.

In accordance with another typical embodiment, m images are Polysorbate of the mobile sequence, which develops in the form of flipping through the book, when the image decl is applied to the side in front of the observer. These m images can also be m views of the object from different directions, and the direction in between these types of choose and viewing distance to the observer is injected so that at the time of the review ready lattice image any image that looks three-dimensional.

In accordance with the following typical embodiment, the lattice image from a grayscale image, should not only be illuminated for a short time in some areas of the review when it is tilted, but to stay with the slope of the always visible within a considerable range of angles.

In the above cases were split on direct vertical stripes, although you can also use slanted or horizontal stripes. Not necessarily required to provide straight lines, they may also be curved or wavy.

You might also consider combining different embodiments - for example, you can perform the moving image in natural colors or in stereoscopic form, or an image in natural colors can remain constant within a wide range of review. If you can provide a combination of multiple effects that can appear larger groups of bands, which is should vdvinut'sâ each other so that, even if not to take any further action, the widths of which are located next to each other lanes will be more resolving power of the eye, which in some variants are best avoided.

Let us explain this in the following way. Suppose you want to perform, for example, 10 phases of movement of the moving image in natural colors, that is, in each case with 3 color-separation images for red, green and blue. If in each case it is necessary to deal with 5 levels of brightness and the minimum bandwidth for optically effective lattice is set to 3 microns, then we will get the first total bandwidth equal to 10×3×5×3 micrometers = 450 μm, which exceeds the resolution of the eye. However, this total bandwidth can be reduced by dividing the individual lines on the plots, the size of which preferably should be less than the resolution of the eye or must be chosen such that the structure of the plot did not destroy the perception of the image, and Vice versa, it is preferable helped him, as it happens when carving or engraving on copper.

In order to avoid the formation of poor-quality matrix that violates the perception of the image, splitting into parts to do different for different bands. One example of this is shown below in Table is itzá 1, in accordance with which there is a moving image with 10 phases of movement and 3 color-separation images for red, green and blue, which has in each case 5 brightness levels. The traffic levels and separations performed in bands, and the brightness levels in the form of plots. The division into sections is made different for different bands.

After the 30th strips cycle is resumed, if necessary, with a phase shift, resulting in one lane will be unlike any other.

Table 2 shows the lengths of segments inside lanes according to the split in Table 1. Here for individual separations took as a basis the following information:

red color-separation image on the wavelength 0,630 μm in normal conditions requires a step of lattice lines, equal 0,891 mcm

green color-separation image on the wavelength 0,550 μm in normal conditions requires a step of lattice lines, equal 0,777 mcm

blue color-separation image on the wavelength 0,470 μm in normal conditions requires a step of lattice lines, equal 0,665 microns.

Here, when viewed vertically from the top down, as normal conditions adopted illumination angle of 45° and the horizontal plane of the grating.

In relation to the lowest brightness level in the band one land fill in accordance with Table 2, followed by 4 blank area, then another filled and, finally, the other 4 blank. Follows the same sequence. For the second brightness level in the band two is castka shall be filled in accordance with Table 2, followed by 3 blank area, then two more filled and the other 3 blank, etc. For the third brightness level in the band 3 of the land fill in accordance with Table 2, followed by 2 blank area, then another 3 filled and the other 2 blank, etc. For the fourth brightness level in the band 4 land fill in accordance with Table 2, followed by a single blank area, then another 4 filled and the other empty plot of land, etc. For the fifth, highest brightness level in the band all areas without gaps shall be filled in accordance with Table 2, features for the highest level of brightness into areas not applicable.

Since the total length of the strips consists of many areas, because of differences in their length in the bands occur unevenly shifted areas, thus failing to obtain screening. Given that the brightness levels are now inscribed in the areas of the strips, the total width of the strips, that is 3 micrometer×3×10=90 micrometers, will be less than the resolution of the eye. In a typical embodiment, reflected just one example of how you can avoid rasterization. In principle, all m images (in the example above, 30 of the images, namely, the 10 States of motion with 3 separations), which is pushed into each other, are mutually independent and can be, according to the invention, broken optionally different, if only the sum of the widths of the m strips and lengths of the sites was less than the resolution of the eye or were chosen such that the structure after the split did not destroy the perception of the image, but on the contrary, contributed to it, as in the case of carving or engraving on copper. Thanks proposed according to the invention different splits images, digemin each other, screening does not occur, despite the separation of the vertically and horizontally.

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, lattice field can also fully or partially consist of a lattice pattern, forming a matte pattern, so that they do not show when browsing diffraction effects.

Like Matt patterns can be created, for example, due to the fact that lattice lines in the specified lattice fields will be oriented relative to each other randomly. Said illustrated in figa and 6b, which shows lattice field 60 with electromagnetic active lattice patterns, the lattice lines 62 which are oriented relative to each other completely random. Thus, pairs of the meter orientation is changed on a random and intermittent law on the square lattice field 60. Random change continues and outside the plots, shown in Fig.6, across the square lattice fields. Such randomly oriented electromagnetic active lattice patterns create nidirectional matte pattern, which clearly separated, for example, environment directed by diffraction or from neighboring stamping.

In the shown fig.6b lattice field 60 lattice lines fill the area is shown not so tightly as to figa. Thus, lattice field figa has a less pronounced effect matte pattern than field fig.6b, and therefore it seems to the observer darker. In the local area of the image with different brightness, can be filled with opaque patterns with different brightness, so that creates a grayscale image with a matte pattern, which can be viewed in very different lighting conditions - as for directional and diffuse (scattered) light.

In accordance with another embodiment, the first part of the local image perform with a matte pattern, whereas the remaining parts are covered appropriately selected diffraction structures. Since, as mentioned above, by using the diffractive structures can be obtained a color and motion effects, it is possible to obtain merastar the bathrooms halftone lattice images having sites with a still image that perform with a matte pattern, and areas with dynamic image formed with diffraction structures.

1. Lattice image to obtain at least one continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple levels of brightness, in which the lattice image is by eliminating even the slightest screening a lot of local lattice fields with uneven edges, which comprise in each case acting on the electromagnetic radiation of the grating pattern consisting of a set of lattice lines, which, when lighted, form in each case a local region of a halftone image with a constant brightness level, lattice field at least partially include grating patterns defined by the lattice constant and the angular orientation and/or at least partially include grating patterns, forming a matte pattern, which in the view does not show diffraction effects, lattice field having a grating pattern defined by the lattice constant and the angular orientation of the filled respective grating patterns in the local area that corresponds to the created brightness level, while the lattice fields are in accordance with the new brightness level is nested regions, filled with grating patterns, and areas not filled with grating patterns and lattice field forming a matte pattern, filled lattice lines with a density that corresponds to the created brightness level.

2. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that the continuous-tone grayscale image is less than ten brightness levels, preferably three, four or five levels of brightness.

3. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that the grating lines in the lattice fields, forming a matte pattern, oriented relative to each other randomly, and the orientation of the grating lines varies random and intermittent way.

4. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that at least in one dimension the size of the filled and unfilled regions is less than the limit of resolution of the naked eye.

5. The grating image according to claim 4, characterized in that the filled and unfilled region formed in the form of narrow strips, the width of which is less than the resolution limit of the eye, or in the form of small local elements of any shape, smaller than the resolution limit of the eye.

6. The grating image according to claim 4, characterized in that the filled and unfilled region formed in the form of small local elements of any shape, size cat who where less resolution limit of the eye.

7. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that the grating patterns are formed, at least partially, from a continuous lattice lines and performed using a lithographic tool.

8. The grating image according to claim 7, characterized in that the grating lines are connected through the rotary sections at their ends, at least one lattice line, which is in the form of a meander.

9. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that at different orientations of the grating image is in each case as any painting, in particular continuous-tone grayscale image, as, for example, a striped image, moving image, the stereoscopic image, background image or lattice image in the same way, when it is in motion to the observer.

10. The grating image according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the continuous-tone grayscale images obtained using the grid image is a color image in which each pixel is specified vector color space type RGB color model (red-blue-green) or CMYK (cyan-Magenta-yellow-black).

11. A method of obtaining a grid image that looks like minicamera one continuous-tone grayscale image with multiple brightness levels, under which creates a grating image, which has by eliminating even the slightest screening a lot of local lattice fields with uneven edges, which in each case include influencing electromagnetic radiation grating pattern consisting of a set of lattice lines, which, when lighted, form in each case a local region of a halftone image with a constant brightness level, lattice field at least partially fill the lattice patterns defined by the lattice constant and the angular orientation and/or matte pattern, which in the view does not show diffraction effects, while lattice field the diffraction grating patterns fill in each case, the grating patterns in the local area, which corresponds to the desired brightness level, and lattice field supply in accordance with the received brightness level of nested fields that are filled lattice patterns, and nested fields that are not filled lattice patterns and lattice field forming a matte pattern, fill the grating lines with a density that corresponds to the created brightness level.

12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that
a) pre-set rastrirovano black and white polutoramegabajtnye with a set of pixels, each pixel has a brightness value of gray,
b) pixels, the brightness values which lie in a given interval, combine to form in each case one field of the image in such a way as to create a continuous-tone image brightness levels, having a pre-selected number of discrete brightness levels,
c) determine the lattice lattice field image, which designate the combined fields of images and placing them inside the grid image corresponds to the placement of image fields in a given grayscale image, and
d) fill in lattice field lattice patterns, which, when lighted, form in each case a local region with a constant brightness level within a continuous-tone image brightness levels, with lattice field supply, in accordance with the received brightness level, nested scopes are filled with grating patterns, and nested fields that are not filled with grating patterns.

13. The method according to item 12, characterized in that
a) pre-set rastrirovano color halftone image with many pixels, and the pixels in each case have the brightness values for some of the major colors,
b) for each primary color of those pixels, the brightness values which tothis primary colors lie in a given interval, combine in each case, thus forming the image field so that for each primary color has created a continuous-tone image with levels separations having a pre-selected number of discrete brightness levels,
c) determine the lattice lattice field image, which designate the combined fields of images and placing them inside the grid image corresponds to the placement of image fields in the specified color halftone image, and
d) divide the lattice field base sub-region for the basic colors and fill these colored subregions lattice patterns, which, when lighted, form in each case a local area with the same brightness level as the main color inside a continuous-tone image with brightness levels for the base color.

14. The method according to item 13, wherein as the main colors chosen spectral colours, in particular red, green and blue.

15. The method according to item 13, wherein at least in one dimension the size of the colored sections is less than the resolution limit of the naked eye.

16. The method according to item 12, wherein in stage b) create continuous-tone grayscale image or a continuous-tone image with levels separations with less than ten and brightness levels, preferably three, four or five levels of brightness.

17. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that create a lattice lines in the lattice fields, forming a matte pattern, which is oriented relative to each other randomly, preferably oriented relative to each other randomly and intermittently changing the image.

18. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the grating patterns are formed, at least partially, from a continuous lattice lines, which are in the form of a meander.

19. The method according to item 12, characterized in that the lattice image specify the orientation in space, in which a continuous-tone grayscale image is visible, and at step d) within each lattice fields that define one or more subdomains, and each subdomain set, based on a specified orientation grid image and the brightness values of the lattice fields, lattice pattern with some lattice constant and the angular orientation using dependencies

whererepresents the original control point in the subregion of the grid image,,and- normal vector, the vector view vector and the lighting in the original control point , m is the diffraction order and- vector of a lattice for a given sub-region.

20. The method according to item 13, characterized in that the lattice image specify the orientation in space, in which a continuous-tone grayscale image is visible, and (d) specify one or more sub-regions within the color of the subareas of each grating field, and for each of the additional sub-regions set on the basis of a given lattice orientation image, a foreground color and the brightness values of the color sub-region, the lattice pattern with some lattice constant and the angular orientation using dependencies

whererepresents the original control point in the subregion of the grid image,,and- normal vector, the vector view vector and the lighting in the original control point, m is the diffraction order and- vector of a lattice for a given sub-region.

21. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the grating image at different orientations looks like a lot of paintings, in particular many continuous-tone grayscale images, and the above steps completed the t for each of the multiple images.

22. The method according to item 21, wherein the lattice fields of each of the multiple images put one into another, for which lattice field preferably divided into narrow strips, and a narrow strip of lattice fields have alternately next to each other.

23. The method according to item 22, wherein the width of the narrow strips is chosen so that it is smaller than the resolution limit of the naked eye.

24. The method according to item 22, wherein the grating field is divided into a small fractional area of any shape, with a small fractional area of lattice fields have nested in each other.

25. The method according to paragraph 24, wherein the at least one characteristic size of a small fractional areas are chosen so that it was less than a resolution limit of the naked eye.

26. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that at different orientations of the lattice image looks like a different picture, so that when the corresponding moving grid image to the observer creates a striped image.

27. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that at different orientations of the lattice image looks like a fine figure in various phases of movement, so that when the corresponding moving grid image to the observer creates a concentration in the second image.

28. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that at different orientations of the grating image looks as expanding or shrinking the contour line of fine figure, so that when the corresponding moving grid image to the observer creates a pulsating image.

29. The method according to claim 11, wherein the different directions of lattice image looks like at least two drawings, with different orientation of these kinds of set-based pre-selected distance of the review for a lattice image, so that the observer creates a stereoscopic image of the fine pattern.

30. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that at different orientations of the lattice image looks like the same picture, at least to some fractional area, so that when the corresponding moving grid image for an observer in this fractional area does not appear to change content of the image.

31. The method according to item 30, wherein the grating field is divided into narrow strips, which come next to each other and assign the images perceived in different orientations, and which preferably fills the lattice pattern so that the end point of the lattice pattern of one strip with what fell from the starting points of the grid pattern adjacent strips.

32. Object containing the grating image according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

33. The object p, characterized in that it is a protective element, in particular the security thread, a label or a transfer element.

34. The object p, characterized in that the object is curved in the area of grid image, in particular cylindrically curved.

35. The object p, characterized in that the object is a storage medium, in particular a banknote, a valuable paper, passport, identity card or certificate.