Gas turbine plant. RU patent 2520214.

IPC classes for russian patent Gas turbine plant. RU patent 2520214. (RU 2520214):

F02C6/00 - Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus (aspects predominantly concerning such apparatus, see the relevant classes for the apparatus);;Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use

Another patents in same IPC classes:

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Method of extracting water from ambient air / 2251642
Method comprises overexpanding air in a gas-expansion turbine and compressing it in a compressor. Downstream of the turbine the ambient air is cooled by cool air, and moisture is withdrawn. The compressor is actuated from the turbine. The cooling of the ambient air by cool air downstream of the turbine is performed before its supplying to the letter. The moisture is additionally withdrawn from the overexpanded air, and additional compression of the overexpanded air downstream of the compressor up to the pressure of the ambient air is performed in an individual plant.

FIELD: machine building.

SUBSTANCE: gas turbine plant comprises air compressor, gas turbine and electric generator fitted on common shaft, heat exchanger with heating and heated circuits, combustion chamber, fuel source and pipeline valves. Additionally, this plant comprises air turbine and power consumer, second heat exchanger with heating and heated circuits, hot air consumer and combustion product consumer.

EFFECT: higher efficiency in operation on low-calorific gas fuel, decreased harmful emissions.

13 cl, 2 dwg, 1 tbl

The invention relates to the field of energy and is designed for the efficient use of waste heat and combustion gas turbine plants to generate electricity, heat, mechanical power and extend the range of their use.

Are shrinking reserves of natural fuels and the same increase their production. In addition, environmental pollution, combined with human activity, causing environmental degradation of the environment, requires the reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and development of ecologically clean GTU.

In gas-turbine plants, gas-turbine engines, drives, gas pumping aggregates for natural gas in furnaces boilers at thermal power plants and in the sphere of life is widely used gaseous fuel.

Under gaseous fuel is understood as natural gas, associated gas produced during oil processing), shale gas (now commonly used in the US), synthesis gas and biogas, and hydrogen gas.

The advantage of gas fuel is relatively liquid and solid fuels is the possibility of ensuring his best mixing with oxidizer (air) and the formation of homogeneous, heterogeneous and not gas-air mixture. It contributes to increase the completeness of combustion of the mixture and improving the environmental performance of products of combustion installations (for e.g. nitrogen oxides), that is connected first of all with less time homogeneous gas-air mixture in the core of a flame.

Known gas turbine installation (see "Motor Sich. From the piston to the gas turbine". - Zaporozhye. - 2000, str - 129).

The principle is very simple idea GTU, for example GTU PAES-2500 from books, is compressing the atmospheric air in the compressor, its direction in the combustion chamber for mixing with the fuel and combustion derived fuel-air mixture, which goes to the turbine. Power turbine due to high gas temperature exceeds the capacity of an air compressor, which allows to receive excess energy, in particular in the generator. However, a fairly high efficiency simplest scheme GTU can only be achieved with a high degree of increase of total pressure of air PI K compressor and increase the gas temperature before the turbine T 1T that leads to the high cost of GTU and reducing its reliability.

Also known gas turbine system for patents of USA №5185997 with the priority from 16.02.1993 year. Technical solution contains a compressor, a combustion chamber, turbine generator and compressor mechanically connected to the turbine. However, the exhaust gas temperature behind the turbine in this system is large enough, which does not allow to achieve high efficiency of the power system.

The closest analogue of the same purpose, and that the proposed solution is the gas turbine with heat recovery of exhaust gases for U.S. patent "Brayton Cycle Yndustrial Cycle Air Compression" №5586429 from 24.12.1996, taken as a prototype.

In accordance with the technical solution of the prototype gas-turbine unit contains an air compressor, a combustion chamber, turbine with generator, heat exchanger with heating and heating circuits, the source of the fuel valve. Air compressor input coupled with the atmosphere, and exit through the gate and the heating circuit of the heat exchanger with the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is connected with a source of fuel and with the entrance of the turbine, the output of which is through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger is connected with the consumer exhaust heat. Turbine mechanically connected with an air compressor.

In GTU heat of combustion products in the heat exchanger heats the incoming air from the compressor into the combustion chamber and turbine works on the products of combustion of fuel coming from the combustion chamber. The products of combustion of fuel from the heat exchanger released into the atmosphere. GTU this scheme can have a higher efficiency at rather low values of PI K and T 1T . However, the work GTU traditional schemes for low-calorie fuels leads to a high level of heat losses with products of combustion compared with the work of the GTU on high-calorific fuel and reduce the efficiency of the plant. This is because the gas flow through the turbine considerably exceeds the air flow through the compressor due to the large amount of low-calorie fuel to attain the preset gas temperature before the turbine. In particular, one of the features of thermophysical properties of biogas and synthesis gas is the low value of the stoichiometric ratio of the costs of air and fuel (L 0 =1-2)that, on average, by an order of magnitude less than L0 natural gas. Hence the relatively low efficiency and a narrow range of consumer properties of GTU.

In an invention for gas turbine plants are supposed to solve the following problems:

- increase efficiency when running at low gaseous fuel;

- reduction of pollutant emissions (NOx and CO) in the combustion products on main modes when working on a low-calorie gas fuel up to 5 ppm values without significant reduction in combustion completeness transient conditions;

- expanding Arsenal of technical achievements in the work of the installation.

The tasks solved by the fact that the gas-turbine installation contains an air compressor, the gas turbine and the generator mounted on the same shaft, the heat exchanger with heating and heated contours, a combustion chamber, a source of fuel and pipeline valves. The compressor input coupled with the atmosphere, and the output is through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger with the input of the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is connected through the gate and source of fuel, and the output - to the input of the gas turbine. The yield of the gas turbine is connected through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger with the atmosphere.

New GTU is that the installation additionally contains a mounted on a separate shaft air turbine and consumer power, the second heat exchanger with heating and heated contours, consumer hot air and consumer products of combustion.

The fuel source with the valve is connected to the input of the combustion chamber through a heated second circuit of the heat exchanger. The air inlet turbine is connected to the output of the compressor through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger. The output of the wind turbines are connected with the consumer hot air through the heating of the second circuit of the heat exchanger and the valve. The output of the gas turbine after the heating circuit of the heat exchanger is connected to the atmosphere through the valve. The consumer products of combustion is connected to the output from the turbine through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger and the valve.

These essential features provide solution of tasks, as:

- availability to install additional installed on a separate shaft wind turbine and consumer power, the second heat exchanger with heating and heated contours, consumer hot air and consumer products of combustion provides the increase of the Arsenal used consumers power and expansion of technical achievements in the work of the installation, and also improves the environmental performance of the installation;

connection fuel source with the gate to the entrance of the combustion chamber through the heated the second circuit of the heat exchanger allows preheating the fuel before it enters the combustion chamber from the hot air after the air turbine, which allows to increase the efficiency of GTU by reducing the amount of fuel consumed when it is heated before it enters the combustion chamber;

connection of the output of gas turbines with the atmosphere after the heating circuit of the heat exchanger through the valve provides the maximum level of gas expansion turbine with minimum losses total pressure of the gas at the outlet of the turbine, increasing the power density of the turbine;

connection of the consumer of the combustion products with the output from the gas turbine through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger and the valve provides the opportunity for the additional use of the heat content of the combustion products with the expansion of the range of technical effects when the installation.

The essential features of the invention may be the development and continuation.

The fuel source contains fuels gaseous species. It provides an increase of completeness of fuel combustion at the expense of achieving a greater degree of homogenization gas mixture against the use of, for example, liquid fuel. On the basis of experimental research it is known that the completeness of combustion of gaseous fuel on 2,0-3,0% higher than the completeness of combustion of liquid fuels.

A source of fuel may contain fuel from petroleum products. This allows efficient use of associated gas produced during oil refining, which, as a rule, flared at oil refining factories (NPZ). The use of associated gas as fuel significantly reduces the unit cost of electricity and heat, and also improves the environmental performance during the operation of GTU, located near the refinery. An example of such rational use of associated gas at work GTU PAES-2500 offers partial supply of electricity to the city of Slavyansk-on-Kuban (Krasnodar region).

A source of fuel may contain fuel in the form of products of utilization of industrial and household waste products and recycling of wastewater. This significantly improves ecological characteristics of the region, as it eliminates the waste emissions to the environment. An example is the experience Korjenevskoy treatment plant in the South-Eastern district of Moscow, where by burning biogas produced during the processing of sewage, reduced by 40% external electricity consumption for the own needs of the plant.

A source of fuel may contain fuel in the form of waste products of vegetable origin. It makes extensive use of renewable vegetable raw materials (wastes of timber industry and agricultural production: husks, corn tops and others).

The presence of additional gas compressor, mounted between the source of gaseous fuel to the valve and the heated additional circuit of the heat exchanger, enhances opportunities for GTU, such as the ability to submit gas fuel into the combustion chamber under high pressure in a hot kind.

The implementation of the consumer power in the form of additional generator provides the ability to produce electricity with settings other than the main parameters of the generator.

The implementation of the consumer power in the form of a pump extends consumer opportunities GTU for use in the operation.

The availability of additional air cleaning filter allows you to improve air quality by eliminating traces of oil in it and use the air for heating and ventilation of premises.

The implementation of the consumer of products of combustion in the boiler allows to heat the water for district heating needs installation.

Thus solved the set in the invention for gas turbine units tasks. Proposed GTU allows:

- to increase efficiency when running at low gaseous fuel;

- to reduce emissions (NOx and CO) in the combustion products on main modes when working on a low-calorie gas fuel up to 5 ppm values without significant reduction in combustion completeness transient conditions;

- expand your Arsenal of technical achievements in the work of the installation.

The present invention is explained in the subsequent detailed description of GTU and her work with reference to the illustrations presented in figures 1, 2, where:

figure 1 shows a diagram of the basic gas turbine plants;

figure 2 - basic variant of GTU.

Gas turbine installation (see figure 1) contains an air compressor 1, the gas turbine 2 and generator 3 installed on the same shaft, heat exchanger 4 with heating and heated contours 5, 6, respectively, the combustion 7, the fuel source 8 and pipeline valves. Compressor 1 input coupled with the atmosphere, and the output is through the heating circuit 6 heat exchanger 4 with the combustion chamber inlet 7. The installation additionally contains a mounted on a separate shaft air turbine 10 and consumer power 11, second heat exchanger 12 with heating and heated contours 13, 14, respectively, the consumer 15 hot air and 16 consumer products of combustion. The fuel source 8 valve 9 is connected with the combustion chamber inlet 7 through heated 14 of the second circuit of the heat exchanger 12, and the output - to the input of turbines 2. The air inlet turbine 10 is connected to the output of the compressor 1 through the heating circuit 6 heat exchanger 4. The output of wind turbines 10 connected with the consumer 15 hot air through the heating circuit 13 of the second heat exchanger 12, and the gate 17. The output of gas turbines 2 after the heating circuit of the heat exchanger 4 5 connected with the atmosphere through the gate 18. Consumer 16 of the combustion products is connected to the output of the turbines 2 through the heating circuit 5 heat exchanger 4 and valve 19.

The fuel source 8 contains fuels gaseous species. The fuel source 8 may contain gaseous fuel from petroleum products, products of utilization of industrial and domestic waste, sewage and products of plant origin.

Gas turbine installation (see figure 2) can optionally contain 20 gas compressor, mounted between the source of gaseous fuel with 8 valve 9 and the heated contour 14 additional heat exchanger 12.

Consumer power 11 can be made in the form of the additional generator, additional air compressor or pump.

Gas turbine unit contains a filter 21 air purification, installed between the output of the wind turbine 10 and heating circuit 13 of the second heat exchanger 12.

Consumer 16 combustion products can be made in the form of the recovery boiler, collector of inert gases or installation for production of carbon dioxide.

Gas turbine installation works as follows. The generator 3 (see Fig.1) mode starter shaft spins with an air compressor 1 and gas turbine 2. Compressor 1 sucks atmospheric air, compresses it and sends to the heating circuit 6 heat exchanger 4, where it after the installation to steady state is preheated and the main part of it enters the combustion chamber 7. Simultaneously, the source of gaseous fuel 8 through the open gate 9 and the heating circuit 14 additional heat exchanger 12 fuel is fed into the combustion chamber 7, where is it in the air flow is burned. Generated hot gas is delivered to gas turbine 2, coming out of which passes through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger 4 5 where it gives the proportion of thermal energy of the air coming from the air compressor 1 through the heating circuit 6 heat exchanger 4. Next partially cooled gas through the valve 19 delivered to consumers 16 of combustion products. Part of the combustion products after heat exchanger 4 through the valve 18 is discharged in the atmosphere. The hot gas in the turbine 2, extending, creates on its shaft power, part of which is spent on the drive air compressor 1, while the remaining capacity is used for creating electricity generator 3.

Installation of the fuel compressor 20 (see figure 2) between the source of gaseous fuel with 8 valve 9 and the heated contour 14 additional heat exchanger 12 allows to increase the pressure of gaseous fuel to the air pressure in the combustion chamber 7.

Gas turbine unit may contain a filter 21 air purification. When passing through the filter 21 hot air is cleaned from oil particles, trapped in his bearings air compressor 1 and air turbine 10, which increases consumer qualities of hot air so that it can be used for direct heating of dwellings.

As a concrete example, consider the gas-turbine unit working on the synthesis gas obtained during gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW). The value of the net calorific values of H U synthesis gas for TBO of the Moscow megapolis can be accepted equal to H U =5132 kJ/kg The results of calculations of the different options GTU with partial heating of the air downstream of the compressor heat exchanger the exhaust gas values with different degree of increase of total pressure air compressor PI K show that the gas temperature before the turbine T 1T =K (permissible value for uncooled gas turbines with a great resource), the optimal value is Yak=4. However, a maximum of selection of hot air before combustion is equal to 20%, which is limited by the normal operation of the heat exchanger. At the accepted values GTU:

- the gas temperature before the turbine T 1T =1100 K,

- the degree of increase of total pressure compressor PI K =4.0,

- the coefficient of thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger ε=0.85,

- total factor maintain full pressure tracts of the heat exchanger σ=0.95,

- efficiency compressor n K =0.85,

- efficiency turbine ETA T =0.9,

the calculations of the basic options: traditional GTU (contains a compressor, a combustion chamber, the gas turbine and consumer power) - option 1, the traditional gas turbine plants with heat exchanger - option 2 and traditional gas turbine plants with heat exchanger and the selection of air before combustion chamber - option 3, the results are presented in the table.

Options PI K G T

N-GENE /G B , kW/kg

ETA GTU

Q TB , kJ·s/kg

1 7.0 0.149 180 0.228 - 2 7.0 0.115 175 0.298 - 1 4.0 0.173 168 0.178 - 2 4.0 0.102 158 0.302 - 3 4.0 0.079 132 0.326 44.0

In the calculation of option 3 is considered to develop the power of the air turbine, heat hot clean air and heated part of its gaseous fuel.

Here indicated:

G T

- the ratio of fuel and air, ETA GTU - efficiency gas turbines, G, B - the consumption of the air compressor, Q - per-specific heat of hot clean air, N GENE =N T N K +N TB-N TK - useful power gas turbine plants, where N is a T - power gas turbine, N K - power air compressor, N TB - power wind turbines, N TK - power fuel compressor

In the table for comparison, and data for GTU PI K =7, which is widespread in the country, a mobile power plant PAES-2500 capacity of 2500 kW.

The table shows that the transition to gas turbine plants with heat exchanger (option 2) with the magnitude of the reduction of total pressure PI K =7 PI K =4 does not reduce the efficiency of, and the introduction of air sampling before the combustion chamber (option 3) and using its potential energy in the air turbine and part of heat energy for additional heating of gaseous fuel for fuel compressor (where it is heated during compression) allows to increase the efficiency of 8% (0.302 to 0.326).

If we consider the possibility of useful use of thermal energy of hot clean air (Q TB =kg·s/kg), the value of efficiency will increase to 0.435.

So the option of GTUs with the selection of air before combustion chamber allows to increase the efficiency of 8% and additionally to provide consumers with hot air for technological purposes, for example for wood drying, heating clean air large premises and other

The proposed solution can find a useful application in the first place when using bio-gas or synthesis gas as fuel for gas turbine plants. The relevance of the proposals confirmed by the conceptual document "Energy program of Russia till 2020", approved by decree of the RF Government dated 28.08.2003, №1234-R. In the program the task of "catching-Russia in the use of renewable energy sources", including on the basis of utilization of wastes of human activity.

1. Gas turbine unit containing air compressor, the gas turbine and the generator mounted on the same shaft, the heat exchanger with heating and heated contours, a combustion chamber, a source of fuel and pipeline valves where the compressor input coupled with the atmosphere, and the output is through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger with the input of the combustion chamber and the combustion chamber inlet is connected through the gate and source of fuel, and the output - to the input of turbines, while the output of the gas turbine is connected through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger with the atmosphere notable the installation additionally contains a mounted on a separate shaft air turbine and consumer power, the second heat exchanger with heating and heated contours, consumer hot air and consumer products of combustion, where the fuel source with the valve is connected to the input of the combustion chamber through a heated second circuit of the heat exchanger, air inlet turbine is connected to the output of the compressor through the heating exchanger circuit, the output of the wind turbines are connected with the consumer hot air through the heating of the second circuit of the heat exchanger and the valve, the output of the gas turbine after the heating circuit of the heat exchanger is connected to the atmosphere through the valve, the consumer products of combustion is connected to the output from the turbine through the heating circuit of the heat exchanger and the valve.

2. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel source contains fuels gaseous species.

3. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the fuel source contains fuel from petroleum products.

4. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the fuel source contains fuel in the form of products of industrial waste utilization.

5. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the fuel source contains the fuel in the form of food waste disposal.

6. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the source contains the fuel in the form of products of recycling sewage.

7. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that the fuel source contains the fuel in the form of waste products of vegetable origin.

8. Gas turbine unit according to claim 2, characterized in that it additionally contains a gas compressor, mounted between the source of gaseous fuel to the valve and the heated additional circuit of the heat exchanger.

9. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, wherein the consumer power is made in the form of additional generator.

10. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, wherein the consumer power is made in the form of additional air compressor.

11. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, wherein the consumer power is made in the form of the pump.

12. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally contains a filter air purification.

13. Gas turbine unit according to claim 1, wherein the consumer of products of combustion in the form of the recovery boiler.