Sulphur-cured rubber particle surface activation and/or devulcanisation process |
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IPC classes for russian patent Sulphur-cured rubber particle surface activation and/or devulcanisation process (RU 2354671):
Method for preparing of special fresh citrus fruits for storage / 2322040
Method involves inspecting citrus fruits and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.005%-citric acid solution and in suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella polycephala micromycet by predetermined process; covering stems and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing both sides of fruits to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each fruit into smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows citrus fruits to be transported to space object and stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh citrus fruits for storage / 2322034
Method involves inspecting citrus fruits and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.005%-citric acid solution and in suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella parvispora micromycet by predetermined process; covering stems and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing both sides of fruits to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each fruit into smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows citrus fruits to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh citrus fruits for storage / 2322033
Method involves inspecting citrus fruits and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.005%-citric acid solution and in suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella pulchella micromycet by predetermined process; covering stems and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing both sides of fruits to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each fruit into smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows citrus fruits to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh citrus fruits for storage / 2322020
Method involves inspecting citrus fruits and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.005%-citric acid solution and in suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella gamsii micromycet by predetermined process; covering stems and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing both sides of fruits to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each fruit into smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows citrus fruits to be transported to space object and stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh apples for storage / 2322011
Method involves inspecting apples and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.5%-citric acid solution and 0.005%-suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella gamsii micromycet by predetermined process; exposing to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each apple fruit in smoking paper and placing in polymer trays. Method allows apples to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh apples for storage / 2322010
Method involves inspecting apples and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.5%-citric acid solution and 0.005%-suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella pulchella micromycet by predetermined process; exposing to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each apple fruit in smoking paper and placing in polymer trays. Method allows apples to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh apples for storage / 2322009
Method involves inspecting apples and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.5%-citric acid solution and 0.005%-suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella sarnyensis micromycet by predetermined process; exposing to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each apple fruit in smoking paper and placing in polymer trays. Method allows apples to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh tomatoes for storage / 2322008
Method involves inspecting tomatoes and holding and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; separating stems; sequentially holding in 0.02%-potassium permanganate solution, 0.5%-citric acid solution and 0.01%-suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella gamsii micromycet by predetermined process; covering stem sites and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing both sides of treated fruits to ultraviolet radiation; packaging in smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows tomatoes to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh tomatoes for storage / 2322007
Method involves inspecting tomatoes and holding and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; separating stems; sequentially holding in potassium permanganate solution, citric acid solution and suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella exigua micromycet by predetermined process; covering stem sites and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each tomato fruit in smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows tomatoes to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method for preparing of special fresh tomatoes for storage / 2322006
Method involves inspecting tomatoes and holding and washing at predetermined mode parameters in sweet water; separating stems; sequentially holding in potassium permanganate solution, citric acid solution and suspension of preparation produced from biomass of Mortierella indohii micromycet by predetermined process; covering stem sites and adjoining surface with medicinal glue; exposing to ultraviolet radiation; packaging each tomato fruit in smoking paper and laying in polymer trays. Method allows tomatoes to be transported to space object, stored there during 45 days and used in space feeding.
Method of modifying rubber mixes and rubbers / 2345101
Invention relates to the method of modifying general- and special-purpose rubber mixes and rubbers built around high-molecular carbon-chain polymers. Modification of rubber mixes and rubbers is carried out with the help of low-molecular unsaturated polyketones incorporating carbonyl groups and double C=C bonds statistically distributed over the polymeric chain. Modification is effected by adding 0.5 to 50 wt % of low-molecular unsaturated polyketones to the rubber mix, the aforesaid percentage being related to the total content of high-molecular polymer and low-molecular unsaturated polyketone. Note that unsaturated polyketones used for modification contain 0.1 to 16 wt % of oxygen in the form of carbonyl groups and feature a number average molecular weight of 500 to 100000.
 Composition of tread rubber for tires / 2340637
Tire tread comprises of a cross-linked composition of natural rubber, which is characterised with hardness A by a scleroscope, more than 45 and less than 57, if measured in accordance with the Standard ASTM D 2240. And the tread is suitable for driving on ground with ice and snow and moist ground, improvement in wear resistance of tires and cohesion with moist ground. Composition contains, phr weight parts to one hundred parts of elastomer (elastomers): in quantity, which exceeds 25 phr and which go till 100 phr, one or a couple diene elastomers, each of which is characterised by temperature Tg in the diapason from -75°C to -40°C; at an amount less than 75 phr and till 0 phr, one or a couple diene elastomers, each of which is characterised with a temperature Tg in the diapason from -110°C till -75°C; in an amount in the diapason from 5 phr to 35 phr, at least one hydrocarbon plasticising resin, mixed with the mentioned elastomers (elastomer), from 5 phr to 35 phr, a natural plasticising bond of sunflower oil containing oleinic acid with a fraction of total mass not less than 60%.
Method for rubber mix production / 2339654
Invention concerns rubber industry, particularly processing elastomer waste containing structured inclusions, obtained in synthetic rubber production, of production of homogeneous rubber mixes based on it. Rubber master batch is prepared with addition of fillers, softeners and other target additives. At the first stage master batch containing fillers or softeners is produced in rubber mixer or roller mill, cooled, and laid to rest for at least 6 hours. Obtained master batch passes on to second and third stages of rubber mix production on the basis of synthetic rubbers.
 Rubber compound and pneumatic tire with used in tread mentioned compound / 2338761
Invention concerns rubber compound and pneumatic tire, tread of which is made of this rubber compound. Rubber compound includes from 15 till 100 weight fractions of sol chain silicon dioxide, dispersed in isopropanol, possessing average aspect ratio L1/D between branched particles A-A, containing branched particles A in the range of from 3 till 30, from 1 till 20 weight fractions of silaned bonding agent for 100 weight fractions of rubber component, containing diene rubber, vulcanising agent, such as sulphur, and vulcanisation accelerator, where L1 corresponds average distance between branched particles A-A, containing branched particles A, and D corresponds effective diameter of primary particle. At that mentioned particle A corresponds particle, which is contacted at least by three other particles.
 Thermoplastic elastomeric material / 2334769
Invention refers to rubber-processing industry, in particular to development of thermoplastic elastomeric rubber materials that can be used for manufacturing of various extrusion profiles and moulded flexible parts for automotive, cable, light industry and construction engineering. Thermoplastic elastomeric material is made of composition including, wt. fraction: rubber - 100, polyolefin - 2-150, vulcanising agent 1-15, vulcanisation activator 3-10, stearic acid - 0.75-2.0, oil - 25-500 and bulk additive - 1-100, modified diene-containing thermoplastic elastomer, such as hydrooxylated, halogenated, hydrogenated or hydrohalogenated dienevinylaromatic thermoplastic elastomer - 5-150, release agent - zinc stearate, calcium stearate or their mixture - 0.1-2.0. As oil additive the material contains paraffine-naphthene oils, as bulk additive is contains powder filler with particle size 100 nanometers to 20 microns, selected from the group: schungite, kaolin, chalk, talcum powder or carbon white, as well as mixed mineral additive with 0.04-4.0 mass % of industrial carbon. Thus as rubber thermoplastic elastomeric material contains ethylene-propylene-diene rubber with propylene chains 27 to 40 mass %, and as the third comonomer is contains ethylidene norbornene or dicyclopentadiene in amount 2-10 mass %, as well as butyl rubber, chlorbutyl rubber, brominated butyl rubber, polyisoprene rubber, butadiene-styrene rubber, or polybutadiene rubber. As polyolefin it contains isotactic polypropylene, polyethylene or their mixture at ratio of polyethylene mixed with isotactic polypropylene in amount of 5-95 mass %.
Method of rubber compound plasticizer production / 2325410
Invention refers to tyre and rubber industry. Milled rubber scrap is mixed with hydrocarbon fraction and heat-treated at 150-250°C during 0.5-24 h. Fuel oil with initial boiling 350°C and aniline point 80°C and more is used as hydrocarbon fraction. Mixture ratio, mass.%: milled rubber scrap - 30-90, specified hydrocarbon fraction - 10-70. Technical result lies in widening of plasticizers raw materials base accompanying with low content of aromatic hydrocarbons and improvement of physical-mechanical properties of rubber compound based vulcanizers.
 Elastomeric mixture containing polyfunctional organosilane as binding agent / 2320683
Invention relates to an elastomeric composition that can be used in making pneumotires or intermediate products for pneumotires. The composition is based on at least one diene elastomer, inorganic filling agent as an enhancing filling agent, polyfunctional organosilane, namely hydroxysilane of the general formula (I) given in the invention description as a binding agent (for system inorganic filling agent/diene elastomer) comprising at least two functional groups designated as "X" and "Y" that can be grafted to elastomer by one side using function X, and to inorganic filling agent by other side using function Y that represents hydroxysilyl function (≡Si-OH) and wherein organosilane is represented by hydroxysilane polysulfide of the general formula (I), and wherein the amount of inorganic enhancing filling agent is from 10 to 200wpe (weight parts per 100 weight parts of elastomer), and the amount of hydroxysilane polysulfide is in the range from 1 to 20wpe. Also, invention relates to a method for preparing the claimed elastomeric composition showing the improved kinetics of vulcanization by thermomechanical stirring components of the composition for one or two steps up to achievement of maximal temperature from 110 to 190°C. Also, invention relates to using this composition for manufacturing pneumotires or intermediate products designated for pneumotires, for example, protectors, sublayers, sides and so on, and to a pneumotire and an intermediate product for pneumotire containing such elastomeric composition, to a protector for pneumotire made of this composition and to pneumotire containing such protector. Also, invention relates to using a polyfunctional organosilane as a binding agent and to a method for binding inorganic and diene elastomer in an elastomeric composition by polyfunctional organosilane. The claimed elastomeric composition provides satisfactory reserve of safety with respect to the burning problem, it possesses a lower value of Mooney plasticity resulting to good ability for treatment in crude state and possesses the improved hysteresis properties and the improved the conversion constant rate and therefore vulcanization can be carried out for significant shorter time. Protectors made of the proposed composition possess low resistance to rolling motion and enhanced abrasion resistance.
 Highly efficient tire for vehicle wheels / 2320495
Proposed tire for vehicle wheels includes carcass structure of toroidal shape whose opposite side edges are coupled by corresponding right-hand side and left-hand side bead wires to form corresponding beads; breaker structure applied in outer relative to radius position relative to said carcass structure: tread band radially applied to breaker structure; at least one layer of cross-linked elastomer material applied in inner relative to radius position relative to said tread band; pair of side strips applied from side to opposite sides relative to carcass structure; at least one layer of cross-linked elastomer material has following characteristics: dynamic modulus of elasticity E¹ measured at 70°C not lower than 20 MPa, preferably, from 25 MPa to 50 MPa; ratio between modulus of elasticity at extension at 100% elongation (MIOO) and modulus of elasticity at extension at 10% elongation (MIO) not lower than 1.5, preferably, from 2 to 5. One layer of cross-linked elastomer material is preferably laid between tread band and breaker structure. Invention provides better characteristics of tire during operation at high driving speed and/or extreme driving conditions - rigid steering, simultaneously with satisfactory behavior at normal driving conditions - soft steering.
Rubber compound / 2318842
Invention is directed to preparation of rubber compounds based on general- and special-destination rubbers using naturally occurring wollastonite as filler and can be used in manufacture of technical-destination rubber goods, elastomeric compositions, polymeric rolled roofing and waterproof materials, and the like. Rubber compound is prepared by mixing general- or special-destination rubber, sulfur-containing vulcanization agent, extender: carbon black, zinc oxide, stearin. Functional additive is further added in the form of organosilane-modified wollastonite or wollastonite having needle structure with characteristic ratio from 10:1 to 20:1 and diameters of equivalent sphere D50=3-15 μm, D98=20-100 μm, D10=1-4 μm. Rubber compound may also contain 5 wt parts of paraffin-naphtene oil or 0.1 wt parts of stabilizer.
 Vulcanized rubber mixture / 2315067
Invention relates to development of rubber mixture formulation that provides preparing rubbers exerting enhanced heat stability, resistance against multiple deformations and resistance against tearing. Method involves preparing a vulcanized rubber mixture comprising carbo-chain rubber, vulcanizing agent, vulcanization accelerating agent, stearic acid, zinc oxide and technical carbon. As a vulcanizing agent the mixture comprises finely divided waste from sulfuric acid manufacture containing 80% free sulfur, not less, and added to the mixture in the amount 1.8-2.2 mas. p. per 100 mas. p. of rubber as measured for free sulfur. Invention provides preparing rubbers possessing the enhanced heat stability, resistance against effect of multiple deformations and resistance against tearing. Except for, invention provides reducing the environment pollution and to solve the problem for using one of waste that now is not utilized and removed.
 Biodegradable granular polyolefin blend and method of production / 2352597
Biodegradable granular polyolefin blend represents antimisting granules sized 2-8 mm of apparent bulk density 530-630 kg/m3, granule density less than 920-1300 kg/m3. Herewith melt flow index (MFI) of the parent polyolefin is MFI=2.5-25.0 g/10 minutes. Processing and relevant aid concentrate contains at least one biodegradable additive, thermostabilisers, antioxidants, lubricants, antistatic aids, pigments, fillers etc. The granular polymer blend is produced within a number of stages to ensure uniform distribution of all the aids in polyolefin. Four powder material flows are used. Three aid compositions are mixed with three parts of parent powder polyolefin in ratio 1:4, 1:3 and 1:2 respectively. Prepared concentrate mother stocks are supplied to the fourth combined mixer with residual part of polyolefin. If required, necessary liquid biodegradable additive. The blend is stirred and homogenised at 150-250°C.
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FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: destruction of sulphur bridges and recovery of sulphur is ensured by bioprocessing of rubber particles in a medium containing mesophilous, anaerobic and/or mesophilous, optionally anaerobic and/or mesophilous microaerophilic bacteria and/or one or more enzyme system of the specified bacteria in environment appropriate for the specified bacteria living. EFFECT: improved vulcanisation ability of processed rubber particles, and better quality of rubber products provided. 23 cl, 1 tbl
The present invention relates to a method of activating and/or devulcanization of the surface of the particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey. In patent publications DE 4425049 C1, DE 19607281 A1 and US 5,506,283 describes the different ways to activate crushed scraps of old rubber and rubber waste. These methods are based on the principles of either a physical or a chemical treatment or a combination of these principles is processing. In addition, in patents DE 4042009 C2, EP 0493732 B1, US 5,597,851 and DE 19728036 A1 describes how the activation of powdered or granulated rubber under the action of microorganisms and enzymes. In patents DE 4042009 C2 and EP 0493732 B1 describes a method based on microbial oxidation of polysulfide sulfur associated with the vulcanization of rubber. Oxidation of polysulfide sulfur on the surface of the particles of the rubber material occurs under the action of chemolithotrophic microorganisms bacterial suspension at a given oxygen flow. These bacteria belong to the species Thiobacillus. The oxidation of sulfur is usually produced prior to the formation of sulfate. The final product of the method is a re-plasticized (replasticized) rubber material with a low sulfur content and a good break. A similar method is described in patent US 5,597,851. The feature of this method is that, on the one hand, as oxidizing sulfur microorganism used, mainly thermophilic and possibly chemolithotrophic species Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and on the other hand, the treatment of the particles of the rubber material is produced simply by using the enzyme systems of the specified microorganism. Particles themselves of the rubber material are not in direct contact with microorganisms. In the application DE 19728036 A1 describes a method in which the surface of the particles of the rubber material to form a specific reactive functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy groups and carboxyl groups formed by the biotechnological processing of particles of vulcanized rubber material for a given reaction time/duration of oxidation. The result is the ability to vulcanized powdered activated granulated rubber and rubber, various plastics (plastics), bitumens and other polymers. In microbial oxidation also participate bacteria species Thiobacillus. Previously known methods of microbial activation powder granulated rubber and rubber, conducted by the oxidation of sulphur, has the following serious drawbacks: 1. These activation methods based on the oxidation. In addition to the required oxidation of polysulfide sulfur is both inevitable undesired oxidation on kernich chain (accession free radicals). While on the surface of the particles virtually no capable of binding sites. The degree of decomposition, among others, influenced by the following factors: the type of rubber material (number of double bonds), the reaction temperature and the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the suspension. 2. Among other things, the destruction of the polymer chains leads to undesirable allocation of specific components of the rubber material (plasticizers, carbon black, zinc oxide and so on). 3. To avoid contamination with foreign substances ways must be carried out at very low pH values (from 1 to 3), which imposes additional restrictions on the material of the bioreactors, and improves the quality requirements for wastewater handling. These drawbacks can be eliminated when using anaerobic methods. Such methods are described Bredberg (.Bredberg, J.Perssom, M.Christiansson, .Stenberg, .Hoist: "Anaerobic desulphurization of ground rubber with thermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosis - a new method for rubber recycling", journal of Appl. Environ. Biotechnol. (2001), 55, p.43-48); they are under the influence of reducing sulfur anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaebacteria (archaeon) Pyrococcus furiosis. However, this method has several disadvantages, in particular that associated with hyperthermophilic characteristics of archaebacteria: 1. Processing of powdered rubber for d is sustained fashion period of time at temperatures of 90-100°C leads to the destruction of the polymer chains of the elastomer and, thus, deterioration of the most important technical characteristics of the material (tensile strength, elongation at break, abrasion and so on). 2. Under the high temperature of the powdery rubber allocated additives (plasticizers, carbon black, zinc oxide, chemical protective equipment, etc. that make the microorganisms and, therefore, impede the flow of flue or lead to complete stoppage. 3. The implementation of the method in the range such high temperatures uneconomical from the point of view of large-scale production, but also impractical from an environmental point of view (the dumping of toxic materials in waste water production). Thus, the present invention is to provide a method of activating and/or devulcanization of the surface of the particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey, which could be carried out at temperatures essentially below 90°C and which would not have the above disadvantages inherent in the methods microbial oxidation. The problem is solved by the method proposed in accordance with the present invention and having the characteristics specified in claim 1 of the claims. Improvements and examples of implementation of the method specified in the claims dependent on claim 1. In accordance with the present invention, a method of activating and/or devulcanization of the surface of the particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey, with which to destroy the sulfur bridges and for recovery of sulfur particles of the rubber material is subjected to biotechnological processing in an environment containing mesophilic anaerobic and/or mesophilic, perhaps, anaerobic and/or mesophilic microaerophilic bacteria and/or one or more enzymatic system of these bacteria. The notion of “possible, anaerobic bacteria” in the present description refers to bacteria that can exist both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. A significant difference of this method from the method described Bredberg, is the use of mesophilic microorganisms. Optimal for the existence of mesophilic bacteria, the temperature is from 20 to 45°C. Thus, the method proposed in accordance with the present invention, is carried out at temperatures that are significantly below 90°C. Thus, it is possible to avoid or at least substantially reduce the above drawbacks inherent to the processing of hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Because the bacteria used for implementing the method, proposed in accordance with the present invention, in addition, are anaerobic and/or possibly anaerobic and/or microaerophilic bacteria, the method can be carried out in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of very small quantities. To eliminate the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the methods, which are based on microbial oxidation. The fundamental principle at the basis of the method of processing particles of rubber material in accordance with the present invention, is that the microorganisms destroy the sulfur bridges in volcanoserver.com rubber material on the particle surface and partially or fully restore sulfur, without destroying it, thus, the polymer chains of the elastomer. Using the method proposed in accordance with the present invention, receive activated particles of rubber material, compared to the inactivated particles of rubber material, they have an increased ability to vulcanization. Thus, using such activated particles of rubber material, in particular in the form of powder granulated rubber and rubber, it is possible to obtain high-quality products. According to the present invention the particles of the rubber material is subjected to microbial and/or enzymatic treatment. In the case of enzymatic treatment, in particular treatment is carried out, the claim is uchitelle using enzyme system of bacteria (set of enzymes which contain bacteria), preferably isolated from these bacteria. The term “microbial processing” understand that the bacteria are in contact (interact) with the surface of the rubber particles. However, the enzymatic processing of the processing itself, i.e. the destruction of the sulfur bridges and/or recovery of sulfur occurs under the action of only enzyme system or enzyme systems of bacteria. More specifically, the enzyme treatment may be performed as follows: first, bacteria are grown in primary culture in the absence of contact with the treated particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey, on the other sulfur substrate, for example, in the presence of elemental sulfur. Then the bacteria are subjected to decomposition, and the enzyme system allocate (collect) the well-known ways. This is followed by a treatment of the particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey, exclusively through selected enzyme system. However, the method can be carried out in the case, when the selection of the enzyme system by bacteria occurs in situ, i.e. the enzyme system required for enzymatic processing, not pre-allocate. It is advantageous if the processing environment for particles of rubber material contains water, nutrients, carbon source and bacteria or consists of the shown ingredients ie is a suspension. According to the preferred implementation of the method the concentration of the particles of the rubber material in the environment support essentially below 35 wt.%. Higher concentrations of particles of rubber material cause problems, such as complicated mixing of the reaction mass, the mass transfer and the growth of bacteria, for example, due to the higher concentration of toxic chemicals, including antioxidants. Additionally, to reduce temperature gradients and/or concentration gradients can be mixing environment. Preferably the mixing is made very carefully, for example, by means of stirrers. Another suitable example of the method proposed in accordance with the present invention is the treatment of anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. In addition, in accordance with the present invention it is possible to carry out processing, essentially, at temperatures below 90°C., in particular below 50°C, preferably within the temperature range that is optimal for mesophilic bacteria, which is approximately from 20 to 45°C. Preferably the treatment is carried out at temperatures in the range from 33 to 37°C. In the processing of rubber particles of material in General, the production of the t in terms optimally suitable for the existence of mesophilic anaerobic and/or mesophilic, perhaps, anaerobic and/or mesophilic microaerophilic bacteria. In addition, using this method virtually eliminates the above disadvantages of the known methods. In accordance with the developed method pH range from 5 to 9, in particular from 6 to 8. In addition, the residence time of the particles of the rubber material may be in the range from 4 to 8 days, in particular from 5 to 7 days, preferably approximately 6 days. The desulfurization produce successfully and optimally, in particular, observing the following parameters and conditions of implementation method:
In accordance with an advanced example of the method, the pre is proposed in accordance with the present invention, the bacteria used in the environment and/or to highlight the enzyme systems are bacteria that can use sulfur in the respiratory chain, is able to recover sulfur. During the tests, it was found that, in accordance with the corresponding phase of adaptation of various anaerobic or perhaps anaerobic or microaerophilic mesophilic bacteria able to destroy the sulfur bridges in vulcanized rubber and recover sulfur. Among other bacteria positive results were obtained with bacteria Desulfuromonas thiophila, Desulfuromonas palmitatis, Sulfurospirillum deleyianum and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. Therefore, it is reasonable to use bacteria that essentially belong to one of these strains. In addition, all or some of the bacteria may belong to mixed populations. Very good speed desulphurization were obtained using anaerobic mesophilic mixed populations in which in addition to reducing sulfur bacteria are significant quantities of methane-producing bacteria. This population was isolated from sediment of the river Saale; it is particularly resistant. As for the particles of the rubber material, one example implementation of the present invention essentially provides processing of rubber powder and/and and powdered rubber and/or granulated rubber. Under the rubber powder and powdered rubber imply material with a particle size less than 1 mm, and under the granulated rubber understand the material with particle size in the range from about 1 mm to 5 mm, it is Advisable and advantageous if the size of the treated particles of the rubber material is in the range from 0.1 to 0.6 mm, in particular from 0.2 to 0.4 mm, i.e. if rubber is a powdery rubber and rubber powder. In accordance with an advanced example implementation of the present invention, it is expedient if the treated particles of rubber material, essentially represent the particles of the rubber material is made of rubber, vulcanized grey, or composites based on rubber, vulcanized grey. The method proposed in accordance with the present invention, especially suitable for surface activation and/or devulcanization of all types of rubber, vulcanized grey, for example, SBA (styrene-butadiene elastomer, SBR), NK (natural rubber, NR), NRE (Acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer, nitrile rubber, NBR), APD (ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer, EPDM). In accordance with an advanced example implementation of the present invention the particles of the rubber material is obtained from scraps of old rubber (such as tires, of which the men of technical rubber, such as sealing material, pieces, castings, rubber, conveyor belts) and/or rubber waste (industrial waste rubber manufacture or production of rubber processing). Thus, the method proposed in accordance with the present invention, is used for the disposal of scraps of old rubber and/or rubber waste. In accordance with another example implementation of the treated particles of the rubber material was obtained during grinding, in particular when Stripping (Stripping), and/or hot grinding, and/or cold grinding, and/or cryogenic grinding, and/or wet grinding. Particularly preferably, if the temperature during the grinding of the material to obtain particles of rubber material remains so low, in particular significantly less than 90°With that essentially does not occur thermal-oxidative decomposition of the particles of the rubber material. In accordance with a particularly preferred example of the method according to the present invention, surface activation and/or devulcanization practically limit the surface of the particles of the rubber material and/or layers that are close to the surface, so as not to modify the material properties in the bulk of the specified particles. At this layer, located close to the surface, has a thickness of not bol is e 300. This means that the effect of mesophilic desulphurization deliberately limit the surface of the particle and/or layers that are close to the surface. Appropriate processing of the rubber particles of the material to be produced in the bioreactor. The bioreactor is a device for processing materials using microorganisms in a reproducible and controlled manner. In addition, it may be made continuous or quasi-continuous, or periodic loading of the treated particles of the rubber material in the bioreactor, as well as continuous or quasi-continuous, or periodic discharge of treated rubber particles of material from the bioreactor. Alternatively, or additionally, the reactor can be operated in such a way that the discharge of treated rubber particles of material from the bioreactor carried out in the absence or with very little loss of bacteria and/or enzymatic environment for processing particles of rubber material, and/or when there is no contact or by contact of a very small number of bacteria and/or enzymatic environment with atmospheric oxygen. This effect reached by precipitation and subsequent separation of the particles of the rubber material under anaerobic conditions. It is advisable, if you implement the method of the sulfur bridges contained in the rubber particles mater is Ala, at least partially destroyed during processing, and sulfur passes into one or more gaseous reaction products. One of the gaseous products of the reaction may be hydrogen sulfide. In a particularly advantageous example of the implementation of the hydrogen sulfide, which is formed during processing of the rubber particles of the material, remove the continuous or quasi-continuous manner from the gas phase. In the result, it is possible to prevent the slowdown in activity and/or poisoning bacteria. In an example implementation of the method proposed in accordance with the present invention, the treated rubber particles of the material after treatment is washed with water, in particular, to reduce the salt content, and then thoroughly dried, in particular, essentially, at temperatures below 90°C. In yet another example implementation of the obtained particles of rubber material, the surface of which is activated by using the above-described processing, in particular powdered rubber, and then used for the manufacture of rubber products. In connection with these new rubber products can be made either from particles of a rubber material having a surface activated using the above-described processing, any of the particles of a rubber material having an activated surface, mixed with fresh rubber, cast the STI, using chemical vulcanization. Further, in accordance with the present invention the obtained particles of rubber material with an activated surface, in particular powdered rubber, can be used for the manufacture of elastomeric alloys, in particular, by using the phase interaction with plastics (plastics), preferably polypropylene (PP) and/or polyurethane (PU). In addition to the improvement of the material properties of rubber products manufactured by the above method, the use of such particles of the rubber material with the activated surface also leads to a reduction of certain positions in the cost of products. For example, the use of powdered scraps of old rubber, activated by the method proposed in accordance with the present invention, in combination with fresh rubber, leads to a significant improvement of material-technical parameters of the obtained product, in particular a deformation, elongation at tear resistance and tensile impact. In addition, it can be shown that the combination of powdered activated scraps of old rubber and powder APDA rubber with thermoplastische (thermoplastics), in particular polypropylene, receive materials, physical and mechanical properties that are close to the corresponding feature is intikam thermoplastic elastomers. In particular, improves elasticity in comparison with elasticity similar products made from powdered raw scraps of old rubber. This indicates a course of intensive mutual diffusion of polymer chains phase and an elastomeric phase and possibly also on the chemical cure of these two phases (intensive phase interaction). Hereinafter the present invention will be illustrated with one example implementation. Ground cryogenic way powder APDA rubber particles which have a size of less than 0.4 mm, was subjected to microbial surface activation in anaerobic conditions. After the activation period lasts for 8 days level of desulphurization rubber was approximately 4%. Then powdered rubber, activated by microbial method, and Deaktivierung powdered rubber of the same original sample, respectively, mixed with fresh, APDA rubber in the ratio of 1:1 and subjected to vulcanization. The following table shows the values of tensile strength and relative elongation at break, measured for the respective products and for fresh, APDA rubber, taken as reference sample.
Comparison of the specified values of important physical and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break, shows that treatment of the particles of the rubber material in accordance with the present invention, i.e. in particular, in the above example, microbial activation of powdered rubber, carried out under anaerobic conditions leads to a significant improvement of the material properties compared to materials, including raw particles of rubber material. Thus, in General, activated rubber particles of the material treated in accordance with the method proposed by the present invention, have shown an increased ability to vulcanizes and compared to untreated particles of rubber material, that enables us to produce the best quality products. 1. The activation method and/or devulcanization of the surface of the particles of the rubber material vulcanized grey, with which to destroy the sulfur bridges and for recovery of sulfur particles of the rubber material is subjected to biotechnological processing in an environment containing mesophilic anaerobic and/or mesophilic, facultative anaerobic and/or mesophilic microaerophilic bacteria and/or one or more enzyme system of these bacteria, under conditions suitable for the existence of these bacteria. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which the treatment of the particles of the rubber material to produce microbial and/or enzymatic method, in particular, exclusively using enzyme system, preferably selected from bacteria. 3. The method according to claim 1, in which the environment for the processing of the particles of the rubber material contains water, nutrients, carbon source and bacteria, or consists of these ingredients. 4. The method according to claim 1, in which the concentration of the particles of the rubber material in the environment support below 35 wt.%. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein to reduce temperature gradients and/or gradients of concentration of the medium is stirred, in particular, are thoroughly mixed, preferably using a mixer. 6. The method according to claim 1, which is the processing carried out in anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. 7. The method according to claim 1, in which the treatment is carried out at temperatures below 90°C., in particular below 50°C, preferably within the temperature range that is optimal for mesophilic bacteria, in particular in the range from 33 to 37°C. 8. The method according to claim 1, in which the treatment is carried out at pH values in the range from 5 to 9, in particular from 6 to 8. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the residence time of the particles of the rubber material in the environment is from 4 to 8 days, in particular from 5 to 7 days, preferably approximately 6 days. 10. The method according to claim 1, in which bacteria represent or include bacteria, is able to "breathe" sulfur, is able to recover sulfur, and, in particular, bacteria belonging to one or more of the following bacterial strains: Desulfuromonas thiophila, Desulfuromonas palmitatis, Sulfurospirillum deleyianum and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. 11. The method according to claim 1, in which bacteria represent or include mixed populations. 12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the treated rubber particles of the material are or include rubber powder and/or powdered rubber and/or granulated rubber, and the size of the particles preferably is in the range from 0.1 to 0.6 mm, in particular from 0.2 to 0.4 mm 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the treated rubber particles of the material are a sludge which include particles of rubber material, made of rubber, vulcanized grey, or composites based on rubber, vulcanized grey. 14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the treated rubber particles of the material are or include particles of rubber material made from scraps of old rubber and/or rubber waste, and the method, thus, provides for the disposal of scraps of old rubber and/or rubber waste. 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the treated particles of the rubber material was obtained during grinding, in particular when Stripping (Stripping) and/or hot grinding, and/or cold grinding, and/or cryogenic grinding, and/or wet grinding; in this case, preferably, the temperature of the particles of the rubber material is so low, in particular significantly below 90°C, which essentially does not occur thermal-oxidative decomposition of the particles of the rubber material. 16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the activation and/or devulcanization surface practically limit the surface of the particles of the rubber material and/or layers that are close to the surface, in particular, of a thickness of not more than 300 nm, in order not to modify the material properties in the bulk of the particles of the rubber material. 17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the treatment of the particles of the rubber material p is izvodyat in the bioreactor. 18. The method according to 17, in which the loading of the treated particles of the rubber material in the bioreactor and/or unloading of the processed particles of the rubber material from the bioreactor continuously or quasi-continuous or periodic manner, and/or the reactor operates so that when the discharge of treated rubber particles of material from the bioreactor is only a very small leakage of bacteria and/or enzymatic environment for processing particles of rubber material, or such leakage does not occur, and/or only a small number of bacteria and/or enzymatic environment in contact with atmospheric oxygen, or such contact is completely absent, which carried out, in particular by precipitation and subsequent separation of the particles of the rubber material under anaerobic conditions. 19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the gaseous products resulting from at least partial destruction of the sulfur bridges remove continuous or quasi-continuous manner from the gas phase. 20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, in which the treated rubber particles of the material after treatment is washed with water, in particular, to reduce the salt content, and then thoroughly dried, in particular, at temperatures below 90°C. 21. The method of obtaining rubber from the rubber particles mA is Arial, activated by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20. 22. The method according to item 21, in which products are produced only from particles of a rubber material having a surface activated by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, or from particles of a rubber material having an activated surface, mixed with fresh rubber. 23. The method of obtaining elastomeric alloys, in particular, by using the phase interaction with plastics (plastics), preferably polypropylene (PP) and/or polyurethane (PU) rubber particles of the material treated by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20.
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