Superconductive multiphase cable system method of its manufacturing and application

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: invention is related to superconductive multiphase cable system of direct or alternating current for the purpose of electric energy distribution with fluid cooling, and the system contains a) a cable with at least three electrical wires being at least three phases and a zero or neutral wire, at that the above electrical wires are isolated from each other electrically and b) heat insulation setting the central longitudinal axis and having inner surface surrounding the cable, at that the above inner surface of the above heat insulation forms a radial limit for the cooling chamber intended for cooling of fluid used for cooling of the above electrical wires. The invention is also related to the method of the cable system manufacturing and its application.

EFFECT: according to invention in the cable system electrical wires contain superconductive material in the form of strips or wires twisted around the lower layer thus forming a superconductive layer and located in the order and under the unwinding angles which ensure low electric energy losses of alternating or transient current due to optimisation of a superconductive strips number and current distribution in the superconductive layers.

36 cl, 11 dwg

The technical FIELD

The present invention relates to cables AC or DC for power distribution.

In particular, the invention relates to multiphase superconducting cable system with a cooling fluid medium. In addition, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a cable system and its application.

The invention may, for example, be useful in such applications as low-, medium - and high-voltage superconducting cables for power distribution.

The LEVEL of TECHNOLOGY

Triax

[G. Bogner, Transmission of electrical energy by superconducting cables, in "Superconducting Machines and Devices", Ed. S. Foner and B. Schwartz (Plenum Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 430-431] and [T. Tanaka, A. Greenwood, Advanced Power Cable Technology - Volume II: Present and Future (1983, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL), pp. 242-259] describe triaxial superconducting cable with three concentric phase conductors. Superconductors deposited on the surface of the cooling channels, suspended in a vacuum. The middle wire is described as a double wire, covering both sides of the annular channel cooling. The author points to the difficulty of managing the distribution of current in the two wires of phase 2. In this current distribution it is desirable to eliminate the eddy-current loss in the cooling channel within phase 2. Total thermal insulation (cryostat) is concentric with respect to about the systems. Electrical isolation is achieved by using a solid spacer parts, reflective foil and vacuum.

In DE-4340046 describes triax cable AC with three concentric wires and the shared screen. The cable Assembly is concentric thermal insulation. There are concentric Central and annular cooling channels. This ensures uniform cooling around the cable. Three phase wires are made of strips of BiSrCaCuO in a silver shell. In these Central and annular concentric cooling channels may leak cooling fluid in the form of liquid nitrogen. The phase conductors separated by a layer thickness of 10-50 mm of polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene strips, which form electrical isolation. The thickness of the insulation between the third phase and the screen is only 60% of the thickness of the insulation between the wires of the other two phases. The cooling medium moves forward along the Central cooling channel (50-200 mm ⌀) and returns to the annular ring channel cooling (150-500 mm). Due to radial heat transfer between the two streams of the far end of this cable will experience extremely strong variation of temperature fluctuations in excess of the temperature difference between forward and return flows. Some of the difficulties you would expect and pereproizvodstvo and transportation due to the large size and weight of the cryostat concentrically assembled within the cable. A single length of electrical phase conductors in the manufacture and installation becomes limited unit length of the cryostat. There is the technical difficulty of achieving the centering of the cable Assembly at the time, like around the site lead cable is made cryostat. However, the pursuit of the Central States probably existed because in the case of unbalanced current Central position is the cause of the reduced eddy current losses compared to eccentric (unicentro) position. With the described construction consisting of BSCCO wires overheat if subjected to overcurrent, frequently occurring in real power networks. If the silver shell was made thicker, to act as a stabilizer, such design of the cable would be unattractive way.

Coaxial

Sato and others (IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1997, pp. 345-350) describe 3-phase HTS cable using the material for BSCCO wires in parallel, concentrically configuration. Each phase contains a skeleton, HTS wire, impregnated with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) PPLP-insulator and HTS screen with insulation. Each electrical phase has its own set center channel cooling LN₂and General "EXT the d channel cooling formed by the system of the corrugated pipe, part of the cryostat and environment 3 separate phases. This design is intended for three-phase AC systems and requires HTS material on six permissible current load in amps (rated current) single phase (three phase and three screens). In the case of a bipolar DC use "two-phase" system would require HTS material at four times the permissible current load of one phase in amps (two phases and two screens), that is described design principle requires material on the permissible current load of one phase in amperes, multiplied by 2N. The present invention requires HTS materials on permissible current load of one phase in amperes, multiplied by N to N+1, where N is the number of phases. The present invention requires only one frame to the N-phase system, while N<N+1<2N for N>1.

Leghissa, etc. (IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1999, pp. 406-411) describe the development of coaxial 1-phase HTS cable 110 kV/400 MVA. Wire made of a multi-fiber BPSCCO tapes and electrically insulated high-voltage insulation impregnated LN₂synthetic tapes. The cable has a coaxial shielded superconducting wire. Cable lived enclosed in a flexible cryostat consisting of corrugated pipes superiorities, and rests on the bottom of the inner part of the cryostat without any centering devices. The three-phase system can be built from three such single-phase coaxial cable wires inside the cryostat or each in a separate cryostat. The cable is cooled by the system with a closed loop LN₂.

thermal compression

JP-09-134624A discloses a method of manufacturing a superconducting cable in which the problem management change in the length of the cable during large temperature changes (such as from room temperature to low temperature operating cryogenic temperature or Vice versa) is solved due to the fact that the cable is introduced into thermal shell during production and simultaneously cooled with liquid nitrogen, while the cable is in thermal shell on a straight-line trajectory. During the subsequent return to room temperature cable is limited to the same length and has the ability to expand, which results in non-linear (e.g., tortuous path of thermal shell.

DISCLOSURE of INVENTION

The problem of the prior art is that the process of manufacturing a cable system with a cooling fluid medium is complex and requires a large investment of time, with a large consumption of materials and relatively low efficiency in the time what I use.

The present invention is to find ways of overcoming one or more problems of the prior art outlined above. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a simplified construction and cable laying system with cooling fluid medium.

Objectives of the invention are accomplished by the invention described in the accompanying claims and as described below.

Superconducting multiphase cable system:

The objective of the invention is solved by a multiphase superconducting cable system with cooling fluid medium containing

a) a cable containing at least three electric wires constituting at least two electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor, and the aforementioned electric wire are mutually electrically insulated from each other, and

b) a thermal insulation defining a Central longitudinal axis and having an inner surface and surrounding the cable, and referred to the inner surface of the aforementioned thermal insulation forms a radial limit of the cooling chamber, designed to hold the cooling fluid for cooling the aforementioned electrical wires, these cable - for at IU the e part of its length - is eccentric relative to the mentioned Central longitudinal axis, when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the aforementioned longitudinal axis, and the eccentric arrangement performs the function of adaptation to thermal shrinkage and/or expansion of the cable relative to thermal insulation.

In variants of the embodiment of the invention, the expression "cable containing at least three electric wires constituting at least two electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor" should be understood as a cable having, for example, two electric pole and neutral (for the case of DC) or three phase electric and screening/neutral/ground wire (for the case of three-phase alternating current).

In this text the term "located eccentric" is taken to denote concentrically location, for example, in the sense that the resulting cable system is not circular symmetrical (that is, a view in cross section of a cable system is transferred in himself only by rotating 360 degrees around a Central longitudinal axis of the tubular thermal insulation). In other words, the Central axis of the body, formed by electrical wires within the tubular thermal insulation (and their mutual electrical isolation and a possible "internal" what ameres/cooling channels, together called "cable"), does not coincide with the Central longitudinal axis of the tubular thermal insulation. In any given cross section of the eccentricity of the body relative to another body (here, the cable relative to the inner or outer surface of the heat shell) is defined as the distance between the centers of the bodies relative to the radius of the largest body (assuming essentially round cross-sections; otherwise, the eccentricity can be determined with respect to the characteristic (for example, largest, or smallest) size in cross section).

In one variant embodiment, the cable is eccentric relative to the Central longitudinal axis essentially along its entire length. In one variant embodiment, the eccentricity varies along the length of the cable system. Alternatively, the eccentricity can be essentially constant along the length of the cable system or section of a cable system.

In one variant embodiment the inner surface of thermal insulation (cryostat) flexibly movable relative to the outer surface of thermal insulation (cryostat). In one variant embodiment the inner surface of thermal insulation has a non-linear path, such as a winding path along the length of the cable system. This option has the advantage that the cable might l is CSE to use the space of the cryostat in the case of compression at non-cryogenic temperatures (e.g., room temperature), see, for example, FIG. 11c.

Preferably, the eccentricity of the cable having the outer diameter D_{out cable}) relative to the inner surface of thermal insulation (i.e. the inner wall of the cryostat, with D_{in cryo}defined as 1-(D_{out cable}/D_{in cryo}) (i.e. 2·Δ_ex/D_{in cryo}see below), is in the range from 1% to 20%, such as from 5 to 15%. Preferably, the eccentricity of the cable relative to the outer surface of thermal insulation (i.e. the outer wall of the cryostat having an outer diameter of D_out,cryo)is in the range from 1% to 50%, such as from 10% to 45%, such as from 20% to 30%.

In one variant embodiment of the eccentricity of the cable in any given cross section may be different at different temperatures of the cable.

In one variant embodiment of the multiphase superconducting cable system with a cooling fluid medium contains:

a) a cable containing at least three electric wires constituting at least two electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor, and the aforementioned electric wire are mutually electrically insulated from each other, at least some of these electrical wires are located concentrically around each other separated by electrical insulation, referred to a zero or neutral p is the gadfly forms a common electrical return wire, mentioned cable system includes a common electrical screen surrounding the mentioned electric phase and said zero-or neutral conductor and electrically insulated from them, and

b) a thermal insulation defining a Central longitudinal axis and having an inner surface and surrounding the cable, and referred to the inner surface of the aforementioned thermal insulation forms a radial limit of the cooling chamber, designed to hold the cooling fluid for cooling the aforementioned electric wire,

these cable - for at least part of its length is eccentric relative to the mentioned Central longitudinal axis, when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the aforementioned longitudinal axis, and the eccentric arrangement performs the function of adaptation to thermal shrinkage and/or expansion of the cable relative to thermal insulation, in which Δ_exis the average distance of the middle line of the cable up to the middle line of thermal insulation and is related to longitudinal thermal compression ε_Lcable as follows:

$$\frac{L_p}{2\pi }\sqrt{{({\epsilon }_L+1)}^2-\; <mn>\; 1\; </mn>}\le {\Delta }_{ex}$$^,

the middle line of the cable is essentially describes a helix inside the cryostat, and L_pis the stride length of this helix.

The advantage of an eccentric located concentric multi-phase cable system (for example, triax) compared with eccentric located noparallel (e.g., process) the system is that possible larger diameter frame and phase (for the same inner diameter of the heat shell), which leads to lower magnetic fields, and thus to a higher critical currents, and hence lower losses on alternating current, again allowing the use of fewer materials and more energy-efficient cabling system.

Easy Assembly

The advantage of having concentrical location, for example, in the form of "individual" cable with wires and "private" (in the typical case - tubular) heat insulation (for example, pipes with a vacuum-insulated cryostat) is that these two individual element can be manufactured in parallel and combined in a simple way compared to the concentric structure, when "cable" should be set tostraddling the details before than around it will be made tubular thermal insulation (for example, a pipe with vacuum insulation). The lack of centering spacer devices facilitates the laying site lead cable inside the cryostat through, for example, retracting, vtalkivaniya or insufflation cable wire in thermal insulation or stringing sections of the cryostat over a cable wire. Thus, concentrically solution has the potential to be cost-effective, flexible and logistics in order to save production time and costs.

Reducing resistance to flow.

The eccentricity of the location of the cable relative to thermal shell additionally has the advantage that causes reduced resistance to flow compared to the coaxial case (see, for example, Frank M. White in "Viscous Fluid Flow", McGraw-Hill, p.127 (including FIG. 3-8)).

Optional cables and accessories

It has the further advantage of providing increased space within the heat shell for one or more optional other cables or structural elements, for example, in order to control or connection.

Thermal compression

In addition, the eccentricity provides a mechanism to compensate for thermal contraction of the wire in the longitudinal direction of the cable in combination with the already partially built of compensation is by their thermal contraction of the wire.

Reliability

The reliability and applicability of the superconducting cable systems in the power network depends on the time of repair of the cable system in case of failure. The most frequent cause of failure in the cabling is damaged under the action of external factors, such as work on the excavation. Therefore, there is a possibility that the insulating cryostat will be damaged. As the vacuum insulation is the most efficient thermal insulation is quite probable that in the event of damage to the vacuum must be restored in the cable by pumping. Pumping time is longer for longer distances to be pumping. In the long cryostats possible to introduce numerous places connected to the pumps. In this invention, however, the number of functionally integrated cryostats is greater than the number of cable sections. Thus, the length of the cryostat, which should be restored vacuum in case of refusal, reduced to half the length of the node cable wires or even shorter. Thus, the pumping time and the repair time can be reduced. In addition, can be reduced the number of pumping stations. In one variant embodiment of the invention the host cable wires are longer than 1 km, the number of partitions of the cryostat more than ten, and h is slo places of connection to pumps and pumping stations during repair after damage during earthwork operations is equal to one. This results in a more reliable cable system with a higher specificity for the consumer.

DETAILED description of the INVENTION

Definitions

In this context, the terms "host cable wires" or simply "cable" is used to denote the part of the cable system containing electrical wires and the corresponding electrical isolation between adjacent electric wires (and, optionally, the associated additional layers). Thus, the cable system according to the invention contains a "cable" in the above sense and surrounding the cable thermal insulation and the cable is eccentric relative to the Central longitudinal axis of thermal insulation (for at least part of its longitudinal length).

The terms "low-, medium - and high-voltage" is taken in this context to denote respectively the voltage from 24 V to 6 kV, 10 kV to 30 kV and 50 kV and above. Cable system according to the present invention is suitable for distribution of voltage in kV mode, for example, voltages in the range from 5 kV to 50 kV more than 50 kV, such as more than 60 kV, such as above 100 kV.

In this context, the term "multiphase" is taken to denote more than one electrical phase, for example on the e, or three or more electrical phases.

The term "cryogenic shell", "thermal envelope" and "thermal insulation" are used interchangeably to refer to the structural elements surrounding the electrical wires and their corresponding electrical isolation and protective layers (cable) and forming a cooling chamber, which is designed for holding a cooling fluid for cooling the aforementioned electrical wires.

In one variant embodiment of the cable formed by electric wires (and their electrical insulation and possible "internal" cameras/cooling channels), is located within the tubular thermal insulation having physical contact with the inner surface of the tubular thermal insulation, at least for parts of its length in the direction defined by the longitudinal axis of thermal insulation.

The term "longitudinal direction" of the cable system according to the invention taken in order to indicate the intended direction of the power transmission cable system, for example, defined by the axis surrounding the cable thermal insulation.

The terms "triax" and "process" configuration used in this application to refer to configurations of cables containing three electrical phases, respectively, in concentric they are situated is (triax, see 801 in FIG. 8a) and in the configuration of the pyramid (process:_O^O_O, see FIG. 8b).

The definition of eccentricity:

The term "eccentric" in relation to the location of the parts in any given cross-section of the object is taken to mean "located elsewhere than at the geometric center of the object. That is the cable that is positioned eccentrically relative to the "heat isolation"means that the geometric center of the cable does not coincide with the geometric centre of thermal insulation.

The term "eccentricity" in this context is taken to denote the distance between, respectively, the centers of the outer or inner walls of the tubular thermal insulation and cable in relation to the most inner radial size (i.e. from the center to the walls of the tubular thermal insulation (for example, its radius, if it is inside the circular) in cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

FIG. 8 shows a high-voltage cable system with cooling fluid medium according to the invention, and FIG. 8a - configuration 3 concentrically spaced phases with General electric screen, and FIG. 8b - configuration three are located side by side phases with General electric screen.

FIG. 8 illustrates the dimensional parameters of the cable system 800 with the according to the invention. Centers 840, 841 cable 801 and thermal shell 816 respectively designated by the symbols "x" (where centers are defined as the geometric centers of the outer limits, respectively, of the cable and heat shells). The distance between their centers marked with Δ_ex. Shows the outer diameter d_cabcable 801 and the inner diameter d_cethermal shell 816. Shows the internal 8161 and external 8162 wall thermal shell 816. In this context, the eccentricity of the cable system is defined as the ratio of the interaxial distance Δ_exthe inner radius of the d_ce/2 thermal shell. Thus, the eccentricity E_xcan be expressed as E_x=2·Δ_ex/d_ce.

Thermal compression

One of the purposes of the eccentric cable design is to adapt to thermal compression node of the wires of the cable when cooled. This partially achieve the present invention by introducing excess length of the cable with respect to heat insulation in a warm (room temperature, KT) cable system. This excess length of the cable when CT is chosen so that upon cooling of the cable up to its operating temperature of the cable and the cryostat had such length, not exceeding their respective mechanical limitations. In this example, the excess length is quantitatively determined according to different n is ghadam.

The ability to accommodate some of the excess length was calculated for the following cases:

1) wire cable, making a wavy displacement like a sine wave within a straight inner wall of the cryostat;

2) the wire passing through the eccentric screw line inside straight inside wall of the cryostat;

3) the cable and the inner wall of the cryostat, together making a wavy displacement in the form of sine waves inside a straight outer wall of the cryostat;

4) wire and the inner wall of the cryostat, held together by a spiral lines inside straight outer wall of the cryostat;

5) the outer wall of the cryostat, making a wavy displacement like a sine wave up to 90°'s bend on the inner wall of the cryostat, and the cable, taking extreme eccentric position on the outer and inner bend.

The calculations were performed for a cable system with a knot wire cable with outer diameter (OD) of 65 mm, and a heat shell (cryostat)with(them) inside diameter (VD) 84 mm and an outer diameter of 150 mm

Calculations were performed using the software for work with Excel spreadsheets from Microsoft, USA. The path length of the sinusoid, P, was estimated by approximation

$$P=\pi (a+b)\left(\frac{mn>\; 1+3h}{10+\sqrt{4-3h}}\right)$$^,

where

$$a=\sqrt{{\left(\frac{L_p}{2\pi }\right)}^2+{\Delta }_{ex}^2}$$^,$$b=\frac{L_p}{2\pi }$$and$$h=\frac{{(a-b)}^2}{{(a+b)}^2}$$^.

L_pis the step length or the length of the period of the sinusoid, and Δ_exrepresents the amplitude of the sinusoid. The length of the helix was calculated as

$$L=\sqrt{L_p^2+{\left(2\pi {\Delta }_{ex}\right)}^2}$$^.

The following are examples of these in the of computations:

1. Implementation in the case of a triax cable AC 3 kA (RMS value) can recall case study # 4 (helix) in combination with a case # 5 (bend). You'll need to cable the wire was bent to the eccentricity E_x12-17%, corresponding to Δ_exin about 18-25 mm, with a step length, L_pfrom 1.5 m to 3 m Device to the heat of compression will be achieved better in that case, if the external cryostat will also bend in several positions. It may also help to wire the cable to bend. However, this may increase applied to the cable force vtalkivaniya during installation in the cryostat.

2. The ability to adapt to thermal expansion requires a gap between VD internal cryostat and ND cable of the order of ~20 mm while maintaining mobility of the inner cryostat inside the outer cryostat at ~20-25 mm. Thus, the eccentricity of the cable can be up to E_x=30%, corresponding to Δ_ex=(20+25)/2=22,5 mm

In one particular variant embodiment, the cable has physical contact with said inner surface mentioned thermal insulation over at least part of its length, as defined by the aforementioned longitudinal direction. This option has the advantage of no need to strut details.

In the bottom of a particular variant embodiment, the cable has physical contact with said inner surface mentioned thermal insulation in position, specific gravity and mechanical constraints such as bending and thermal compression. This option has the advantage of eliminating the need for the spacer parts, enabling a single Assembly of the cryostat and wire/cable. Moreover, this variant makes it possible, in part, an adaptation to heat shrink the wires.

In a particular variant embodiment, the eccentricity of the location of the cable relative to the Central longitudinal axis of the tubular thermal insulation over at least part of its length, preferably over the greater part of its length is greater than 5%, such as greater than 10%, such as greater than 20%, such as greater than 35%. In fact, the selected eccentricity for any given cable design represents a compromise between the size of the cross-section and the required thermal compensation. The more eccentric, the more applicable the excessive length, but also in the typical case, the more the cross-section of a thermal shell and, thus, the greater the consumption of materials.

In one particular variant embodiment, the node is moved wires of the cable from one eccentric position to another eccentric position compensates for thermal contraction and expansion experienced during cooling and nagrevaniya or caused by excessive shock or shock damage. This option has the advantage that there is no need for additional circuits compensation or other precautions at the ends, such as enhanced mechanical fasteners or clips in order to ensure the possibility of a compensating movement of the ends.

Radial compression

Site wiring cable according to this invention can be constructed so as to reduce its longitudinal thermal compression compared to the intrinsic properties of materials superconducting elements and normally conductive elements. Electrically insulating layers can be placed freely at a large angle of twist (40-90 deg.) so that radial thermal contraction upon cooling become large, for example, 1-5% when cooled from ambient temperature up to 70 K. a Further increase in radial compression can be achieved by using flexible layer under the dielectric layer. This flexible layer may be made of a porous polymeric material or from a wide (5-20 mm) flexible metal or polymer tapes, which have a spring action. This large radial compression allows you to adapt to the longitudinal compression or the entire longitudinal compression of the metal and the superconducting tapes in the cable, which could, for example, be 0.25%, 0.3% or 0.4 percent. This reduces prodol the second compression cable for example, to 0.25%, 0.2%and 0.1% or 0%. Large radial thermal compression may also be achieved partly due to the direction of fibers in the dielectric tape. For example, fiber reinforced polymer can be almost neutral in longitudinal compression and can be characterized by a large radial compression when the fibres are parallel with the axis of the cable. Thus, a portion of the heat of compression of the structural elements of the site lead cable is absorbed by radial compression, and the remaining longitudinal heat of compression is absorbed by moving the site of the wires from one eccentric position to a second eccentric position.

Quantitatively certain eccentricity

In one variant embodiment of the eccentricity of the cable relative to the Central longitudinal axis of the tubular thermal insulation is greater than 5%, such as greater than 10%, such as greater than 15%, such as greater than 20%, such as greater than 30%.

In a preferred variant embodiment of this invention, the center distance Δ_exassociated with residual longitudinal thermal compression ε_Lcable as follows:

^,

where Δ_exrepresents the average distance of the middle line of the cable up to the middle line of the external cryostat. The middle line of the cable describes a helix inside the cryostat, and L_prepresents the length of the pitch of this helix.

In one variant embodiment of Δ_exassociated with the bend radius of the cable as follows:

$${\Delta }_{ex}\le \frac{R_{bend}{L}_p^2}{{\left(2\pi R_{bend}\right)}^2-L_p^2}$$^,

where R_bendrepresents the smallest bending radius, which preserves the properties of the cable is defined, for example, by bending tests. The result is that the inner jacket of the cryostat (the inner surface of the heat shell) does not impose any restrictions on the crimps cable, but at the same time that the external jacket (outer surface of the heat shell) - and in particular the crimps and bends the external jacket is operated at the maximum or is sufficient for to accommodate the anticipated thermal contraction during cooling of the cable.

The notion of "smallest bending radius, which preserves the properties of the cable is defined, for example, by bending tests" taken in this context to denote the minimum bend radius at which the cable retains its essential properties such as critical current I_c,max(criteria 1 µv/m I_cincluding what not significantly change the properties of the cooling heat shell etc), at least 90%, such as at least 95%, after the cable has been subjected to some this bend test (such as, for example, criteria 1 µv/m I_cafter 20 bends around the specified minimum bend radius, R_min), so that the stored voltage characteristics according to the standards of the Institute of engineers on electrical and electronics (IEEE) or the International conference on large electric high voltage systems (CIGRE).

In one variant embodiment of the cable system is constructed so that the center distance Δ_exsatisfy both requirements

$$\frac{L_p}{2\pi }\sqrt{{\left({\epsilon }_L+1\right)}^2-1\le {\Delta }_{ex}\le \frac{R_{bend}{L}_p^2}{{\left(2\pi R_{bend}\right)}^2-L_p^2}}$$^.

In one embodiment, the incarnation

L_p=nL_s,n>1,

where L_srepresents the greatest length of the pitch of the superconducting tapes or wires in the cable, and n is an integer.

The parameter n is chosen larger than 1, such as 2 or, more preferably, equal to 3. The following table shows possible examples according to the invention is:

The advantage of this variant embodiment of the invention consists, first, in that the eccentricity of the cable can accommodate longitudinal thermal contraction, ε_Lcable from ambient temperature to operating temperature, component, for example, 4 K, 9 K, 30 K, 50 K 70 K 100 K During cooling or heating of the cable varies with eccentric posted by helix with the step length L_pon a helical line with a step length L>L_por eccentric posted by a straight line. Secondly, the site of the wires of the cable never bent to a radius smaller than the allowable bending radius. Thirdly, the HTS tape with step length up to L_sable to slide inside the structure, providing the education necessary helices without deterioration of their superconducting properties.

Concentric phase - saving materials

In one particular variant embodiment of the zero or neutral wire forms a common electrical return wire. This option has the advantage of providing a saving of material as compared to three individual Nate what Alami/screens (case of AC). In one particular variant embodiment of the zero or neutral wire is located concentrically around at least one of the electrical phases.

In one particular variant embodiment, at least some, for example all, of these electrical wires are located concentrically around each other separated by electrical insulation. This option has the advantage of ease/ease of production, providing the basis for rapid and cheap production.

In one particular variant embodiment, the number of electrical phases is three. Triax concept of three superconducting coaxial cables more favorable in many respects compared to single-phase superconducting cables and superconducting cables with the triad configuration due to the following features:

1) less use of materials;

2) less cryogenic losses (compared to the single phases);

3) contributes to the eccentric configuration at a lower flow resistance without increased eddy current losses, because the magnetic neutral (and also at a local scale, unlike the triad);

4) contributes to the combined compensation of axial thermal compression eccentricity (+ excess length) and the inherent materials/radial lighting the structure to thermal compression;

5) triax concept enables flexible adaptation to the needs of consumers, the ease and agility of production, the flexibility of the materials and the concept matching function form different structures of HTS tapes.

Superconducting material

The superconducting material used for electrical wires and, optionally, for electric screen can be a material of any appropriate type, optimized for the considered application (relative to losses, operating conditions and costs during construction. In one particular variant embodiment, at least one of these electrical wires includes a superconducting material selected from the group of material containing BSCCO (BiSrCaCuO₃), for example, doped lead BSCCO, YBCO (yttrium oxide-barium-copper), RE-BCO (oxide of rare earth element-barium-copper), MgB₂, Nb3Sn, Nb3Ti and their combinations. This option has the advantage of using known, well-proven and recognized products, the characteristic feature of which is, in particular, the presence of superconductivity. Of course, it is advantageous to use high-temperature superconductors-materials that are superconducting at temperatures up to and exceeding the boiling point of nitrogen.

Frame

In one particular variant of the embodiment of concentrically arranged electrical wires surround volume, which is centered on the said concentrically arranged wires. This option has the advantage that a simple solution to use a Central cavity for cooling, thermal inertia, diagnostics and other means of conveying information and physical transport.

In one particular variant embodiment located at the center of the volume is used as a cooling channel in which flows the cooling fluid medium.

In one particular variant embodiment, the cable includes a Central frame in the form of spirals, tubes, corrugated tubes or vzaimostsepljaemost tube, made of metal, plastic or composite materials. This option has the advantage of providing physical media for winding/build the rest of the cable. It also provides for determining the dimensions of the base wires. It may not necessarily be used for cooling. It can ensure that the cavity/opportunity for additional diagnostic tools, means of conveying information or materials.

Low loss AC

In one particular variant embodiment of the superconducting material is present in the form of strips or wires located in such manner and under such angles twisting, storydate low electrical loss and increased resistance to AC or transient currents due to the optimization of the number of superconducting tapes and current distribution in the superconducting layers. This option has the advantage of flexibility of the product (to a certain extent facilitated order structure). This further facilitates the use of other steps of the winding and, in particular, the varying number of layers/bands. It is possible to influence/to optimize other parameters, such as a larger or a smaller current-carrying capacity, greater or lesser protection from current damage, low or high voltage, AC or DC.

In one particular variant embodiment, each electrical phase wire consists of one or more layers of superconducting tapes, and these layers are divided into one or more groups in each phase and each group contains one or more layers of tape with the same direction of twisting (marked "S" or "Z", where Z refers to the "right" winding, and S to the "left" winding). In all the first groups each electrical phase layers have the same direction of twisting.

In the first example, each phase wire in the cable consists of three layers of superconducting tapes. The first two layers in each phase wire to form a group with the same direction of twisting, "S". The third layer in each phase wire has a direction of twisting "Z". This option has the advantage of reducing the axial magnetic field in the center of the cable. This reduces losses in vikhreva the currents in any metal parts of the cable, and this reduces the impedance of the cable.

In the second example, each phase wire in the cable consists of two layers of superconducting tapes. The first group of strips in each phase consists of one layer with the direction of twisting "Z". The second group of strips in each phase wire also consists of a single layer, but with the direction of the twist "S". This option has the advantage of creating a more uniform current distribution between the two groups in each phase.

In one particular variant embodiment the at least one electrical phase conductors of the last group of superconducting tapes or wires is opposite the first group, the direction of twisting. This option has the advantage of creating a more uniform current distribution between the two groups in this phase.

In one particular variant embodiment, each electrical wire in a two-phase DC cable contains two superconducting layer of strips or wires. The sequence of the directions of twisting is SZ-SZ. This option has the advantage of creating a uniform current distribution between the layers during the emission current, transient processes, such as currents damage or rapid rise of current in the DC cable. This results in reduced transition losses and increased thermostatically DC.

In one particular variant embodiment, each electrical conductor in three-phase triax cable AC contains two superconducting layer, and a sequence of directions of twisting is SZ-SZ-SZ. This option has the advantage of reducing losses in alternating current in the cable by improving the current distribution between the different superconducting layers.

The over current protection

In case of short circuit in the electrical network it can be very large currents in a lot of CA. If the superconductor in the superconducting power cable is exposed to such high currents that significantly exceed its critical current, the property of superconductivity and, thus, the power transfer with virtually no loss in the cable is lost. All of this current (or most of it) should now be moved in the cross section of the rest of the metal power cable, which can be quite small, much smaller than in conventional cables. So it can happen fast heating, potentially causing damage.

There are several ways to deal with this problem. One way is simply to increase the cross-section of a normal conductor. This can be done by increasing the ratio of the normal conductor to a superconductor in SVER is a conductive tape, which in itself is a composite. This, however, requires modification of the belt construction that may not be possible without significant effort or desirable for various reasons. Another solution to this problem is to introduce additional cable normal conductor (typically copper), which would carry the current in case of loss of the superconductor properties of superconductivity. However, the challenge is to place the copper in such a way that in normal operation the current in the cable flows almost without losses in the superconductor, while in mode overcurrent current should move in a normal conductor. At the same time losses caused by eddy currents in the normal conductor, should be minimized. One solution is, for example, in the premises of the normal conductor in the form of copper braid to the center of the single-phase superconducting power cable. In normal operation, current flows in the superconductor due to its lower resistance and lower inductance. In the case of excessive current resistance in the superconductor is strongly increased and the current moves in the copper braid. However, in a multiphase superconducting cable described in this invention, this solution is not possible for all phases due to its geometry. Accommodation mediv centre is only possible for the Central phase, while for other phases must be located more normal conductor at their respective voltage levels.

In this invention, additional layers containing normal Windows Explorer (or more superconductor)can be introduced in each phase of the multiphase power cable for protection against excessive current. Currents in the layers is controlled by winding each layer by a special circuit so that during normal operation, the current flowed in certain layers (which contain the superconductor), but not in others (typically containing normal conductor). Layer wound under the special scheme manages itself and vzaimoreklamy layers and their resistances so that the induced currents in the layers where no currents are not desirable, suppressed myself to zero or reduced myself to acceptable values. Way in addition to balancing the tangential and the axial component is the minimization of local magnetic fields. If excessive current is increased resistance in the superconductor causes the current to move in a normally conductive layers.

The task is to design the current distribution in layers in a multi-phase cable containing additional layers normal conductor (typically copper or aluminum) for protection against excessive the eye. During normal operation, more current must flow in the layers containing the superconductor, while in case of short circuit current must move into the layers of copper with normal conductivity.

In the case of three-phase AC cable design principles can be summarized as follows:

the internal phase is influenced by the total axial (but not tangential) field, a middle and an external phase. If the axial field is not present, the impact of external and middle phase on the inner minimum. On the other hand, the external phase will be influenced only tangential field created middle and inner phases. The middle phase is affected as tangential fields from the internal phase, and possibly axial field from the external phase.

Axial field, which creates a certain phase can be minimized in a case containing a current-carrying superconductor layers have approximately equal to the step of winding, but wound in the opposite direction. The end result is that there is no or only a very small axial magnetic field in the center, which can be placed normally conductive layers for the inner phase. This leads to the absence of induced currents in these inner copper layers, almost regardless of the TRG is, what is actually the step of winding (and cross-section). Similar can be done for the outer layers - except that in this case it is tangential field that is zero or close to zero (for balanced currents of the 3 phases), allowing you to place the normal layers to the external phase. In the middle phase S is zero or a small magnetic field can be created only at its center due to allow full current shielding (180-degree shift from phase to phase T or R, respectively) take place in each of the current-carrying layer adjacent to the corresponding phases, creating a space without field or almost no field in the middle phase of S. However, this requires an increased amount of superconducting material in the S Phase, up to twice the nominal current of the load phase in amps.

It is also possible to find a solution in which fine conductive layers are placed in positions where there is a magnetic field, but where induced voltages are balanced, so that in a normally conductive layers is very small current. With such a balanced solution in some layers generates a very small current, even if they contain superconductors (R=zero). One such solution was found. With this solution, shown in Fig. 3, two normally conductive layer S-phase (position 213')placed respectively on the inner side and the outer side of the two superconducting layers (item 213). Normally conductive layers in the middle phase is exposed to a small axial field due to the phase R, and the tangential field caused by the sum of the currents in the phases S and T. Thus, these two fields are shifted in phase by 180 degrees, and therefore are simply opposite in sign. Internal normally conductive layer phase S is subjected to tangential fields from phase T and the total axial field of phases S and R. Again, these two fields are shifted in phase by 180 degrees. To get the lowest amount of current in normal conductors, the steps of their winding should be such that the voltage induced by the tangential magnetic flux offset voltage induced by the axial field. A shorter step in the normally conductive layers leads to a smaller current in these normally conductive layers due to better compensation of the voltage induced axial and tangential fields.

Preferred variants of the embodiment include:

• an even number of layers per phase and for normally conducting and superconducting layers;

• accommodation normally conductive layers external to the external phase;

• accommodation normally conductive layers internal to the internal phase;

• accommodation normally conductive layers on each side (inside and outside) secondary phase;

• h is redouane superconducting and normal conducting layers for internal and external phases;

• +- diagram for the current-carrying layers in all phases with equal step length for the current-carrying layers in each phase (low axial field).

In one particular variant embodiment of the invention at least one of the electrical wires is in thermal and/or electrical contact with the layer of protective conductive shunt material, for example, in the form of strips or wires containing Cu or Al. This option has the advantage of facilitating the implementation of the specified rated current injuries in the construction of cable/wire.

In one particular variant embodiment of the conductive shunt material is in thermal and electrical contact with the underlying semiconductor material and/or with superconducting tapes arranged distributedinat least one of the layers of superconducting tapes. This option has the advantage of flexibility in production and materials, provides the function of compliance form and protection of superconducting material from current damage. In one particular variant embodiment of the conductive shunt material is in thermal and electrical contact with the underlying semiconductor material and/or with superconducting tapes that are located in one or more layers, separate from the layer of the superconducting tapes. This option has the advantage of minimizing the possible dissipation of eddy currents. The shape of the ribbon shunt layer or "attacks" in the shunt layer thus have a lesser impact on the HTS layer and Vice versa. Further, it provides thermal inertia in case power dissipation in the current damage.

In one particular variant embodiment, at least one of the electrical wires is in thermal and/or electrical contact with the semiconducting material, for example, in the form of the underlying tape. This option has the advantage of providing thermal inertia in order to absorb the scattered power in the case of current damage.

In one particular variant embodiment of the superconducting tape or wire and said conductive shunt tape or wire located in such manner and under such angles twisting to give low electrical losses on variable or transient currents due to the optimization of the number of superconducting tapes or wires and the current distribution in the superconducting layers and by minimizing the proportion of the nominal current in the conductive shunt layers, this is provided that in the case of the current damage to the conductive shunt layers act as protective shunts. This option has the advantage of eliminating the need for a special way construir the bathrooms HTS tapes with built-in protection shunts. This provides greater flexibility in the choice of materials and production and the ability to adapt to the needs of consumers.

Mechanical reinforcement

In one particular variant embodiment, at least one electric wire reinforced mechanically reinforcing components containing steel alloys, bronze, copper alloys, elements on the basis of carbon fiber or items based on polyimide. This option has the advantage of improving the reliability of the wire, causing you less to worry about caution in handling. In addition, the cable can be drawn in channels with large lengths.

The dielectric

Solid dielectrics

In one particular variant embodiment, the electrical insulation between the electrical wires and between the electric wires and electric screen is made of polymers, such as laminated polypropylene paper (PPLP), polyethylene, polypropylene, paper, including synthetic paper, applied by extrusion or by laying strips.

In specific embodiments, the embodiment of the electric(e) insulator(s) and/or electric(e) wire(a) combined with mechanical reinforcing means, such as fiber or ribbon.

Thickness

Thickness of insulation (and in the case of band - width and number of lanes), isolating the fluid and the servant of the games, etc pressure is chosen according to the desired properties of insulation (basic level dielectric, BIL, certified by the pulse voltage, nominal voltage, certified by a constant or variable voltage over time).

Dielectric fluid

In one particular variant embodiment of the electrical insulation contains electrically insulating element in the form of pressurized fluid, such as liquid nitrogen, gaseous nitrogen, helium, neon, hydrogen, oxygen or combinations thereof. This option has the advantage of providing high dielectric strength and therefore compact system electrical insulation and increased thermal conductivity compared with vacuum or low pressure nitrogen.

Pressure membrane/pressure pipe

In one particular variant embodiment of the electrically insulating fluid is separate from the cooling fluid circulating within the heat insulation surrounding the cable. This option has the advantage of making it possible to maintain the difference in pressure, temperature and/or flow of insulating fluid/gas. Thus, it is possible to support impregnation insulation uncontaminated/net, while having a refrigerant with a lower degree of purity. In some publications it is proposed to cool the hydrogen to use the transported hydrogen as the distribution is semoga fuel but in this case, still it is advisable to retain nitrogen or helium as impregnating the insulation substance.

In one particular variant embodiment of the insulating fluid is separated from the cooling medium through the pressure membrane, which prevents the ingress of cooling medium in electrical isolation. This pressure membrane may be impermeable container of high pressure, made of metal or synthetic material, or it may be a permeable layer in the cable, such as one or more underlying layers of the tape exposed to the internal pressure in the cable, which is higher than the external pressure. As an example, the insulating fluid may be pure N₂or pure He, while the cooling fluid is a gaseous He or locally injected liquid air or a mixture of solid/liquid containing particles having, for example, a relatively large heat capacity.

In one particular variant embodiment, the Central portion of the cable is fully or partially used in order to inform internal overpressure vinyl fluid. In other words, the Central portion of the cable is not used for transporting the cooling fluid. This option has the advantage over the of ITA cryostat from excess pressure.

In one particular variant embodiment of the electrically insulating fluid is identical to the cooling fluid. In one variant embodiment of the electrically insulating the fluid and the cooling fluid environment support under similar pressure, for example, the environment in the form of liquid N₂. In one particular variant embodiment of a common electrically insulating fluid and the cooling fluid have high purity (compared with the situation two separate fluid), whereby minimized conducting or dielectric pollution.

Closed frame

In one particular variant embodiment located at the center of the cooling volume is closed at each end with the formation of the heat reservoir. This option has the advantage that it requires minimal concern about the purity of the (already sorted), as in the case of a closed volume, there is no material exchange with the external environment. A further advantage is the local smoothing of the temperature gradient due to the weak axial convection.

Electric screen

Al, Cu or SC

In one particular variant embodiment of the General electric screen contains Cu, Al, or other ordinary wire or superconducting (SC) material, or a combination of the mentioned materials. This option has the advantage provided is ecene flexibility in the choice of materials and production.

Mechanical reinforcement

In one particular variant embodiment of the electric screen contains Al or Cu, optionally containing semi-conducting material and/or superconducting material and/or high-strength materials mechanical amplification, for example, in the form of various types of steel, various grades Nickel, bronze, brass, carbon or Kevlar fibers or high-strength composite tapes. This option has the advantage of providing a stronger gain, more robust cable and potentially less sensitive to the treatment, as well as ensuring that through the cryostat/channel can be stretched relatively long piece of wire.

A layer with a low coefficient of friction

In one particular variant embodiment of the electrical shield is fitted with a component with a low coefficient of friction. In one variant embodiment, for example, every n-th tape/wire electric screen provided with a coating with a low coefficient of friction or replaced tape with low friction coefficient larger [in the direction of thickness/radial direction than a conductive tape/wire [so that material with a low coefficient of friction (for example, Teflon™ from DuPont, polypropylene, nylon or polyethylene) has a physical contact with the interior thermal shells]. This option has the advantages of the m facilitate insertion of the cable into thermal envelope.

In one particular variant embodiment of the electric screen has a coating or one or more of the inflicted individual layers of a material with a low coefficient of friction in order to facilitate the introduction of the cable into thermal envelope essentially without increasing the weight of the cable system. Material with a low coefficient of friction is made of wide belts with great strength of tension. Each tape contains several fibrous components, so that the gap or wear one fibrous component will not lead to the rupture of the entire tape as a whole. Tape with low friction coefficient can be made of woven nylon or polypropylene or polyacetate, from the braid of the numerous Teflon thread or from mixtures of these materials. The number of tapes with a low coefficient of friction is less than the number of conductive elements in the screen, such as 4, 3, or 2, or 1. In one variant embodiment of the tape or a layer with a low coefficient of friction is the friction coefficient <0.25 to about the inner surface of thermal envelope, such as the coefficient of friction in the range from 0.14 to 0.22.

A method of manufacturing a superconducting single-phase or multi-phase cable system:

Single-phase or polyphase

The objective of the invention is also solved by a method of manufacturing a superconducting single-phase or megafat is th cable system, containing stages:

a) providing at least two electrical conductors in the form of at least one of the electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor;

b) ensuring that the mentioned electric wire are mutually electrically insulated from each other;

c) providing a heat insulation surrounding the electrical wire, and mentioned tubular thermal insulation defines a Central longitudinal axis;

d) ensuring that the inner surface of the aforementioned tubular thermal insulation forms a radial limit of the cooling chamber, designed to hold the cooling fluid for cooling the aforementioned electric wire; and

ensuring that the said at least one electrical phase and zero or neutral wire are eccentric relative to the mentioned Central longitudinal axis. This method has the same advantages as described above cable system.

In one variant embodiment the inner surface of the tubular thermal insulation is flexible and movable relative to the outer surface of thermal insulation.

In one variant embodiment of the multi-phase cable system is provided so that at the stage a) provide at least three electrical wires in the form at the ore two electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor. In one variant embodiment in stage a) provide at least four electrical wires in the form of at least three electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor.

Eccentricity and thermal compression

In one particular variant embodiment, the method further comprises a stage (e) ensure solve differences in thermal contraction between the cryostat and the wire due to the surplus length of the wire, which promotes the eccentricity coupled with a "built-in" partially radial adaptation to axial compression.

In one variant embodiment of the eccentric location of the cable is adapted to compensate for thermal contraction and expansion (for example, about ±0,2-0,3%)experienced during the cooling and heating cable or caused by excessive shock or shock damage.

In one variant embodiment of the eccentric location of the cable in combination with a radial adaptation (1-2%) provides compensation for longitudinal thermal contraction and expansion (for example, about ±0,2-0,3%)experienced during the cooling and heating cable or caused by excessive shock or shock damage.

Push, quench, build the pressure, push

In one variant embodiment, the method comprises at least two of the following stages after having been provided with separate ties the s cable and thermal shell:

S1. apply tensile stress to heat the shell, thereby stretching it in its longitudinal direction by 0.05 to 0.5%;

S2. cool cable to the temperature of the cooling fluid, thereby causing compression of the cable on 0,05-0,5%;

S3. create the pressure inside the heat shell to 0.5-40 bar gauge pressure, thereby forcing the inner wall of the cryostat to lengthen;

S4. forced heat the shell to twist or bend in many places along its length, such as every 1.5 m, or every 3 m or 10 m;

S5. push the cable into thermal envelope, using the force of 0.1 to 10 kN;

S6. attach the cable ends to the ends of thermal shell;

S7. subsequently relieve pressure from the heating shell;

S8. subsequently relieve tension strain on thermal shell;

S9. subsequently give the cable the ability to be heated, from which the cable extends in its longitudinal direction;

S10. stop vtalkivaniya cable into thermal envelope.

Using these process steps or any combination of two or more of these process steps, the cable force waves to shift (to twist, bend periodically back and forth) inside thermal envelope on numerous bends, for example, along sinusoidally curve or the curve of the helix. When wtal is Ivanyi wire this will lead depending on the stiffness/flexibility and limited internal walls of the cryostat and the mobility of the inner walls of the cryostat with respect to the outer wall of the cryostat to the accumulation the excess length of the wire with respect to the length of the cryostat. The number of bends/curves can be averaged to a certain number per unit length depending on the characteristics of the material/wire, for example, 1000 km, 700 km, 500 km or 300 km Further, the crimps can be manipulated to fit the shape of the spiral through space of the cryostat, if you give a small twist with the procedure vtalkivaniya.

In one variant embodiment, the method comprises a stage S1, S6, S8. This option has the advantage of/the result of ensuring that the cable is not only forced to squirm within the inner wall of the cryostat, but to use the fact that the cable is also able to force the inner cryostat squirm and/or to meet the long or long enough trajectory to compensate the expected thermal compression.

In one variant embodiment, the method comprises a stage S2, S6, S8. This option has the advantage of/the result of guaranteeing that the cable is not only forced to squirm within the inner wall of the cryostat, but to use the fact that the cable is advanced to force the inner cryostat squirm and/or to meet the long or long enough trajectory to compensate the expected thermal JUA the Oia.

In one embodiment, the embodiments provide the eccentricity of the cable relative to the inner surface of thermal insulation (i.e. the inner wall of the cryostat), which range from 1% to 20%, such as from 5 to 15%. In one embodiment, the embodiments provide the eccentricity of the cable relative to the outer surface of thermal insulation (i.e. the outer wall of the cryostat), which range from 1% to 50%, such as from 10% to 45%, such as from 20% to 30%.

A separate manufacturing

In one variant embodiment of the electric wire, the mutual electrical insulation and possible intermediate channels or cooling chamber (called cable) made with the possibility of making separate from thermal insulation, not necessarily in parallel with thermal insulation. This option has the advantage that the two parts of the cable system can bemadein different places and/or in the same or different points in time and/or different manufacturers. Parallel work on the site of the wires of the cable and over the cryostat reduces the execution time and storage costs.

In one variant embodiment of the cable and the tubular thermal insulation is collected on a separate manufacturing stage. Separate transportation node of wires and cryostat allows you to do more long single pieces of node p is horseflies cable, for example, longer than or equal to 500 m, such as longer than or equal to 1000 m, or such as longer than or equal to 2000 m, resulting in the cable system requires fewer joints. This reduces the cost and increases the reliability of the cable system.

Standardized, modular pieces

Next, one of the parts (for example, a tubular thermal insulation) can be standardized, modular part, while the other is a part, made-to-order.

In one particular variant embodiment of thermal insulation provide sections of standardized lengths such as 3 m or 6 m or 12 m, or 20 m or 50 m, or 100 m, or 200 m In one variant embodiment of a single length of heat insulation is different from the single length of cable, for example less. In one variant embodiment of the cable and thermal insulation is made of individual sections of length L_caband L_TErespectively, and L_cabis greater than L_TE. In one variant embodiment, two or more standardized cut thermal insulation is collected from one segment of the cable of unit length. This option has the advantage of providing a flexible circuit manufacturing process, advantageously using standardized or prestandardization production of main parts of the cable system. This is the same opens prospects for joint work of the conglomerate, selling parts or whole systems. In one variant embodiment of the L_cabis essentially equal to n·L_TEwhere n is greater than 1, such as greater than 2, such as larger than 4, such as greater than 7, such as larger than 10, such as larger than 100.

In one specific embodiment, embodiments provide thermal insulation in the form of a mixed set of flexible, rigid, straight and rigid curved sections or sections that are partially rigid and partially flexible. This option has the advantage of improving the flexibility and responsiveness to customer requirements and in relation to manufacturers of thermal insulation and provides some degree of independence of the design of the wire.

The use of multiphase superconducting cable system:

In addition, the present invention proposes the application of a multiphase superconducting cable system described above and characterized in the claims or manufactured in the manner described above and characterized in the claims. This ensures that the consumer is supplied more compact and less expensive cable than would be possible otherwise. Increased reliability is the ability to withstand repeated thermal cycles and cases of vozniknove is of excessive current. Increased flexibility is the ability to switch the system from AC to work on DC.

In one particular variant embodiment of the multi-phase cable system is used as a cable system, DC. This option has the advantage that it allows for the configuration [+,-,0], which, together with the Converter stations may have an overall neutral with the neighboring system of alternating current.

In one particular variant embodiment, the configuration of the phases is a [+,-,0]. This option has the advantage that the "earth" and "0" have a small potential difference, thereby improving the security.

In one particular variant embodiment, the configuration of the phases is a [+, -, neutral, 0]. This option has the advantage that "0" can be grounded.

In one particular variant embodiment of the multi-phase cable system is used as a cable of the AC system. This option has all the benefits of reduced weight, flexible and easy to manufacture, compact, very low material costs, etc.

In specific embodiments, the embodiments of the multi-phase cable system is used as a triax cable AC with such configurations, phases, ka is [R, S, T] or [S, R, T], and so on

In one particular variant embodiment of the multi-phase cable system can be used as either cable AC system or cable system DC without any change in cable construction. This option has the advantage of rational production, i.e. no changes to any parameters for two different orders. It also has the advantage of allowing the operator of the electric system to switch from AC to DC after a superconducting transmission line was built.

In one particular variant embodiment of the multi-phase cable system can be used to transmit electricity at a time on alternating current and direct current, and these two frequencies are allocated at each end of the cable system using converters AC to DC and transformers. This option has the advantage of flexible and efficient use by the operator of the electric system after a superconducting transmission line was built.

Further objectives of the invention are solved using variants of the embodiment is characterized in the dependent claims and in the detailed description of the invention.

It should be emphasized that the term "includes/contains", as used in this description means an indication of the presence of these features, items, stages or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other of these features, elements, steps, components or groups thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION of DRAWINGS

The invention will be explained more fully below in connection with preferred embodiments and with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable system DC according to the invention in the configuration of the [+,-,0, screen];

FIG. 2 illustrates a view in cross section of the triax cable system DC according to the invention in the configuration of [-,0,+screen];

FIG. 3 shows a detailed view in cross section of layers of cable triax cable DC in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable AC system according to the invention in the configuration of [R, T, S, screen];

FIG. 5 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable AC system according to the invention in the configuration of [R, S, T, screen];

FIG. 6 shows a detailed view in cross section of layers of cable triax cable the AC system in FIG. 5;

PHI is. 7 schematically illustrates a perspective view of a cable system according to the invention, in which the cable winds inside thermal shell in the longitudinal direction of the cable system;

FIG. 8 shows a high-voltage cable system with cooling fluid medium according to the invention, and FIG. 8a - configuration concentrically located 3 phase General electric screen, and FIG. 8b - configured side by side located three phases with General electric screen

FIG. 9 shows a method of manufacturing a cable system according to the invention, and FIG. 9a-9c are views in cross-section, respectively, heat insulation, cable and assembled cable systems;

FIG. 10 schematically shows in cross section of a thermal shell or cryostat, and FIG. 10a shows the cross-section, and FIG. 10b is a longitudinal cross-section, where the inner wall of the cryostat is curved, presenting the situation during installation; and

FIG. 11 schematically illustrates process steps, which impose a longer period of host cable wires in numerous sections of functionally integrated heat shells. Additional length is achieved by cooling the wire cable by pulling the ends of the heat shell, by vtalkivaniya wire cable into thermal envelope and by applying pressure, the inside of the inner wall of the cryostat.

The figures are schematic and simplified for clarity, and they show only those details that are essential to the understanding of the invention, while other details are omitted. In General, the same reference positions are used for identical or corresponding parts, except the previous figures, indicating the number of the figure, which shows the considered characteristic (for example, thermal or cryogenic shell is referred to as 116 in FIG. 1, as 216 in FIG. 2 and so on).

OPTION(S) for carrying out the INVENTION

Example 1: DC cable

Preferred variants of the embodiment of the triax cable system DC shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable system DC according to the invention in the configuration of the [+,-,0, screen], whereas FIG. 2 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable system DC according to the invention in the configuration of [-,0,+, the screen]. FIG. 3 shows a detailed view in cross section of layers of cable triax cable DC in FIG. 2.

These two examples demonstrate similar structure of the cable, but with differently spaced poles +,-,0 plus screen. Another possible structure is the presence of only +,0, screen is Li +,-, screen in combination with neutral. Can be provided and other combinations with even more poles with different DC voltages, for example ±10 kV ±20 kV ±30 kV, ..., 0 and the screen.

In the shown embodiment variants outer diameter of the cable cross-section (d_cabin FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) is 70 mm (2.75 inches)and an inner diameter thermal or cryogenic shell in cross section of the d_ce100 mm (3.9 inches). Relative sizes in the form of cross-section not drawn to scale.

Next, refer to FIG. 1, FIGS. 2 and FIG. 3, indicating the reference position "1xy; 2xy respectively with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 (1xy refers to the components in FIG. 1, and 2xy refers to equivalent parts in FIG. 2, while FIG. 3 is a detailed view of parts of FIG. 2 and, therefore, contains a reference position 2xy). Cable system 100; 200 consists of a multipole or polyphase cable 101; 201, placed in cryogenic shell 116; 216. Full cable system 100; 200 includes a frame 111; 211, electrical insulation 112; 212, the current-carrying layers 113; 213, a neutral layer 114; 214, screen 115; 215, cryogenic shell 116; 216, the refrigerant 117; 217, optional cavity or filling material 118; 218, optional diagnostic tools 119; 219.

Frame

The frame 111; 211 may be made of a single material or combination is AI, for example, metal, such as stainless steel, or polymer, but is not limited to them. The frame may be made in the form of a spiral, vzaimostsepljaemost configuration, smooth tube, corrugated tube, but is not limited to these forms. The frame may also be constructed by combining different numbers of layers of the above materials or structures.

Electrical insulation

Electrical insulation 112; 212, placed concentrically located between the conductive layers 113; 213, 114; 214 and 115; 215 may be implemented by winding ribbon-like insulation, for example Cryoflex™ or paper, layered insulation (for example, overlapping PPLP) and, for example, further impregnated her impregnating substance, for example LN₂(liquid nitrogen). Alternatively, isolation may be implemented using an extrusion process that creates a continuous insulation. Alternatively, between the individual electric wires instead of the insulation layer of a certain thickness could be used for vacuum insulation. In detailed form in FIG. 3 electrically insulating layers 212 shown optionally additionally containing layers 212'. Each electrically insulating layer 212 (labeled "c" in FIG. 3) predominantly framed-side voltage and the ground smoothing the field of semi-conductive layer 212'. This layer is may, for example, to consist of, but not limited to, conducting Nomex™ (DuPont), for example a saturated carbon Nomex™or nylon or extruded layer of a semiconductor.

The superconductor

The current-carrying layers 113; 213 typically consist of strips or wires of high temperature superconductors (BSCCO (e.g., (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x(Bi-2223)), YBCO (yttrium oxide-barium-copper, for example YBa₂Cu₃O₇or other high-temperature superconductors). In this context, the abbreviation "HTS" replaces the term "high temperature superconductor" and denotes a superconducting material having a transition temperature above 30 K. In many cases it is advantageous to HTS layers were electrically protected by a shunt, which could be made of Cu or Al, but is not limited to these materials. This is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3, where the optional layers 213' Cu (labeled "a" in FIG. 3) are between (1) current-carrying layers of the HTS material 213 (labeled "b" in FIG. 3), and (2) electrically insulating layers 212 (labeled "c" in FIG. 3) and/or the frame 211. Currently, the cross-section of HTS tapes is 0.25 mm × 4 mm (tw). Regardless of HTS tapes copper shunt tape are of similar size. The shape and size of HTS tapes and copper shunt tapes are not limited to the sight of the purposes of the numeric values. Optional(e) copper(e) layer(s) 213' to protect the superconducting material from current damage may also perform the function of mechanical amplification. Layers of HTS can be constructed by imposing, for example, a total of 60 tapes in two layers using, for example, ribbon from American Superconductor (I_c=120 (A) (AMSC, , of Westboro, pieces Massachusetts, 01581, USA) or tape with similar characteristics from EAS (European Advanced Superconductors Gmbh & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany), InnoST (Innova Superconductor Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) or Sumitomo Electric Industries Co. (SEI, Japan). This is the number of tapes gives the total critical current I_clayer at about 7 kA, which corresponds to I_c(RMS value) of about 5 kA (RMS value).

Neutral

The neutral wire 114; 214 can be implemented ribbons/wires HTS, but may be more economically made of ribbons and wires of Cu or Al, but is not limited to these materials. Full cross-section of the shunt can be adapted to local requirements for the protection from current damage. An example could serve as a peak current of 50 kA and RMS load current 20 kA for 0.25 to C. For sufficient protection then followed it would be to have a cross-section of the shunt in about 60-100 mm²for example Cu.

Screen/Ground

Screen 115; 215 optional provides various functions, such as electric is a mini-shielding, electrical neutral, electrical grounding, mechanical strengthening, protection from current damage and the means of reducing resistance to the flow of the refrigerant.

Screen 115; 215 can be built using HTS tapes, but more economically implemented using Cu or Al, but is not limited to these materials. The screen acts as protection for personnel and may not necessarily be grounded. The screen can also be done by size such as to act as a spare shunt in case of short circuit phase to earth.

Thermal shell

Cryogenic shell 116; 216 may be formed in the form of a rigid section, as supplied, for example, Cryotherm GmbH & Co. KG (Kirchen, Germany), or flexible sections, as supplied, for example, Nexans Deutschland Industries GmbH & Co. KG (Kabelkamp, Hannover, Germany), but is not limited to these suppliers or configurations. One option thermal shell may also be based on polyurethane (PU) foam or material-aerogel at ambient pressure or under partial vacuum.

The refrigerant and fluid-insulator

The refrigerant 117; 217 in this variant embodiment is a typical case LN₂, but is not limited to this. They can be any agent or gas, which is ductile at cryogenic temperatures, such as liquid helium, gaseous nitrogen,neon, hydrogen, oxygen, or combinations thereof.

The Central part 118; 218 cable 101; 201 (i.e. the inner space of the tubular frame 111; 211) is open for use on a variety of assignments. It can be filled with a filler without any other functions in addition to stiffen and strengthen the wire and electrical insulation. It can be left blank to be filled with the refrigerant, which in this case can be pumped under pressure through the center. The filler may, for example, be a polymer or under pressure LN₂. Another possible destination is the presence of parallel cooling channel, which you can add to the increased length of the pumping/cooling. In addition, the internal space can be equipped with diagnostic tools 119; 219.

Diagnostic tools

Diagnostic tools 119; 219, for example, in the form of a diagnostic cable, for example an optical fiber of the type which controls the temperature along the entire length or part length of the cable system (for example, distributed temperature measurement based on optical back scattering). Another option is to place a fair (but not limited to equidistant) discrete sensors to monitor temperature, pressure, and/or during the etc.

The protective layer

Protective and possibly mechanically reinforcing outer layer 120; 220 can be implemented with a surface with a low coefficient of friction in order to facilitate the introduction of the wire into the cryogenic envelope if the wire (as is possible in this case), produced independently from cryogenic shell.

Example 2: AC cable

Preferred variants of the embodiment of the three-phase cable of the AC system shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. FIG. 4 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable AC system according to the invention in the configuration of [R, T, S, the screen]. FIG. 5 shows a view in cross section of the triax cable AC system according to the invention in the configuration of [R, S, T, the screen]. FIG. 6 shows a detailed view in cross section of layers of cable triax cable the AC system in FIG. 5.

Next, refer to FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, indicating the reference position "4xy; 5xy", respectively, with FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 (4xy refers to the components in FIG. 4, and 5xy refers to equivalent parts in FIG. 5, while FIG. 6 is a detailed view of parts of FIG. 5 and, therefore, contains a reference position 5xy).

Two examples in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show a similar structure of the cable, but with differently rotated phases R, S, T and R, T,S, respectively.

Cable 401; 501 consists of a multipole or polyphase wire, placed in cryogenic shell 416; 516. Full cable system 400; 500 includes a frame 411; 511, electrical isolation 412; 512, the current-carrying layers 413; 513, the screen 415; 515, optionally combined with a neutral layer, cryogenic shell 416; 516, the refrigerant 417; 517, cavity or filler 418; 518, diagnostic tools, 419; 519.

Signs 4xy, 5xy variants of the embodiment of the cable of the AC system correspond to similar signs 1xy, 2xy variants of the embodiment of the cable of DC system described in Example 1. The same characteristics as that described in Example 1 for the elements of the cable system DC, in General, valid for the relevant elements of the cable of the AC system (for example, characteristics of the frame 111, 211 cable systems DC identical to the characteristics of the frame 411, 511 cable systems AC). Basically, this is one of the best signs "multiphase concept that this system without any changes in design to be used for AC and DC.

The dielectric

Electrical insulation 412; 512 can be implemented by winding ribbon-like insulation, for example Cryoflex™layered insulation and impregnation of the refrigerant, for example, N ₂or optional - other agent. Further, the isolation can be implemented using an extrusion process that creates a continuous insulation. In detailed form in FIG. 6 electrically insulating layer 512 (labeled "c" in FIG. 6) is preferably on the side voltage and the ground smoothing the field of semi-conductive layer 512'. This layer may, for example, consist of semi-conducting Nomex™ or nylon or metal Cryoflex™ or extruded layer of a semiconductor.

The over current protection

In detailed form in FIG. 6 optional layers 513' of Cu (labeled "a" in FIG. 6) are between (1) current-carrying layers of HTS material 513 (labeled "b" in FIG. 6), and (2) electrically insulating layers 512 (labeled "c" in FIG. 6) and/or frame 511.

In detailed form in FIG. 6 current-carrying layers/phases 513 (labeled "b" in FIG. 6) of the tapes/wires HTS combined with the optional shunt layer 513', containing electrically conductive material, for example, in the form of Cu's or Al's tapes/wires. Full cross-section of the shunt can be adapted to local requirements for the protection from current damage. An example could serve as a peak current of 50 kA and RMS load current 20 kA for 0.25 to C. For sufficient protection in this case would be on arachnae the shunt in about 60-100 mm ²for example, Cu.

Advantages of variants of the embodiment described in Examples 1 and 2

Variants of the embodiment discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 1-6 have the advantage of relative simplicity and flexibility circular symmetrical system of wires compared to merge molded phase wires and production of multi-phase wire process type. For example, using the present invention one full cable chain (including all phases or poles of the system) can be transported on a single drum can be set for single spacing, simple equipment. The process must be three-phase cable or inserted into three separate cryostat, curled together on the planetary Kabelsketal the machine, which leads to a low fill factor on the transfer drum, or by using a planetary decoiler, which is larger and more expensive than conventional gripping the stand. The present invention also more compact during transport than centered triax design, due to the lack of centering stud details.

Modularity and flexibility are inherent and follow the "hand in hand" for circular symmetry, which implies the facilitation of production and thereby bol is e low cost.

Possible synergistic effects between cables used with alternating current and direct current, since the same cable can be used without any modifications, for example the AC cable with a rated maximum current of 5 kA (RMS value) (corresponds to I_c=7 kA) in the typical case could be attributed to nominal 3-fazy AC 3.5-4 AC or DC cable for 5-6 kA (√2 more). This can be obtained without any modification required in the production process.

The possibility of production and installation of cables and cryogenic shell independently gives increased flexibility and opens up prospects for a multitude of applications for modification, providing flexibility in areas such as 1. customer requirements, 2. production and material aspects, 3. modularity and 4. the involvement of many manufacturers.

Operation of the above-mentioned cable rated for nominal alternating current (i.e. 70-80% of the nominal maximum will typically lead to scattering of the electrical losses of the order of 1-2 W/m (nominal maximum in the typical case would correspond to the measured critical current (as defined by criteria 1 microvolts/cm), which in the case of alternating current will be divided by √2. However, in order to have a reserve, which taking into account milling the mini deterioration and engineering errors, it would be desirable to be on the safe side at least 20%, that is, 80% of rated maximum current). Losses arise from the fact that through a superconducting material is forced to move own magnetic field (the so-called hysteresis loss).

However, these losses are significantly lower than equivalent conventional cable. In fact, low losses allow you to use the thickness of the insulation that covers the voltage range from low voltage and up to medium voltage.

The maximum allowable capacity of the superconducting triax cable significantly increased compared with the conventional Cu-nd or Al-nd cable.

Cable DC maximum current (I_c) 7 kA in the typical case would be able to operate at full I_cthus the rated current of 5-6 kA is not a problem. The work of the superconductor in the constant current mode is more favorable because it can be considered as characteristic of the superconductor principle of operation, i.e. in this case the loss is negligible. Cable with I_c=7 kA, with a typical (or even conservative) value n equal to 10, usually current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the superconducting cable can be approximated by a power-law function k·Iⁿwhere value is e n is the index (degree) that is, which says something about the steepness of the transition to the normal state. Work cable rated 6 kA (85% real I_c) causes the scattering losses of only 0,C,7=0.13 W/m At realistic values of n, which are higher, and the cable is still below the I_closses become negligible and orders of magnitude better than in the case of AC. That is, limiting the length of pumping is determined only by the hydraulic pump and thermal losses in cryogenic shell.

Work on DC configuration [+,-,0, screen] is well suited for use in Converter stations, especially in the inversion of the AC current, because the zero/neutral system DC can easily be used by the system to AC power. Receiving alternating current from a direct current is more easily done when connected to a source ±U, and not to the source +2U, 0.

Protection from current damage is also similar to the AC cable and DC.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a perspective view of a cable system according to the invention, in which the cable winds inside thermal shell in the longitudinal direction of the cable system.

Placement of cable 720 in cryogenic shell 716 preferably made so as to mark the center (marked as"x" in FIG. 7) wire was always eccentric (unicentro) relative to the center of cryogenic shell, and thus that this trail goes along a spiral trajectory. The helicity of the cable relative to the cryogenic shell along its longitudinal direction ensures excess length of the cable relative to the cryogenic shell, which can act as a thermal compensation during cooling and heating cable. Further, the eccentricity provides less resistance to refrigerant flow than in a coaxial configuration. Eccentricity makes no eddy currents even in the case of unbalance current. Alternatively, the cable may be located eccentrically relative to the center of cryogenic shell during certain parts of its length, such as during the greater part of its length.

Cable 720 may, for example, be embodied cables 101 and 201 DC in FIG. 1 and 2, respectively, or cables 401, 501 AC in FIG. 4 and 5, respectively.

Method of manufacturing:

FIG. 9 shows a method of manufacturing a cable system according to the invention, and FIG. 9a-9c are views in cross-section, respectively, heat insulation, cable and assembled cable systems.

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates one of the advantages of the present invention, variants manufactured by Garrett, Borg is of thermal shell 916 (FIG. 9a) and cable 901 (FIG. 9b) on the individual process stages, performed in parallel or sequentially on the same or on different equipment, and Assembly of thermal shell and cable in the cable system 900 (FIG. 9c) at the time and place that is convenient in this situation. Cable and thermal shell may be, for example, made by many manufacturers and shipped to one of these manufacturers, the Assembly plant of a third party or to the place where the cable must be installed for the Assembly in place (if this is desirable).

In a preferred variant embodiment of the method of manufacturing a superconducting cable system contains provision separately made cable and heat shells and Assembly execution according to the following stages: 1. apply tensile stress to thermal shells, thereby stretching them, for example, 0.05 to 0.5%, during insertion of the cable; 2. cool cable to the temperature of liquid N₂, forcing it longitudinally compressed, for example, by 0.1-0.4%; 3. create a heat shell pressure 3 bar or 10 bar or 20 bar in order to cause elongation of the inner wall of the cryostat; 4. push the cable into thermal envelope; 5. forced heat the shell to twist or bend in numerous locations, such as every 1.5 m, or every 3 m or 10 m; 6. fix the cable ends at the ends of thermal shell; 7. subsequently relieve pressure from the heating shell; 8. subsequently relieve tension strain on thermal shell; 9. subsequently give the cable the ability to be heated, and the cable expands when heated; 10. subsequently cease vtalkivaniya cable into thermal envelope.

FIG. 10 schematically shows in cross section of a thermal shell or cryostat 1016, and FIG. 10a shows the cross-section, and FIG. 10b is a longitudinal cross-section, where the inner wall 1061 cryostat curved, presenting the situation during installation, as discussed above.

As shown in FIG. 10b, the inner wall 1061 cryostat can make a wavy displacement along the length of the cryostat, allowing the excess length, which may compensate for its thermal contraction during cooling systems. However, the external wall 1062 cryostat is usually always warm and will maintain approximately the same length. "Waviness" of the inner cryostat is optional. It could also include beveled (corrugated) sections, such as, for example, used in hard cryostat. It should be understood that the eccentricity of the cable when placed in the cryostat is taken relative to the center line 1041, which is the geometric center of the outer wall 1062 cryostat in sexopareja sections along its length, in a typical case, the component is essentially a straight line. The maximum size of the outer wall of the cryostat in the cross section of D_cemarked on FIG. 10 and an example is illustrated as a constant diameter along its length that is preferred. However, this does not always have to be this way. The outer diameter may vary along the length (for example, in certain parts of its length) and/or have a non-circular shape in cross section. The maximum size of d_ce,maxand the minimum dimension d_ce,minthe inner wall of the cryostat cross-section indicated in FIG. 10 and in the example illustrated are located respectively at the longitudinal ends and in the center, halfway between the ends. However, this is not necessarily so. The shape of the inner wall of the cryostat may take other forms than that illustrated in FIG. 10b, such as essentially sinusoidal or some other more irregularly wavy appearance, defined by the length and the difference in length of the sections of the inner and outer walls, the materials from which they are made, the intermediate insulating material 1016, ambient temperature, etc.

FIG. 11 schematically shows a longitudinal section of a cable system 1100 that contains a number of functionally integrated thermal shells 1116, the cat who PoE is great than the number of nodes of the wires of the cable, 1101. These thermal shell are connected through separate connecting element, 1163, or through connectors 1164, which are combined in each section of thermal shell. FIG. 11a shows how the wire 1170 cable is cooled and thus takes a shorter path, 1142. After subsequent fastening at the ends and heating the node cable wires, 1171, takes longer, wavy path described by the Central line 1140. FIG. 11b describes the tension force, 1172, applied to heat the shell, thus increasing its length. After fastening the ends of the cable relative to the ends of thermal shell and relieve tension force 1172 thermal shell is reduced and forces the node of the wires of the cable to move in a wave-like path of the middle line, 1140. FIG. 11c describes how the ends of the wires of the cable being pushed with force 1173 in the ends of the cryostat, which results in longer and wavy path center line of the wire cable. To channel cooling, 1117, put excessive pressure, 1174, which results in an increase in the length of the inner wall of the cryostat, 1161. This allows you to insert a greater length of the wire cable into thermal envelope, 1116. In this variant embodiment, the external wall 1162 thermal shell shows remaining essentially of nepodvijen the th changes in the inner wall.

The invention is characterized by the features of independent(s) paragraph(s) of the claims. Preferred variants of the embodiments characterized in the dependent claims. Any reference positions in the claims are intended to be permissive in terms of their volume.

In the foregoing description were shown some preferred variants of embodiment, but it should be emphasized that the invention is not limited, and may be embodied in other ways within the entity described in the following claims.

1. Superconducting multiphase cable system with a cooling fluid medium containing;
a) a cable containing at least three electric wires constituting at least two electrical phase wires and the neutral wire, and at least one of these electrical wires includes a superconducting material mentioned electric wire are mutually electrically insulated from each other, at least two of these electrical wires are located concentrically around each other separated by electrical insulation, referred to the neutral wire forms a common electrical return wire mentioned cable system includes a common electrical screen surrounding by mentioning the train of electrical phase conductors and electrically isolated from them; and
b) a thermal insulation defining a Central longitudinal axis and surrounding the said cable,
at least part of these superconducting material is present in the form of tapes, each electrical phase wire contains one or more layers of the above-mentioned tapes, and each electrical phase conductors of these layers are organized into one or more groups, each of these groups contains one or more layers of tape located on the same direction of twist, and tape in the first group in each electrical phase conductors twisted with the same direction of twisting.

2. Cable system according to claim 1, in fact the superconducting material selected from the group of material containing BSCCO (BiSrCaCuO₃), YBCO (yttrium oxide-barium-copper), RE-BCO (the oxide of rare earth element-barium-copper), MgB₂, Nb₃Sn and Nb₃Ti.

3. Cable system according to claim 1, with at least one electrical phase conductors of the last group of superconducting tape has opposite first group, the direction of twisting.

4. Cable system according to claim 1, each electrical phase wire consists of two layers of superconducting tapes.

5. Cable system according to claim 1, containing two electrical phase conductors, and the sequence of the directions of twisting before the hat is SZ-SZ or ZS-ZS, where Z refers to the "right" winding, a S to the left winding of tape.

6. Cable system according to claim 1, containing three electrical phase conductors, and the sequence of the directions of twisting is a SZ-SZ-SZ or ZS-ZS-ZS, where Z refers to the "right" winding, and S to the left winding of tape.

7. Cable system according to claim 1, each electrical phase wire is composed of three layers of superconducting tapes.

8. Cable system according to claim 7, while the first two of these three layers in each electrical phase conductor have the same direction of twisting, and the third of these three layers has a direction of twist opposite to the first-mentioned two layers.

9. Cable system according to claim 7, the first two layers in each electrical phase conductor form a group with the same direction of twisting, "S", and the third layer each electrical phase conductor has a direction of twisting "Z", where Z refers to the "right" winding, and S to the left winding of tape.

10. Cable system according to claim 1, in fact the cable is able to transmit a signal three-phase alternating current, and the said cable contains three electrical phase conductors, and the axial field produced by a certain phase is minimized by performing layers with ribbons containing superconducting material having approximately the RA is ing the step of winding with the winding in the opposite direction.

11. Cable system according to claim 1, when this tape are located in such manner and under such angles twisting to give low electrical loss of AC or transient currents due to the optimization of the number of superconducting tapes and current distribution in the superconducting layers.

12. Cable system according to claim 1, with the neutral wire is contained in the above screen, or combined with the aforementioned screen.

13. Cable system according to claim 1, with all these electrical wires are located concentrically around each other separated by electrical insulation.

14. Cable system according to claim 1, with the number of electrical phases is three.

15. Cable system according to claim 1, in fact the General electric screen contains Cu or Al, or a superconducting material, or Al or Cu in combination with semi-conducting material, and/or superconducting material, and/or high-strength materials mechanical amplification, for example, in the form of steel grades, grades of Nickel, carbon or Kevlar fibers or high-strength composite tapes.

16. Cable system according to claim 1, in fact the neutral wire is located concentrically around at least one of the mentioned electrical phases.

17. Cable system according to claim 1, in fact the concentrically arranged electrical wires surround the favor is its center cooling volume, preferably used as the cooling channel in which flows the cooling fluid medium.

18. Cable system 17, these cable has first and second end and those located at the center of the cooling volume is closed at each end with the formation of the heat reservoir.

19. Cable system according to claim 1, with the said cable - for at least part of its length is eccentric relative to the mentioned Central longitudinal axis, when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the aforementioned longitudinal axis, and the eccentric arrangement performs the function of adaptation to thermal shrinkage and/or expansion of the cable relative to thermal insulation.

20. Cable system according to claim 19, with Δ_exis the average distance of the middle line of the cable up to the middle line of thermal insulation and is related to longitudinal thermal compression ε_Lcable as follows:
,
the middle line of the cable is essentially describes a helix inside the cryostat, and L_pis the stride length of this helix.

21. Cable system according to claim 1, the cable has a Central frame in the form of spirals, tubes, corrugated tubes or vzaimostsepljaemost tube, made of metal, plastic or composers who ionic materials.

22. Cable system according to claim 1, at least one of the electrical wires is in thermal and/or electrical contact with the layer of protective conductive shunt material, for example, in the form of tapes or wires containing Cu or Al.

23. Cable system on p.22, these superconducting tape and the above-mentioned conductive shunt tape or wire located in such manner and under such angles twisting to give low electrical loss of AC or transient currents due to the optimization of the number of superconducting tapes or wires and the current distribution in the superconducting layers and by minimizing the proportion of the nominal current in the conductive shunt layers, this is provided that in the case of the current damage to the conductive shunt layers act as protective shunts.

24. Cable system according to claim 1, the cable contains concentrically arranged electrical phase conductors, including the internal and the external phase wires are placed respectively closest to and farthest from the Central axis of the cable, and the over current protection the internal phase and the external phase is provided a normally conductive layers, placed respectively inside the internal phase wires and the outside of the external phase is on the wire.

25. Cable system according to claim 1, adapted for use as a three-phase cable of the AC system, the cable contains three concentric and mutually insulated phase conductors, called the inner, middle and outer phase conductor, and the average phase wire includes a normally conductive layer on each side, facing respectively to the inner and outer phase conductor, with the aim of protecting the secondary phase from excessive current.

26. Cable system according to claim 1, the cable contains concentrically arranged phase wires, including the internal and the external phase wires are placed respectively closest to and farthest from the Central axis of the cable, and the over current protection the internal phase and the external phase is provided by alternating superconducting and normal conducting layers.

27. Cable system according to claim 1, at least one of the electrical wires reinforced mechanically reinforcing components containing steel alloys, elements on the basis of carbon fiber or items based on polyimide.

28. Cable system according to claim 1, in which the electrical insulation between the electrical wires and between the electric wires and electric screen contains a polymer, such as PPLP, PE, the polyp is cut or paper, including synthetic paper, applied by extrusion or by laying strips.

29. A method of manufacturing a superconducting single-phase or multi-phase cable system according to any one of claims 1 to 28, containing
a) providing at least two electrical conductors in the form of at least one of the electrical phases and a zero-or neutral conductor,
b) ensuring that the mentioned electric wire are mutually electrically insulated from each other,
c) providing a heat insulation surrounding the electrical wire, and mentioned tubular thermal insulation defines a Central longitudinal axis,
d) ensuring that the inner surface of the aforementioned tubular thermal insulation forms a radial limit of the cooling chamber, designed to hold the cooling fluid for cooling the aforementioned electrical wires, and
e) ensuring that the said at least one electrical phase and zero or neutral wire are eccentric relative to the mentioned Central longitudinal axis, and the method further comprises two or more of the following stages:
S1. apply tensile stress to thermal shells, thereby stretching them, for example, 0.05 to 0.5%, during insertion of the cable;
S2. cool cable to the temperature of liquid N 2, causing it to shrink in length, for example, by 0.1-0.4%;
S3. create pressure to heat the shell to at least 3 bar, such as up to at least 10 bar, or such as up to at least 20 bar, so as to cause elongation of the inner wall of the cryostat;
S4. push the cable into thermal envelope;
S5. forced heat the shell to twist or bend in many places, such as every 1.5 m, or every 3 m or 10 m, by means of folding and attaching it to the ground, for example through the penetration;
S6. fix the cable ends at the ends of thermal shell;
S7. subsequently relieve the pressure in thermal shell;
S8. subsequently relieve tension strain on thermal shell;
S9. subsequently give the cable the ability to be heated, and the cable expands when heated;
S10. subsequently cease vtalkivaniya cable into thermal envelope.

30. The method according to paragraph 29, in which the cable containing the aforementioned electrical wires and their mutual electrical insulation is made separately from the aforementioned thermal insulation, but not necessarily in parallel with it.

31. The method according to clause 29, in which the cable and thermal insulation is made of individual sections of length L_caband L_TEaccordingly, with L_cabis greater than L_TEa preferably L_cabthere is TSS is equal to n·L _TEwhere n is greater than 1, such as greater than 2, such as larger than 4, such as greater than 7.

32. The method according to clause 29, which contains the stage S1, S6, S8.

33. The method according to clause 29, which contains the stage S2, S6, S8.

34. The use of multiphase superconducting cable system according to any one of claims 1 to 28 or manufactured by a method according to any of p-33, as cable systems DC and/or AC.

35. The application 34 as cable systems DC, and the configuration of the phases is a[+, -, 0].

36. The application 34 as cable systems DC, and the configuration of the phases is a [+, -, neutral, 0].