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Invention relates to sources of directed (shaped) soft X-rays or, equivalently, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with wavelength of 13.5 nm or 6.7 nm, currently used or to be used in the near future in high-resolution projection lithography. Plasma is formed by an external focused injector, after which plasma electrons are heated in a magnetic field in electron cyclotron resonance conditions using high-power microwave radiation in continuous mode. Limited-size plasma is generated using a magnetic field and an opening which limits cross dimensions of the plasma on the axis of symmetry of an X-ray mirror, wherein the working side of the X-ray mirror is insulated from plasma streams, neutral droplets of cathode material and high-energy particles. To realise the method, the disclosed directed EUV source includes an injector 1 for focused feeding of plasma 3 into a magnetic trap 4, at the output of which there is an X-ray mirror 11, the opening 16 on the axis of symmetry of which reduces the cross dimension of the plasma 3 stream. The X-ray mirror 11 is turned by the working side from the plasma injector 1. Behind the focal region 12 of the X-ray mirror there is a plasma trap 15, and the configuration of the magnetic field of the magnetic trap 4, dimensions of the plasma trap 15 and the opening 16 on the axis of the X-ray mirror 11 are selected to ensure insulation of the working side of the X-ray mirror 11 from charged and neutral particle streams. The generator 6 of electromagnetic radiation in the millimetre or sub-millimetre wavelength range for heating plasma 3 electrons is provided with concave mirrors 8 which direct electromagnetic radiation 7 from the injector 1 to the plasma 3 stream in the magnetic trap 4 into the region of electron cyclotron resonance 9. |
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Acceleration tube relates to X-ray equipment and can be used in a pulsed X-ray accelerator to obtain short, high-intensity X-ray flashes for detecting high-speed processes in optically dense media. The acceleration tube includes an acceleration tube insulator 1, an insulator container 2 and a sealed insulating housing 3 of the diode assembly of the acceleration tube with a radiation exit window, inside of which there is a vacuum which separates a cathode and an anode which is in form of a steel pipe 4. The cathode 5 is in form of a concentric ring with end-to-end grooves 8 between radial electrode projections 7, the number of which is less than three (a forced current distribution cathode). The anode is an anode rod 4 in form of a cone-shaped holder made of iron, with a spherical head 6 in form of a sphere made of tungsten. |
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Invention refers to electric engineering and can be used for control of resonance power converter. Method of switch device (260) control involves resonance circuit (350) supplied with switching voltage (Uwr) for resonance current (Ires), generation to ensure required output power (rP) at the output of resonance power converter (100). Device is adapted to the method of switching device control. In addition, resonance power converter includes control device for implementation of the control method. |
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Soft x-ray source based on demountable x-ray tube Source includes a housing to which a base is attached, said base having an anode and a hot-cathode assembly with electrodes and an incandescent filament, high-voltage and low-voltage leads for connecting to power supplies, as well as a focusing electrode and a cooling system. The cooling system is in form of a pipe loop which is electrically connected to the high-voltage lead. The anode is solid, has the shape of a parallelepiped and is mounted directly on the pipe by fastening elements. The hot-cathode assembly is provided with an elastically deformable component which is mounted by one end on one of the electrodes of the hot-cathode assembly and is connected to the incandescent filament through a force connection, while allowing movement of the free end and tightening of the incandescent filament as it heats up when voltage is applied. The focusing electrode is in form of a component which partially encircles the incandescent filament. |
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Visualisation systems comprises a stationary gentry, a rotary gentry placed behind the stationary gentry, an X-ray tube fixed on the rotary gentry rotating and emitting a polychromatic radiation crossing an area of examination. The emission has a medium emission intensity alternately switched over between at least two different emission intensities during a visualisation procedure. A double-layer detector matrix with an energy resolution in a photon counting mode records the emission crossing the area of examination and records the emission in at least two different ranges of intensities. The detector matrix is provided to form output signals with an energy resolution depending both on the emission intensity, and on the intensity range. A reconstruction unit performs a spectral reconstruction of the output signals with the energy resolution. A method for system manipulation involves the stages whereat the emission spectrum is switched over during the visualisation procedure; a threshold energy set according to emission spectrum switch-over; the emission is recorded, and a recorded emission energy is identified by the threshold energy set. |
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Circuit of power conversion of resonance type comprises a phase-to-phase transformer (406), serially connected to at least one serially connected resonant circuit (403a and 403a' or 403b and 403b') at the outlet of two cascades (402a+b) of the power inverter of DC conversion into AC, supplying to the high-voltage transformer (404) with multiple primary windings. The phase-to-phase transformer (406) serves to eliminate mismatch (ΔI) of resonant output currents (I1, I2) of cascades (402a+b) of the power inverter of DC conversion into AC. The method of control guarantees that the phase-to-phase transformer (406) is not saturated, provides for operation under zero current and provides for minimised losses of power at the inlet. |
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Device and method for emission generation from discharge plasma In device and method for generation of emission from discharge plasma there performed is laser-induced discharge between the first and the second electrodes with energy input of pulse power source to discharge plasma and generation from discharge plasma of emission together with by-product in the form of neutral and charged debris. Based on selection of irradiation point of electrode with laser beam, geometry of electrodes and discharge outline, there formed is asymmetric discharge of mainly bent/banana shape, the own magnetic field of which has gradient immediately near discharge, which determines direction of predominant movement of discharge plasma flow from electrodes to area of less strong magnetic field. |
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Correction of involuntary respiratory motion in computed tomography of heart Invention relates to medical equipment, namely to devices for computed tomographic angiography with compensation of respiratory motion. Method consists in spiral scanning of patient by rotation of conic irradiation beam around patient and movement in longitudinal direction of patient and conic beam with respect to each other. During spiral scanning source of irradiation and detector create a set of patient's subvolumes, from which selection of subvolumes, which are in general phase of cardiac cycle. Characteristic points in overlapping parts of subvolume images in general phase of cardiac cycle are identified and used to calculate vector of respiratory motion for some of selected subvolumes. Sets of said subvolumes, corresponding to selected phase of cardiac cycle, are reconstructed into a set of subvolume images. Versions of computer tomographic device implementation include support for patient, rotating gantry, source of X-ray irradiation, installed on it, detector, on support for patient, mechanism, providing spiral scanning, and one or several processors with computer-readable carrier. |
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Device for generation of targeted pulse x-ray radiation Invention relates to medical equipment, namely to X-ray devices. Device includes ruby laser with power mot less than 0.2 GW/cm2, whose radiation influences opal matrix in form of ordered structure from silica microspheres with diameter 0.2-0.4 mcm, installed on padding placed into container with liquid nitrogen. Opal matrix is made in form of sample, which has plane parallel opposite surfaces, which are fixed to respective piezoelectric plates, made from crystals with coefficient of electromechanical bond higher than 0.2%. |
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Electronic cassette for x-ray imaging Cassette has a chassis, a detection panel, a circuit which is configured to drive the detection panel by supplying a driving signal and detecting an electrical signal from the detection panel, a supporting base which supports the detection panel and has a first surface and a second surface which supports the circuit; the supporting base includes a multilayer plate made from carbon fibre, having a metal layer which is electrically connected to the earthing contact of the circuit. |
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Method of generating pulsed x-ray radiation Method of generating pulsed X-ray radiation involves focusing laser radiation of the ruby laser of an optical system and directing the radiation onto an opal matrix - an ordered structure made from silica with diameter of 0.2-0.4 mcm and cooled to 200 K. The inter-spherical nanocavities of the opal matrix are filled with a substance with permittivity of not less than 2.5 with filling factor in the range of 30-85%, and the laser radiation has power of 0.25-10 GW/cm. |
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Invention relates to an X-ray diffraction technique for high-speed processes. The analysed object is placed between a radiation source and a converter for converting intensity distribution of radiation passing through the analysed object to a visible shadow image. The image is recorded by a photo- or electronic recorder. The converter used is a luminescent screen. The converter is exposed to a pulse of electromagnetic radiation of an additional source at a moment in time immediately before exposure of the recorder. The wavelength of the additional source is selected in the region of the maximum of the absorption spectrum of F-centres of the converter. |
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Measuring method of practical peak voltage Measuring method of practical peak voltage is designed for noninvasive measurement of deceleration emission generation voltage and can be used at monitoring of parameters of X-ray emitters. Measuring method of practical peak voltage consists in measurement of radiation contrast of filter, juxtaposition to values of practical peak voltage by means of calibration curve. Measurements of radiation contrast of filters of microdetectors are performed as per signals from microdetectors themselves shaping a linear discrete semiconductor detector arranged in field of X-ray radiation so that each previous microdetector is filter for the next one. As per the obtained data there built is absorption curve as per the inclination of which radiation damping rate is determined, according to the value of which the value of practical peak voltage is determined. |
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Method and apparatus for generating soft x-ray radiation from liner-type gas discharge plasma Working plasma-forming gas is fed into a vacuum discharge chamber via a plurality of axially symmetrical annular nozzles (5), which form hollow gas cylinders (15) (cascade gas liner), a radiation outlet conduit in form of a cone being provided in the centre of the inner annular nozzle of a high voltage electrode. The outer shell of the cascade liner (15) is ruptured by a pulse from a high-current generator (4). The increasing high-current discharge ionises primarily the outer layer of the outer gas shell and, under the effect of magnetic pressure, the plasma begins to accelerate towards the axis of the liner, ionising the inner shells and setting them in motion. The Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities arising as the outer cylindrical shells move towards the axis are cancelled upon collision with the immobile inner shells. The ions collide on the axis of the vacuum discharge chamber at a speed of 100-500 km/s. The kinetic energy of the plasma turns into thermal energy and a column of hot plasma (16) with a temperature sufficient for the multiple ionisation of gas atoms is formed on the axis of the vacuum discharge chamber. When the atoms recombine, soft X-ray radiation is generated. |
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Invention relates to medical equipment, namely to X-ray scanners for examination of patients. Device for examination contains X-ray module of C-arc, rack for supply of electric energy and cooling for X-ray source, connecting device, made with possibility of C-arc rotation on more than 360 degrees and containing rotating coupling for passing of coolant from rack to C-arc module during C-arc rotation. Method of examination of object under interest consists in supply of electric energy and cooling from rack to X-ray source of C-arc module through connecting device, rotation of C-arc on more than 360 degrees together with supply of electric energy and cooling and bringing coolant from rack to module during C-arc rotation by means of rotating coupling. Machine-readable carrier stores computer programme for examination of object under interest in correspondence with the method. |
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Method of generating x-ray radiation device for realising said method Invention discloses a method of generating X-ray radiation, involving exciting atoms of the outer surface of a target, in which a stream of liquid medium is formed at low pressure, having at least in the peripheral part of the stream cavitation regions (2) with collapse zones (3) for the cavitation bubbles (1); bringing collapse zones (3) of said stream into contact with the inner surface (7) of the target (6) and obtaining X-ray radiation (11) on the outer surface (9) of the target (6). The target (6) used is made from material having low coefficient of volumetric attenuation of an elastic ultrasonic wave, thickness equal to or greater than the length for converting the elastic ultrasonic wave excited by the impact wave (5) of the collapse zone (3) in the material of the target (6) into an impact wave (10) with a short front on the outer surface (9) of the target (6). A device for realising the method is disclosed. |
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X-ray apparatus has an X-ray emitter, a high-voltage power supply, a unit for generating a pyramidal-shaped X-ray beam, an X-ray detector and electronic control unit. The electronic control unit has software maintenance which enables, depending on the set task, to adjust duration of high and low voltage across the X-ray emitter and batch retrieval of information from the detector with given coordinate-time interval. The invention is presented in two versions which differ from each other by the version of assembly and method of moving the X-ray detector. |
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Luminous marker for medical x-ray machine FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: invention is referred to the area of medical technology, namely to X-ray machines, and can be used for visual control of the area on patient body irradiated by an X-ray machine. The device consists of the frame fixed on the X-ray emitter with two couples of moving flat X-ray-nontransparent screens located perpendicularly to each other forming central square window for passage of diverging X-ray beam, the peak of which matches the focus of X-ray emitter, as well as optic system forming the light centering of incident X-ray radiation on the object. The optic system consists of four linear lighters each of which is flexibly fixed on its X-ray-nontransparent screen and is outfitted with the turning mechanism. EFFECT: increased brightness of light field lighting on the object; excluded the need for periodical alignments of light and radiation field borders. 5 cl, 4 dwg |
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Invention relates to a design of a high-voltage transformer, which comprises a primary flat winding (4, 8), a secondary winding (10) of an RF cable type, a core and a coil, having multiple slots, where the RF cable-type winding is wound, at the same time surfaces of flat windings rest against flat surfaces of the core. At the same time the windings of the high-voltage transformer may be exposed to a significant thermal stress during operation, since the proposed structure has high heat exchange properties due to the fact that the flat primary winding rests against the flat surface of the core (2), thus providing efficient heat exchange between these two elements, besides, the multi-cored secondary winding and the flat primary winding may be cooled with the help of a cooling medium. |
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System of automatic testing of digital x-ray irradiation receiver System contains installed in direction of irradiation from X-ray source X-ray screen, optic system of image transfer from screen to photosensitive CCD-matrix, whose outlet is connected with image processing unit. In plane of X-ray screen irradiation and beyond its irradiation surface installed are, at least, three test structures, provided with controlled sources of primary irradiation. Sources are installed in such a way that each test structure is in direct way of the rays from them. |
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Device for irradiating objects with x-ray beams Device has a power supply connected to two X-ray tubes, conical radiation of which is directed opposite each other with the same power, as well as a hollow container for holding the irradiated material, lying symmetrically between the focal points of the X-ray tubes. The container is a symmetrically cut-off spherical figure inserted into the radiation cones of the X-ray tubes, and is placed with possibility of vibrating with equal amplitude relative the horizontal plane about an axis lying in the plane of symmetry of the container and intersecting with the axis which joins the focal points of the X-ray tubes. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Laser centraliser has a housing in which there is a laser whose optical axis of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter, two reflectors, the first of which is placed at the intersection of the axes of the laser and the X-ray beam, and the second is placed on the axis of the laser in front of its emitting face between it and the first reflector at a distance H from the centre of the first reflector, equal to the distance from that centre to the focal point of the X-ray tube on the axis of the X-ray beam, a spherical lens placed in front of the emitting face of the laser and the second reflector and which forms a conical laser beam, geometrical parameters of which are identical to parameters of the X-ray beam, the degree ellipticity of the light disc formed by that beam on the object determines the perpendicularity of its surface to the axis of the X-ray beam, a television camera, the optical axis of the objective lens of which coincides with the axis running from the centre of the second reflector perpendicular the axis of the laser and measurement scales for quantitative estimation of the dimensions of defects on the surface of the object and its perpendicularity to the X-ray beam, the centraliser also includes a computer and a laser range finder, placed on the housing of the centraliser outside the zone of propagation of the X-ray beam, wherein the optical axis of the range finder is parallel to axis of the X-ray beam, and its digital output is interfaced with the input of the computer, the second reflector has a centre opening D=Dl for passage of the laser beam, where Dl is the diameter of that beam, the computer automatically calculates the current value C of the scale interval in the object plane of the scale lying on the screen of the display or generated by a program from the relationship C=Co/M, where M the total magnification, Co is the scale interval on the screen of the display, M=Mt×Mo, where Mt=B/A is television magnification, A and B are dimensions of the raster of the CCD matrix and the display, respectively, Mo=F/L is the optical magnification, where F is the focal distance of the objective lens of the television camera, L is the current distance from the objective lens to the centraliser measured using the laser range finder, the objective lens of the television camera is a zoom lens and can measure focal distance from Fmin=Lmin/M to Fmax=Lmax/M, where Lmax and Lmin is the minimum and maximum distance from the centraliser to the object in the working range of their measurement, respectively, for a specific model of centraliser, and the value M=Co/C is selected based on the relationship Co/C=K, where K is an integer whose value is selected based on specific requirements for accuracy of the measured defects, wherein in order to increase stability of measurement, the values are generated for fixed values of the focal distance of the zoom lens for which the image of two reference laser points on the object with distance H between them coincides with corresponding marks on the screen of the monitor, the distance between which is equal to H*=H/M. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Invention relates to a laser centraliser for an X-ray emitter, having a housing in which there is a laser range finder, the laser axis of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter, two mirrors, the first of which is made from organic glass and is placed at the intersection of the axes of the laser and X-ray beams perpendicular the plane which they form at an angle of 45 degrees to the axis of the laser, and the second mirror lies on the axis of the laser at an angle to 45 degrees to the axis of the laser, wherein its centre lies at a distance A from the centre of the first mirror, which is equal to the distance from it to the focal point of the X-ray tube on the axis of the X-ray beam, a television system consisting of an objective lens, a CCD matrix and a monitor, wherein the optical axis of the objective lens passes through the centre of the second mirror and coincides with the perpendicular passing from that centre to the axis of the laser, in front of the objective lens there is a light filter for increasing contrast of images of laser structures on the objective lens, and on the axis of the range finder laser perpendicular and symmetrically about it at a distance B from the centre of the second mirror there is a an annular structure of microlasers the number of which is N>8, optical axes of which are inclined to the axis of the range finder laser at angles a/2 in planes formed by axes of the microlasers and the axis of the laser and which, after reflection from the first mirror, form on the object an image of the annular structures of laser spots, the size and shape of which correspond to the size and shape of areas illuminated by X-rays, the axis of the range finder laser after reflection from the first mirror coincides with the axis of the X-ray beam and forms on the object a laser spot which coincides with the intersection point of the axis of the X-ray beam with the object and with the centre of the annular structure of the laser spots formed by the annular array of microlasers, the second mirror has a centre opening for passage of the beam of the laser range finder, the annular array of microlasers with diameter D is placed from the centre of the second mirror at a distance B=D/tg(a/2), where a is the divergence angle of the X-ray beam, the centraliser also includes a rectangular array of microlasers with dimensions K*T, where K and T are dimensions of the radiographic film in the radiographic holder, this array lies on the housing of the centraliser symmetrically about the axis of the X-ray beam, optical axes of the microlasers whose number M≥8 are parallel each other and the axis of the X-ray beam and form on the object a rectangular structure of laser spots with dimensions K*T, which do not change when the distance from the object to the centraliser D changes and through which the ratio of dimensions of the area of the object illuminated with X-rays and the real area for recording radiographic images, defined by dimensions of the radiographic film used, is determined, wherein for better distinction of that and the annular structure of the laser spots, radiation of microlasers which form a rectangular structure, may be modulated with frequency f>=1-10 Hz. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Laser centraliser has a housing in which there is a laser whose optical axis of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter, two reflectors, the first of which is placed at the intersection of the axes of the laser and the X-ray beam, and the second is placed on the axis of the laser in front of its emitting face between it and the first reflector at a distance H from the centre of the first reflector, equal to the distance from that centre to the focal point of the X-ray tube on the axis of the X-ray beam, a spherical lens placed in front of the emitting face of the laser and the second reflector and which forms a conical laser beam, geometrical parameters of which are identical to parameters of the X-ray beam, the degree ellipticity of the light disc formed by that beam on the object determines the perpendicularity of its surface to the axis of the X-ray beam, a television camera, the optical axis of the objective lens of which coincides with the axis running from the centre of the second reflector perpendicular the axis of the laser and measurement scales for quantitative estimation of the dimensions of defects on the surface of the object and its perpendicularity to the X-ray beam, a television camera, the optical axis of the objective lens of which coincides with the axis running from the centre of the second reflector perpendicular the axis of the laser and measurement scales for quantitative estimation of the dimensions of defects on the surface of the object and its perpendicularity to the X-ray beam, the centraliser also includes a computer and a laser range finder, placed on the housing of the centraliser outside the zone of propagation of the X-ray beam. wherein the optical axis of the range finder is parallel to axis of the X-ray beam, and its digital output is interfaced with the input of the computer, the second reflector has a centre opening D=Dl for passage of the laser beam, where Dl is the diameter of that beam, the computer automatically calculates the current value C of the scale interval in the object plane of the scale lying on the screen of the display or generated by a program from the relationship C=Co/M, where M the total magnification, Co is the scale interval on the screen of the display, M=Mt×Mo, where Mt=B/A is television magnification, A and B are dimensions of the raster of the CCD matrix and the display, respectively, Mo=F/L is the optical magnification, where F is the focal distance of the objective lens of the television camera, L is the current distance from the objective lens to the centraliser measured using the laser range finder, the objective lens of the television camera is a zoom lens and can measure focal distance from Fmin=Lmin/M to Fmax=Lmax/M, where Lmax and Lmin is the minimum and maximum distance from the centraliser to the object in the working range of their measurement, respectively, for a specific model of centraliser, and the value M=Co/C is selected based on the relationship Co/C=K, where K is an integer whose value is selected based on specific requirements for accuracy of the measured defects, wherein in order to increase stability of measurement, the values are generated for fixed values of the focal distance of the zoom lens for which the image of two reference laser points on the object with distance H between them coincides with corresponding marks on the screen of the monitor, the distance between which is equal to H*=H/M. |
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Dual-colour pyrometric measurement of x-ray focal spot temperature X-ray tube includes an emitter arranged to emit electrons on to a focal spot on a rotatable anode. The x-ray tube also includes a hollow tube arranged to receive electromagnetic radiation from the focal spot at one end of the hollow tube and transmit it to another end. The x-ray tube also includes two or more sensors arranged to detect the electromagnetic radiation through the hollow tube. |
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X-ray device and method of controlling x-ray device X-ray device has a unit for generating X-ray radiation pulses, a control unit and a remote control panel, designed to transmit signals with control instructions to the control unit over a wireless communication channel, where the control unit includes: a control panel designed to set a manual operating mode of the X-ray device; a control signal receiver designed to receive signals with control instructions transmitted from the remote control panel over a wireless communication channel; a control instruction decoder designed to decode control instructions in the signal received by the control signal receiver; a unit for outputting control signals, designed to switch on and off the unit for generating X-ray radiation pulses, and having a switch designed to output signals for switching on and off the unit for generating X-ray radiation pulses, and a comparator circuit designed to compare the number of pulses generated by the unit for generating X-ray radiation pulses, and the number of pulses set by the control panel, and for transmitting control signals to the switch. |
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Laser centrator for x-ray emitter Here is disclosed laser centrator containing laser range finder and TV-camera of visible range of spectrum. Optical axes of both are parallel to each other and to axis of X-ray-radiation beam. Further, the centrator consists of a circular matrix of micro-lasers forming a circular structure on an object. A shape and dimensions of this structure coincide with similar parametres of an X-rayed zone. Perpendicularity of axis of an X-ray beam to surface of an inspected object is assessed by degree of ellipticity of this zone image. Additionally, there is introduced an X-ray sensitive photo-matrix positioned on surface of the object opposite to the X-ray emitter in the centre of the zone, where there is installed a cassette with a radiographic film. A video signal of the X-ray sensitive photo-matrix is transmitted to a computer via a cable or radio channel and is visualised on a screen of a display simultaneously and/or successively with an image generated with the TV-chamber of the visible range of spectre. A diaphragm with a cross-like cut of dimension of HFV (high-frequency vibration) out of material non-transparent for X-ray-radiation is arranged on axis for input-output of X-ray beam at distance H from a lens of an X-ray tube. Also, cross centre coincides with this axis. An image of this cross is visualised on the display. Dimension of the HFV cross is chosen with consideration of ratio B*=BTmax/H<C, where B* is dimension of magnified shadowy X-ray image of cross in plane of the X-ray sensitive matrix of C×C dimension, and Tmax is maximal distance of the centrator to the object. The centrator is positioned on a movable base with a remote control. The cross image centre is conjugated with the display screen centre by transfer of the movable base. |
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Laser centrator for x-ray emitter Here is disclosed laser centrator consisting of centrator with enclosed in it laser. Optical axis of the laser is parallel to lengthwise axis of X-ray emitter. Further, the centrator consists of two deflectors. The first deflector is positioned on crossing point of laser axes and X-ray beam, while the second one is located on laser axis before its emitting end between it and the first deflector at distance H from the centre of the first deflector. This distance H is equal to distance from the centre to focus of an X-ray tube along axis of X-ray beam. A spherical lens is arranged before the emitting end of the laser and the second deflector. It forms a conic laser beam, geometrical parametres of which are identical to parametres of the X-ray beam. Perpendicularity of object surface to axis of X-ray beam is evaluated by degree of ellipticity of a light disk formed with the beam. Optical axis of lens of TV-camera coincides with axis traced from the centre of the second deflector perpendicular to axis of the laser and to a measuring scale for quantitative evaluation of defect dimensions on surface of an object and its perpendicularity to a beam of X-ray radiation. There are additionally introduced a computer and a laser range finder mounted on the case of the centrator beyond a zone of X-ray beam. Optical axis of the range finder is parallel to axis of the X-ray beam, while its digital output is conjugated with an input of the computer. The second deflector has a central orifice D=Dl transmitting the laser beam, where Dl is diametre of this beam. The computer automatically calculates a current value of C - a division value in plane of a scale object - shown on a screen of a display or generated with software, by ratio C=Co/M, where M is general magnification, Co is a division value of the scale of the screen of the display, M=MtxMo, where Mt=B/A is television magnification, A and B are dimensions of raster of a CCD-matrix and display correspondingly, Mo=F/L is optical magnification, where F is focus distance of TV-camera lens, and L is current distance from the object to the centrator. |
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Electron beam and x-ray beam generator for interstitial and intraoperative radiation therapy Invention refers to medical equipment, namely to electron beam and X-ray beam generators for interstitial and intraoperative radiation therapy. The device is designed to supply a total exposure for 1 minute of length of the operation at repetition frequency 1 Hz and to supply single doses 10 Gy at ultra-short length of a single dose in 30 ns, and accommodates a power supply, a pulsed electron-emitting source comprising a plasma focus head with a vacuum chamber equipped with a pair of cylindrical coaxial electrodes and a means for feeding at least one chemically active gas into the chamber, an electric circuit comprising a capacitor bank with high-speed switches and conductors connected to the electrodes, and an electron directing element coaxial to said electrodes, extended from said emitting source head adjoining a radiation section, as well as a reinforced platform with high-voltage cables and head suspension and relocation brackets, with total capacitor bank capacity making 44.4 mcF, the power supply actuated both in single-pulse, and in cyclic duties, in the latter case timing of the trigger unit of the high-speed switches is used. |
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In general case, proposed generator comprises source of exposing X-ray radiation, radiolucent shutter-interrupter to control exposing beam, coordinate table to support processed substrate and set of diaphragms to set light spot sizes. Proposed set of diaphragms is made up of two X-ray templates with radiolucent round or slit-shaped orifices with sizes made with preset spacing. Above design allows fast formation of topology of resistive mask in thick layer of X-ray resist to sub micrometer accuracy. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Laser centraliser for an x-ray emitter has a housing in which there is a laser range finder, the laser axis of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the x-ray emitter, two mirrors, the first made from organic glass and placed at the intersection of the axes of the laser and x-ray beams perpendicular to the formed plane at an angle of 45 degrees to the axis of the laser, and the second mirror is placed on the axis of the laser at an angle of 45 degrees to the said axis, and its centre lies at a distance A from the centre of the first mirror, which is equal to the distance from the said mirror to the focus of the x-ray tube on the axis of the x-ray beam, a television system consisting of a lens, a CCD matrix and a monitor, wherein the optical axis of the lens passes through the centre of the second mirror and coincides with the perpendicular running from the said centre to the axis of the laser. There is a light filter in front of the lens for increasing contrast of the images of laser structures on the object, and there is an annular structure of N>8 microlasers on the axis of the laser of the range finder, perpendicular to the axis and symmetrically placed about the axis at a distance B from the centre of the second mirror. Optical axes of the microlasers are inclined to the axis of the laser of the range finder at an angle α/2 to the planes formed by axes of the microlasers and the axis of the laser and which, after reflection from the first mirror, form on the object an image of the annular structure of laser spots, the dimensions and shape of which correspond to the size and shape of the zone illuminated by x-rays. The axis of the laser of the range finder after reflection from the first mirror coincides with the axis of the x-ray beam and forms on the object a laser spot which coincides with the point of intersection of the axis of the laser beam with the object and with the centre of the annular structure of laser spots formed by the annular matrix of the microlasers. The second mirror has a centre opening for passage of the beam of the laser range finder. The annular matrix of microlasers with diametre D lies at a distance B=D/2tg(α/2) from the centre of the second mirror, where α is the divergence angle of x-ray beams. The centraliser also includes a rectangular matrix of microlasers with an order of K*T, where K and T are dimensions of the radiographic film in the holder for radiographing. This matrix lies in the housing of the centraliser symmetrically about the axis of the x-ray beam. Optical axes of M>8 microlasers are parallel to each other and he axis of the x-ray beam and form on the object a rectangular structure of laser spots with dimensions K*T, which does not change when the distance from the object to the centraliser L changes and through which the ratio of dimensions of the zone of the object illuminated with x-rays and the actual zone for recording radiographic images, determined by dimensions of the radiographic film used, can be determined. For better distinction of this and the annular structure of laser spots, the radiation of microlasers which form the rectangular structure can be modulated with frequency F>=1-10 Hz, and the focal distance f of the lens of the television camera satisfies the condition f<R*L min/s, where L min is the minimum distance from the object to the centraliser in the working measurement range of these distances, c is the size of the CCD matrix of the television camera, R is the diagonal of the sheet of the radiographic film with dimensions K*T. |
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X-ray spectrum analyser for identifying and separating materials Invention relates to various fields of science and equipment for identifying such materials as separate organic compounds, organic polymers and articles made from said materials, elements of the first groups of the periodic table from H to F, for quantitative analysis of 2-3-component systems based on said elements, for determining the ratio C:H in hydrocarbons, as well as for separating materials consisting of light elements, for example as a coal separating sensor on a conveyer belt. The invention can be used in devices for identifying, analysing and separating objects and materials consisting of low-atomic number chemical elements, based on measurement of intensity of scattered X-rays. The anode of the X-ray tube in the disclosed device is made from titanium and the analyser has an extra detector lying between the analysed material and a recording system, before which there is a selective filter made from scandium. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Laser centraliser of X-rays also includes a device for digital conversion of turns of the second reflector into linear displacements, made in form of a lever which is rigidly attached to the second reflector, where displacement of said lever is recorded using a digital indicator whose measuring probe is in contact with the lever at a point lying at a distance R from its axis of rotation, defined by the relationship R=2x/w, where w=1/2(U1-U2), U1 and U2 are parallax angles of the point of intersection of the object with the axis of the X-ray beam for distances S1 and S2 from the object to the X-ray emitter, respectively, U1=arctg(S1/B), U2=arctg(S2/B), B is distance from the centre of the first reflector to the axis of rotation of the second reflector, x is linear displacement of the probe of the indicator, corresponding to turning of the lever by an angle w, x=(S1-S2)/k, k=1000 is the coefficient of decimal reduction of the scale of the indicator. |
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Radiation image formation system Invention discloses a radiation image formation system comprising: an accelerator for generating beams passing through inspected objects, and a synchronous signal; a detector with several detection units adapted for detecting beams; a signal processor for generating a selection signal depending on the synchronous signal so as to select the beam detector; a data converter for converting the signal detected by the detector to digital form, and then buffering the digital data in the signal processor; and a communication controller connected to an image processor, capable of transmitting digital data buffered in the signal processor to the image processor. |
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Objects are exposed to radiation during inspection using two X-ray beams between the directions of which there is a certain angle. To obtain a left-hand type and a right-hand type radiographic image, a first set of matrices of planes is created on the depth of each second set of the depth of radiation using a first set of radiation energy levels through: segmentation of the left-hand type and the right-hand type radiographic images, resulting in a left-hand and a right-hand matrix on each radiation depth. The left-hand matrix and the right-hand matrix are combined and a matrix of planes on the depth on each second set of radiation depth is created, after which the first set of matrices of planes on the depth on each second set of radiation depth is combined using the first set of radiation energy levels into assembly matrices of planes and the material of the object is identified through reproduction of gray shades. |
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Control of dosage rate in x-ray system Dosage rate is controlled in an X-ray system which has an X-ray generator which powers an X-ray tube for generating X-rays, and apparatus for detecting X-ray intensity distribution passing through an object subject to X-ray filming by carrying out steps on which the actual dosage rate of the said X-rays passing through the object is determined, the optimum dosage rate is determined relative the said object, the said actual dosage rate is compared with the said optimum dosage rate which depends on the thickness of the said object and the said actual dosage rate is adjusted so that it essentially coincides with the said optimum dosage rate. |
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Device to generate scanning x-ray pyramid-shaped beam (versions) Proposed device comprises X-ray tube, a radiation source, emitting X-ray radiation from its actual focal spot, pyramid-shaped spot beaming unit and X-ray radiation receiver. Note that pyramid-shaped spot beaming unit consists of two collimators with one through hole with its shape repeating geometrical figure formed by intersection of casing with pyramid with its apex located at the center of actual focal spot of anode and its base representing X-ray radiation receiver detector. Note also that X-ray radiation and both collimators are secured on holder arranged to rotate about vertical axis passing through the center of the center of actual focal spot of tube anode, while X-ray source with protective shield are fixed. |
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Device to connect pulse accelerator high-voltage unit with accelerating tube Proposed device has casing accommodating hollow conical isolator, cathode holder and tubular current conducting element. It comprises also mounting seat arranged on high-voltage casing and, additionally, jointing assembly arranged inside casing tightly coupled with high-voltage unit mounting seat and accelerating tube casing. Note here that jointing assembly comprises hollow conical isolator with its larger base mounted on larger base of accelerating tube hollow isolator to form chamber filled with fluid insulator, while electric connection is made with the help of tubular current conducting element via collet connectors with accelerating tube cathode holder, on its one end, and on its other end, with additional intermediate connecting electrode which, in its turn, is connected with additional flexible current conducting element of high-voltage unit. |
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Multibeam x-ray generator and device for multibeam radiography Invention refers to X-ray generators used for nondestructive radiography and diagnostics. Multibeam X-ray generator works following way: electron bunches (e) emitted from electron-emitting elements (15) of multibeam electron bunch generating unit (12) pass through lens electrode (19). Resulting electron bunches are accelerated up to end potential level by segments of through-type target part (13) of anode electrode (20). Multibeam X-bunches (x) generated by part (13) of through-type target passing through plate (23) for X-rays insulating and parts (24) for X-rays output in vacuum chamber come out of window (27) for X-rays output of wall part (25) into atmosphere. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has a housing, in which there is a central laser, two mirrors, the first of which is mounted at the intersection of optical axes of the laser and X-ray beams perpendicular to the plane they form and directing a laser beam on to an object, concentric with the X-ray beam, a telescope for expanding and collimating laser radiation, which, through the first mirror, lens and second semi-transparent mirror, allows for forming a virtual image of a luminescent disc on the surface of the object in the zone of illumination with the laser beam, a television system, ring-shaped laser matrix, situated at the back focal plane of the lens of the telescope coaxially with its optical axis. Axes of the lasers in the matrix are parallel each other and the optical axis of the lens of the telescope. The positioner also has an ultrasonic range-finder, which measures distance H from the focus of the X-ray tube to the surface of the layer of liquid above the object. The telescope, television system, ring-shaped laser matrix, central laser, semi-transparent mirror and a linear scale, digitised on the distance from the object to the X-ray emitter, are placed in the housing of the positioner in a separate module, which can be moved linearly relative the housing, along the axis of the central laser with possibility of recording value of displacement using a linear scale, placed on the housing of the module and an index on the housing of the positioner. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner has a first mirror, mounted at an angle of 45° to the axis of the X-ray beam at the point of intersection of the axis of the X-ray beam and an axis, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter and passing at a certain distance from the focus of the X-ray tube, a laser range-finder and a television system, consisting of a television camera based on a CCD matrix, a lens and a monitor, situated outside the exposure zone of the X-ray beam. In front of the lens of the television camera, there is a narrow-bandpass filter, bandpass of which coincides with the wavelength of the laser, used in the positioner for illuminating the object. The axis of the laser is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter and passes through the centre of the first mirror, a rotor with a central axial opening, lying on the axis of the laser between the laser and the first mirror. A semi-transparent mirror and a second mirror are mounted in series on the surface of the rotor, perpendicular the axis of the laser and facing the first mirror, along one of its radii. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner has a housing in which there is a laser, the optical axis of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the X-ray emitter, two mirrors, the first of which is made from organic glass and mounted at the intersection of optical axes of the laser and X-ray beams, directing laser beams onto the object, concentric with the axis of the X-ray beam, the second mirror, which is semi-transparent and mounted on the axis of the laser between the laser and the first mirror, a television system, consisting of a CCD matrix and a monitor, the axis of the lens of the CCD matrix passes through the point of intersection of the second mirror and the axis of the laser perpendicular the mirror and a ring-shaped laser matrix, mounted symmetrically about the axis of the laser perpendicular to it between the laser and the second mirror, a narrow band light filter, the bandpass of which coincides with the wavelength of the laser radiation, mounted in front of the lens of the television system. A laser range-finder, mounted inside the housing of the positioner, is used for measuring the distance from the object to the X-ray emitter. The beam of the laser range-finder propagates with the help of the first mirror in the direction which coincides with the axis of the X-ray beam. There is also a base, on which the housing of the positioner is mounted, with possibility of rotating about an axis which coincides with the axis of the laser range-finder. A self-aligning laser level with a flat a flat divergent beam is fixed on the base. On the axis of rotation of the housing, there is a goniometric scale with an index, fixed to the base, a locking device for holding the housing in the required angular position. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The positioner additionally contains a fourth reflector, mounted on an axis which passes through the point of intersection of the first reflector and the axis of the laser, perpendicular the plane formed by axes of the X-ray and laser beams at a distance C from that point and aligned such that, the normal, passing from its point of intersection with this axis, lies in a plane passing through the axis of the X-ray beam, perpendicular the plane formed by axes of laser and X-ray beams and inclined at an angle of 45° to it. The first reflector is mounted at an angle of 45° to the axis of the laser, and its reflecting surface is perpendicular to the plane, passing through the axis of the laser, perpendicular to the plane formed by axes of the laser and X-ray beams. The distance C from the axis of the laser to the centre of the fourth reflector is chosen based on the expression where D - is the distance to the object, F - is the cross dimension of the shielding element of the structural member of the object, t - is the distance from the said shielding element to the object. A third cylindrical lens, similar to the first two, and a third shutter are mounted between the first and fourth reflectors on an axis, passing through the centre of the first and fourth reflectors, with possibility of rotation about this axis. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has a housing in which there is a laser, a first mirror made from organic glass, mounted at the intersection of the optical axes of the laser and X-ray beams, which directs onto the object a laser beam, concentric with the X-ray beam, a television system, consisting of a CCD matrix, a lens and a monitor, a linear scale, digitised in distances from the object to the X-ray emitter, which is projected on the CCD matrix using the first semi-transparent mirror and the lens and which is viewed on the screen of the monitor simultaneously with the image of the controlled zone of the object and ring structures formed by the laser beam. The positioner also contains a rotor with an central opening, lying on the axis of the laser between the laser and the first mirror with possibility of rotation, on the surface of the rotor, facing the perpendicular axis of the laser and the first mirror, along one of its radii there is a second mirror, mounted at an angle of 45° to the axis of the laser at a distance R from the laser and in series with a second semi-transparent mirror, mounted at an angle to the axis of the laser at a distance H from the laser, where α - is the angle of divergence of the X-ray beam and a third semitransparent mirror, mounted in front of the central opening of the rotor directly on the axis of the laser at an angle of 45°, the plane of the second mirror and third semi-transparent mirror are parallel to each other. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has a housing in which there is a laser with double-sided radiation output, two reflectors, the first of which is mounted at the intersection of the optical axis of the laser with the axis of the X-ray beam, and the second is mounted on the optical axis of the radiation output of the laser beyond the projection of the output window of the X-ray emitter on it, apparatus for indicating distance from the X-ray emitter to the object, two cylindrical lenses, mounted on the axis of the laser radiation across each of its output beams, the first cylindrical lens is mounted with possibility of moving in an out of the laser beam, a beam splitter, lying on the axis of the laser between the first reflector and the first cylindrical lens, a television camera, a spherical lens, mounted on the axis of the laser with possibility of moving it away from the laser beam and moving it into the position of the first cylindrical lens, a monitor. The laser positioner also has a diaphragm made from material which is not transparent to X-rays, mounted with possibility of its movement in and out of the X-ray beam on the axis of this beam and a holder with an X-ray luminescent plate of the same size as the film, used in radiographic test, in which on the axis, passing through the centre of the plate perpendicular to it, there is mirror mounted at an angle of 45° to that axis and an additional television camera, mounted on an axis, passing through the centre of the mirror, placed in the holder, the additional television camera has a cable and/or radio communication channel with an additional monitor. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has housing in which there is a laser with a double-sided radiation output, three reflectors, the first of which is semi-transparent and mounted at the intersection of the optical axis of the laser with the axis of the X-ray beam, the second is mounted on the optical axis of the radiation output of the laser beyond the projection of the output window of the X-ray emitter on it, with possibility of its rotation about an axis perpendicular the plane, given by the optical axis of the radiation output of the laser and the axis of the X-ray beam, the third reflector is similar to the second and is mounted symmetrical with the second about the axis of the X-ray beam, apparatus for indicating distance from the X-ray emitter to the object, two cylindrical lenses, mounted on the axis of the laser across each of its output beams with possibility of rotation about the axis of the laser, the first of which is situated between the second reflector and the second butt end of the laser emitter, and the second - between the third and first reflectors, the second and third reflectors are mounted with possibility of synchronous and opposite rotation, two shutters for shuttering laser beams from the second and third reflectors, and additionally, a beam splitting prism block, lying on the axis of the laser between the third reflector and the second cylindrical lens, the block consists of a beam splitter prism-cube and a rectangular prism, reflecting surfaces of which are parallel each other and are perpendicular to the plane, formed by axes of the laser and X-ray beams. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has a housing in which there is a laser with a double-sided radiation output, a first reflector made from organic glass, mounted at the intersection of the axes of the laser and the X-ray beam, apparatus for indicating distance from the object to the X-ray emitter, a second reflector, mounted on the axis of the laser behind its second emitting end perpendicular the plane, formed by axes of the laser and X-ray beam at a constant angle to the axis of the laser with possibility of linear displacement along that axis. The first reflector is semi-transparent. There is also a third semi-transparent reflector made from organic glass, which is mounted on the axis of the X-ray beam between the X-ray emitter and the first reflector perpendicular the plane, formed by axes of the laser and X-ray beams, a television system, consisting of a monitor and television camera, comprising a lens and a CCD matrix. The television camera is placed in front of the third reflector. The optical axis of the lens of the television camera is parallel to the axis of the laser and passes through the point of intersection of the third reflector with the axis of the X-ray beam. There is a fourth reflector, the plane of which is parallel to the plane of the third reflector, and is mounted on the axis of the lens television camera at a certain distance from the point of intersection of the third reflector with the axis of the X-ray beam. There is a collimating lens, the axis of which passes through the centre of the fourth reflector, parallel the axis of the X-ray beam and perpendicular the plane of the digital display of the apparatus for indicating distance from the object to the X-ray emitter. |
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Laser positioner for x-ray emitter Invention can be used for aligning an X-ray emitter with respect to an object. The laser positioner for an X-ray emitter has an X-ray emitter, laser, two mirrors, television system, ring-shaped laser matrix and a laser range-finder. The laser positioner also has a frame with a square section, placed symmetrically about the axis of the X-ray beam, perpendicular to it. At the centres of the sides of the frame, there are identical microlasers, the axes of which are parallel to each other and the axis of the X-ray beam. In front of the microlasers, there are identical cylindrical lenses, directed with respect to their axes such that, the flat divergent light beams they form propagate in planes passing through the corresponding side of the frame, parallel the axis of the X-ray beam, and form four mutually perpendicular light strips on the surface of an object, the distance between which remains constant for any distance from the object to the X-ray emitter and equal to the dimension of the side of the frame, and the length linearly varies with this distance in accordance with a given expression. The dimension of the side of the frame is made equal to the side of the X-ray film holder, used in radiographic inspection. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Invention can be used in aligning an X-ray emitter relative an object. In the centraliser there is a fourth reflector, which is semitransparent and fitted on the axis of the laser between its first output end and the first reflector at an angle of 45° to this axis, a fifth reflector, lying on an axis running from the point of intersection of the laser with fourth reflector at a distance H from this point. The plane of the fifth reflector is perpendicular to the plane formed by axes of the laser and X-ray beam and is inclined at an angle (α/4) to the axis of the laser, where α - is the angle of divergence of the X-ray beam. Beams reflected from the fifth reflector intersect the axis of the laser at a point, lying at a distance A from the centre of the first reflector, which is equal to distance from this centre to the focus of the X-ray tube, and the distance c from this point to the centre of the fourth reflector is defined by the expression c≥d/tg(α/2) where d is the diametre of the laser beam. The fourth and fifth reflectors are mounted on a flange, which is in a bushing, attached to the housing of the centraliser. The flange has a central opening with diametre D≥d, its axis coincides with the axis of the laser and is rotated by an electric motor through friction or some other device. The frequency of rotation of the flange with reflectors lies in the range ω≥(2-10) Hz, allowing for obtaining a combined image of the laser ring on the object. |
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Laser centraliser for x-ray emitter Invention can be used in aligning an X-ray emitter relative an object. The laser centraliser for an X-ray emitter has a housing in which there is a laser, a mirror made from organic glass, mounted at the intersection of the axes of the laser and X-ray beams and which directs the laser beam onto the object, which coincides with the axis of symmetry of the X-ray beam, which forms a point image on the image, which determines the centre of the illumination zone of the object with X-rays, an ultrasonic range finder, the axis of the radiation beam of which is parallel to the axis of the X-ray beam, a digital still camera, the axis of which is parallel to the axis of the X-ray beam, a lens, the optical axis of which coincides with the optical axis of the laser, and a circular matrix of semiconductor microlasers, mounted in front of the lens on its back focus side. The axis of symmetry of the matrix coincides with the axis of the laser, and a circular structure of laser points is formed on the object, the diametre of which corresponds to the diametre of the zone on the object, illuminated with X-rays. A laser range finder is also included, the optical axis of which is parallel to the axis of the X-ray beam and the axis of radiation of the ultrasonic range finder. Measuring bases of both range finders lie on the same level. The wavelength of the radiation of the laser range finder lies in the wavelength range, in which liquid medium over the object is transparent and has minimal light scattering. |
Another patent 2513207.